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Documents 1751–1800 of 3910 matching.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The subjoined record is also dated in the 30th year of king Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I. Later on, in the body of the inscription (l. 11) his 35th year is mentioned. It follows that the epigraph must have been engraved on the stone not earlier than the 35th year of the king and that till then it must have been preserved in the royal archives. It registers a gift of gold for a lamp to the temple of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr by prince Kōdaṇḍarāma, the eldest son of (the Chōḷa king) Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (Parāntaka I.).
A portion of this gold is stated to have been invested with the residents of Veḷḷivāyil who agreed to pay interest once in six months on the deposited amount and to give two meals every day to the man that came to demand the interest thereon. The rate of interest was three mañjāḍi per kaḻañju per annum (i.e., fifteen per cent). Veḷḷivāyil is evidently the same as Tiruveḷḷavāyal, eight miles east of Poṉṉēri.
The temple of Kōdaṇḍarāmēśvara at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ was also called Ādityēśvara and Mr. Venkayya surmised from this that Kōdaṇḍarāma must have been a surname either of Rājāditya, the eldest son of Parāntaka I., or of his second son Gaṇḍarāditya1. The subjoined inscription calling Kōdaṇḍarāma the eldest son of Parāntaka proves conclusively that the former must be identical with Rājāditya of the large Leyden plates. It might further be remarked that in the Tirumālpuram inscription (No. 142) printed below, the Chōḷa king Āditya I. is called Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr-tuñjiṉadēva. Mr. Venkayya identifies the village Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr with Toṇḍamaṉāḍ. If this identification is correct it follows that the temple of Kōdaṇḍarāmēśvara or Ādityēśvara at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ may have been so called after Āditya I. who died at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ and who, it is not improbable, also held the title Kōdaṇḍarāma, just like his grandson Rājāditya.
Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0105.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This record which is written in the Vaṭṭeḻuttu character is the only inscription of Parāntaka’s reign hitherto found in the vicinity of Madura. It is dated in his 33rd year and records a gift by Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ, an officer of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (Parāntaka I.) to the temple of Naraśiṅgapperumāṉaḍigaḷ of the sacred Āṉaimalai (hill). The temple had to pay 18 īḻakkāśu every year to the assembly and it had only arranged for the payment of six īḻakkāśu. Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ apparently agreed to pay the rest himself taking possession of the tank Kaliyaṉēri which must have belonged to the temple. He also provided for offerings to the god and the feeding of five Brāhmaṇas, by purchasing two vēlis of wet land under the tank Kaliyaṉēri. It was stipulated that the feeding of the Brāhmaṇas was to commence from Friday in the month of Karkaṭaka (of this year) when there was an eclipse of the sun and the nakshatra was Āślēsha. This incidental mention of the astronomical details helps us to confirm the initial date of Parāntaka I. (viz., 907 A.D.) already arrived at by Professor Kielhorn from other inscriptions. According to Mr. L.D. Swamikkannu Pillai’s Ephemeris, A. D. 939, July 19, was a Friday on which the nakshatra Āślēsha ended at 80 after mean sunrise. There was also on this day an eclipse of the sun a 7 hours, 57 minutes after sunrise according to Dr. Robert Schram’s “Eclipses of the Sun in India.” It was a total eclipse of great importance. We learn again from the record that 1/4 puttakkam was the interest charged on 1 īḻakkāśu for one month and that each īḻakkāśu was equal to 7 1/2 puttakkam.1
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0106.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription records a gift of sheep for a lamp to the temple of Tiruviśalūr by a female servant of Kāmaṉiyakkaṉār. This lady who was apparently a member of the royal family is not mentioned elsewhere.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0107.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The inscription is dated in the 34th year of king Parakēsarivarman who took Madura and records the gift of 90 sheep for a lamp to the Śiva temple at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr (Ādhipurī), by the chief Māṟaṉ Paramēśvaraṉ alias Śembiyaṉ Śōḻiyavaraiyaṉ of Śiṟukuḷattūr, on his return from conquering Śīṭpuli and destroying Nellūr. The mutilated Sanskrit verse at the beginning gives the king the title Vīrakīrti. This military campaign reveals for the first time the extent to which the sway of the Chōḷa king Parāntaka I. extended on the east coast.1
The name Śīṭpuli is Tamil and means ‘the fierce tiger.’ The corresponding Sanskrit equivalent, if any, must end in the word vyāghra. We do not know of any names of contemporaneous kings of the Telugu country at this period which ended either with vyāghra or puli. In the time of Nandivarman Pallavamalla, however, there was, according to the Udayēndiram plates, a chief named Pṛithivivyāghra whom Udayachandra drove out of the district of Vishṇurāja (i.e., the Eastern Chalukya king Vishṇuvardhana III.). It is not impossible that our Śīṭpuli was a later member of the Nishāda family to which Pṛithivivyāghra belonged.
Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0108.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The inscription is dated in the 36th year of Parakēsarivarman and is much damaged. It is written in the Vaṭṭeḻuttu alphabet and registers a gift of a lamp to the temple of Tirunaḍuvūr [in] Arukēsarinallūr (which was the ancient name of Śiṉṉamaṉūr), a brahmadēya in Aḻa-nāḍu. The high regnal year points to the king being identical with Parāntaka I. If this is the case, an inscription of Parāntaka I. so far to the south of Madura deserves to be noted.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0109.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 4th year of the reign of Parakēsarivarman, alias Rājēndra-Chōḷadēva, and records that the villagers of Ukkal sold 3000 kuḻi of land and five water-levers1 to a servant of the king, who assigned this land for the maintenance of two boats plying on the village tank.2
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0010.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This record which is dated in the 39th year of Parakēsarivarman (Parāntaka I.) ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam’ registers a gift of land by a maid-servant of queen Villavaṉ-Mahādēviyār. The recipient of the gift is not mentioned but must be the Śiva temple of Tirumullainātha at Tirukkaḷāvūr, on whose wall the inscription is engraved.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0110.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 8th year of Rājakēsarivarman and registers a grant of land to the Śiva temple at Tiruppaṇambūdūr which was a hamlet of Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, by Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr, a perundaram of prince (piḷḷaiyāṟ) Arikulakēsaridēva. The land granted was made tax-free by the village assembly.
The inscription is engraved on the walls of the stone temple at Tiruppātturai, i.e., the modern Tiruppalātturai which is quite close to Uttamaśīli,—the Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam of the inscription, evidently so called after prince Uttamaśīli, a probable son of Parāntaka I., not mentioned in the Tiruvālaṅgāḍu plates. Of the two names Vīraśrīkāmugavadi and Ariñjigaivāykkāl mentioned among the boundaries of the land granted, the latter was probably named after prince Arikulakēsaridēva.
Arikulakēsaridēva is identical with the Arikulakēsarin of the Tirukkōyilūr record of Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I.1 Professor Kielhorn thinks that this Arikulakēsarin is the same as Ariñjaya, one of the sons of Parāntaka I., mentioned in the large Leyden grant.2 If this is correct, the king Rājakēsarivarman of our inscription who was ruling at that time must evidently be Rājakēsarivarman Gaṇḍarāditya.3
Perundaram or Perundanam is already known as a title of high rank from the Tanjore inscriptions.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0111.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is again a record of Rājakēsarivarman dated in his 8th year and is in some respects similar to the preceding number. It records that the assembly of Uttamaśīlichaturvēdimaṅgalam, having received ten kāśu as tax-money from Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr, the donor of No. 111 and a perundaram of āḷvār Arikulakēsaridēva, made the land one mā and odd, granted by him to the Śiva temple at Tiruppaṇambūdūr, tax-free for all time to come. Like the previous inscription, this record also authorizes the imposition of a fine on the members and the accountants of the assembly who might suggest the levying of a tax on the land. The epithet āḷvār which is applied to Arikulakēsaridēva in this inscription is perhaps a term of respect, as piḷḷaiyār in the previous inscription was one of endearment.
Of the names mentioned in the description of the boundaries, the pathway called Kōdaṇḍarāmavadi may have been so named after Kōdaṇḍarāma Rājāditya, the eldest son of king Parāntaka I. or the latter’s father Āditya I.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0112.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 13th year of Rājakēsarivarman. It records gifts of gold made by Teṉṉavaṉ Pirudimārāśaṉ alias Kaṭṭi Oṟṟiūraṉ and Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār, the wife of Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār, for two perpetual lamps to be burnt in the temple of Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tiruneyttāṉam which was a dēvadāna (village) in Poygai-nāḍu.
Among the boundaries described in the inscription the embankment Karikālakarai is worthy of mention.
Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār under the name Varaguṇā has been mentioned in the Mūvarkōyil inscription at Koḍumbāḷūr1 as the wife of Bhūti-Vikramakēsarin whose other name was Madhurāntaka-Irukkuvēḷ. Perhaps Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār of our inscription is the same as Madhurāntaka Irukkuvēḷ.
Mr. Venkayya considered that Madhurāntaka Irukkuvēl was a contemporary of Āditya Karikāla II.2 The palaeography suggests a much earlier period for the inscription.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0113.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman, in whose 5th year this record is dated, has been identified with Gaṇḍarāditya, the second son of Parāntaka I., on the supposition that he must have inherited the title Madiraikoṇḍa from his father who first bore it and that he should have been the immediate successor of Parāntaka I. on the Chōḷa throne—the eldest son Rājāditya having evidently died during the life-time of Parāntaka1 .
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0114.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is also dated in the 5th year of the reign of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman. It registers a gift of sheep for a lamp to the Śiva temple at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr. The donor was one of the nobles (perundaram) of Uḍaiyār śrī-Uttama-Chōḷa who is undoubtedly king Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa, the paternal uncle of Rājarāja I. A reasonable doubt may arise why Uttama-Chōḷa is given here the title of a ruling king and not that of a prince. It was perhaps because he was the chosen successor of Gaṇḍarāditya at the time. We know, however, that he actually came to the Chōḷa throne only after one or two other kings had reigned subsequent to his father’s death.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0115.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is again an inscription of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman dated in the 7th year of his reign. It registers a gift of a land by purchase, by two Veḷḷāḷa brothers of Oṉpadiṟṟuvēli in Ārkāṭṭu-kūṟṟam, a subdivision of Śōṇāḍu, to the Mahādēva temple of Tīruttaṇḍīśvaram at Veḷichchēri.
Oṉpadiṟṟuvēli may be identified with Ombattuvēli in the Tanjore taluk of the Tanjore district. Ārkāḍu which was evidently the headquarters of the subdivision Ārkāṭṭu-kūṟṟam is now a petty village in the vicinity of Tirukkāṭṭuppaḷḷi.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0116.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 17th year of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman and registers a gift of 96 sheep for a lamp to the Vishṇu temple at Gōvindapāḍi in Valla-nāḍu, a subdivision of Dāmar (Dāmal)-kōṭṭam.
Gōvindavāḍi and Dāmal are villages in the Conjeeveram taluk of the Chingleput district. The former is quite close to Tirumālpuram in the Arkonam taluk of the North Arcot district and is identical with the Gōvindapāḍi of our inscription.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0117.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is also dated in the 17th year of the same king and registers a lampgift to the temple mentioned in No. 117. The donors belonged to Kīḻmalai, Veṇkala-nāḍu and Tiruppāśūr. The last place is at a distance of 2 miles from Tiruvaḷḷūr, Chingleput district.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0118.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 2nd year of Rājakēsarivarman and registers a gift of land to the temple at Tiruviśalūr by Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷaṉ alias Śiṟiyavēḷār of Koḍumbāḷūr. This chief has been identified by Mr. K.V.Subrahmanya Aiyar with PirāntakaṉŚiṟiyavēḷār alias Tirukkaṟṟaḷi-Pichchaṉ mentioned in a Tirukkaḷittaṭṭai inscription.1 The name Śiṟiyavēḷār occurs again in a much mutilated Tirukkaḷittaṭṭai inscription of the reign of Sundara-Chōḷa alias Poṉmāḷigaittuñjiṉadēvar (i.e., the lord who died in the golden palace) who ‘drove the Pāṇḍya into the forest2 .’ The king who died in the golden palace was Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., the father of Rājarāja I3 . This Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., is called a Rājakēsarivarman in No. 302 of 1908 quoted above which also refers to Īḻam; but the passage is much mutilated. The officer Śiṟiyavēḷār is stated in a record of the time of Rājarāja I.4 to have died on the battlefield in Ceylon in the 9th year of Poṉmāḷigaittuñjiṉadēva (i.e., Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II.)5 . Evidently Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II. and his General were engaged in a battle with the Ceylon king who must as usual have helped with his forces, the Pāṇḍya king, the natural enemy of the Chōḷas.
Applying the correction of 23 years in the Singhalese Chronology worked out by Professor Hultzsch (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1913, pp. 517-531) we gather that Mahinda IV. must have been the sovereign of Ceylon who was contemporaneous with Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II. In his time, according to the Mahāvaṁsa, Chapter LIV, there was a fight with Vallabha (i.e., the Chōḷa king) in which it is stated that Mahinda’s General ‘destroyed him (the Chōḷa) utterly.’
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0119.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 16th year of the reign of the ancient Chōḷa king Parakēsarivarman,1 and records that the villagers granted certain land to the temple, at the request and with the approval of the temple manager, Chakrapāṇi Nambi (ll. 3 and 10).
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0011.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is again a record of Rājakēsarivarman dated in the 4th year and must be attributed to Parāntaka II, since it mentions the General Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷar alias Śiṟiyavēḷār.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0120.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This Sanskrit inscription supplies some additional information about [Pirāntakaṉ] Iruṅgōḷār alias Śiṟiyavēḷār mentioned in the two previous records. He is here called Śiruvēḷā the foremost member in the family of the daughter of king Pirāntaka and the light of the Iruṅgōḷa race. The first of the attributes is interesting and has perhaps to be understood with reference to the marriage of a member of the Koḍumbāḷūr family named Samarābhirāma to the Chōḷa princess Anupamā1 mentioned in an inscription from Mūvarkōyil. If this is so, it follows that Anupamā was a daughter of king Parāntaka I. It is also known that prince Arikulakēsari, son of Parāntaka I., married Pūdi Āditta-Piḍāri, daughter of Teṉṉavaṉ Iḷaṅgōvēḷār, another member of the same family which was called Irukkuvēḷ, Iḷaṅgōvēḷ or Iruṅgōḷa.
In the 5th year of king Sundara-Chōḷa this chief Śiruvēḷa (i.e., Śiṟiyavēḷār) is stated to have given to the god at Śrīviśalūra (i.e., Tiruviśalūr), some māshakas of gold for rice offering and the gatānakas (gadyāṇakas) which accrued to the king as revenue from the village Nimba or Nimbāgrahāra for repairs, and a lamp. Nimba or Nimbāgrahāra on the northern bank of the Kāvērī is apparently the modern Vēppattūr called Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam in Tamil inscriptions.
Language: Sanskrit.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0121.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This incomplete record, dated in the 14th year of Rājakēsarivarman, registers gifts of money in īḻakkāśu made by Rājādichchi and Kuñjiramalli, the wife and daughter respectively of Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ, for burning lamps in the temple at Tirukkuḍittiṭṭai which was included in Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam. Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ is identical with Pirāntakaṉ Śiṟiyavēḷār, the General of the Chōḷa king Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II.1 The king Rājakēsarivarman could not be identified. It is not impossible, however, that he is identical with Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0122.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This record which is dated in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman, registers a sale of land by the village assembly, for the maintenance of a lamp in the temple of Śiva at Tirukkarugāvūr. The inscription may be one of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa on account of its high regnal year, if not one of Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0123.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers that the assembly of Tiraimūr, the merchants of Tiruviḍaimarudil (the modern Tiruviḍaimarudūr), the trustees and other officers of the temple assembled in the theatrical hall of the temple and made up an account of the gifts of gold made for maintaining lamps in that temple. It is stated that the stones which bore the original inscriptions regarding these gifts were placed in underground cellars and when the temple was renovated, true copies were made of them and that from these copies the documents were re-incised on the stone walls of the renovated temple. One such gift was that made by Kāḍupaṭṭigaḷ Nandippōttaraiyar for burning a lamp called Kumaramārtāṇḍaṉ.
The acting of dramas in temples is mentioned in a Tanjore inscription of the time of Rājarāja I. The present record contains, though incidentally, an earlier reference to dramatic performances by introducing the term nāṭakacālai in line 1. The inscription gives us also an idea of how the important documents of a temple were engraved on stones and preserved in underground cellars and how when the temples had to be renovated they were copied over and re-engraved.
Kāḍupaṭṭigaḷ Nandippōttaraiyar may possibly be Nandivarman Pallavamalla of the Udayēndiram grant.1
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0124.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The record is dated in the 6th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of gold for a lamp to the Maṇavāḷa-Perumāḷ temple at Tiruviḍavandai situated in Paḍuvūr-nāḍu, a subdivision of Āmūr-kōṭṭam.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0125.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription, dated in the 2nd year of Parakēsarivarman, registers a grant of land by Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri to the stone temple built by her at Tiruchchenduṟai, to meet the cost of the expenses of a festival in connexion with the solar eclipse. Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri may have been a daughter of Pūdi or Maṟavaṉ Pūdiyār referred to in another inscription of king Parakēsarivarman at Tiruchchenduṟai1 . The king Parakēsarivarman himself has to be identified with either Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa or Āditya Karikāla II. both of whom held the title Parakēsarivarman2 . The provision made for festivals on the day of the solar eclipse might suggest that in this second year of king Parakēsarivarman there should have been at least one such eclipse. If Parakēsarivarman is identified with Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa who succeeded to the throne in A.D. 971, we find that according to Dr. Schram’s “Eclipses of the Sun in India,” there were two solar eclipses in the year 972 which was the second year of Uttama-Chōḷa. Consequently it is not unlikely that the king referred to in this inscription is king Uttama-Chōḷa.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0126.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 3rd year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of gold for a lamp by a certain Koṟṟaṉ Aruṇmoḻi alias Vāṉavaṉ Pēraraiyaṉ of Āṟṟūr in Māṅgāḍu-nāḍu. The money presented was apparently utilized in purchasing a land which adjoined another granted by Naṅgai Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār. This lady has been already referred to as the wife of Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār and to have made a grant of land to the same temple in the 13th year of Rājakēsarivarman (Gaṇḍarāditya). It is now difficult to determine who this king Parakēsarivarman is in whose reign the gift of Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār could be referred to. Subsequent to Gaṇḍarāditya who ruled for about 18 years there must have ruled at least four kings before Rājarāja I. succeeded to the throne in A. D. 985, viz.,—Ariṁjaya, Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., Āditya Karikāla and Uttama-Chōḷa of whom the first probably and the two last bore the surnames Parakēsarivarman. Consequently Parakēsarivarman of our inscription must be identified with either Arimjaya whose records have not been found hitherto or with Uttama-Chōḷa. In all probability the reference appears to be to the latter.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0127.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers the gift of a lamp to the temple of Tirukkīḷ-kōṭṭam at Tirukkuḍamūkkil (i.e., the Nāgēsvara temple at Kumbhakōṇam). The astronomical details given in the record were verified by Diwan Bahadur L. D. Swamikkannu Pillai and found to be correct for Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa, the uncle of Rājarāja I. The date corresponds to Thursday, the 22nd April A. D. 9751 .
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0129.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 37th year of the reign of “Parakēsarivarman, the conqueror of Madirai (Madhurā),” i.e. of the Chōḷa king Parāntaka I.,1 who reigned from about A.D. 900 to 940.2 It records that the villagers granted to the temple the village of Śōdiyambākkam, which was situated to the north of their own village. Śōdiyambākkam3 still bears the same name and lies 3 1/4 miles north of Ukkal.
In the preceding inscription (No. 11, l. 7), which belongs to the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman, Śōdiyambākkam is designated as ‘a village (belonging to) this god,’ i.e. to the Vishṇu temple at Ukkal. At first sight it might be concluded from this that No. 11 is of later date than No. 12, and consequently, Parakēsarivarman one of the successors of Parāntaka I. On the other hand, it is but natural to assume that Parāntaka I. prefixed the title Madirai-koṇḍa to his name Parakēsarivarman, in order to distinguish it from earlier Chōḷa kings named Parakēsarivarman, and that any Parakēsarivarman who succeeded Parāntaka I. would have followed the example of the latter and adopted a similar distinguishing epithet. Hence I believe that the inscriptions of Parakēsarivarman4 belong to an earlier king than Parāntaka I. The subjoined inscription would then record a mere renewal or confirmation of the gift of the village of Śōdiyambākkam, which had already belonged to the temple in the time of Parakēsarivarman.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0012.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 6th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. It registers the grant of a land for a lamp to the temple of Ādityēśvaram-uḍaiya-Mahādēva at Tirunallam.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0130.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is another record of Parakēsarivarman which supplies the astronomical details of week-day, month and nakshatra and enables us to fix the exact date of the record. Diwan Bahadur Swamikkannu Pillai has calculated and found the details to be correct for the eighth year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa who ascended the throne in A.D. 969-70. The date corresponds to Thursday, the 30th January A.D. 979.1 Uḍaiyār-Gaṇḍarādittatteriñja-Kaikkōḷar2 must have been the name of a regiment called after king Gaṇḍarāditya, the father of Uttama-Chōḷa.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0131.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This unfinished inscription is dated in the 8th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of [2]0 kaḻañju of gold for offerings to the god Kṛishṇa and his consort Rukmiṇī. The donor was Īrāyiraṉdēvi-Ammaṉār, the wife of ‘the lord who died on the back of an elephant’.
This is the earliest reference in South-Indian Inscriptions to the worship of Kṛishṇa and Rukmiṇī. By the clause ‘the lord who died on the back of an elephant’ we have probably to understand Prince Rājāditya who, in the large Leyden grant, is stated to have met with his death on the back of an elephant in an encounter with Kṛishṇarāja (i.e., the Rāshṭrakūṭa king Kṛishṇa III.)1 King Parakēsarivarman must, therefore, be identified with either Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa or with Āditya-Karikāla II.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0132.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The inscription is dated in the 8th year of Parakēsarivarman and refers to the re-engraving of certain documents of land-gifts made in the 18th and 20th years of the reign of Parāntaka I. The original documents, which had been engraved on the steps (paḍikaṭṭu) of the old central shrine of the temple of Tiruppāttuṟai had become weather-worn and it is stated that the assembly of Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam ordered their restoration.
Among the boundaries of the lands granted are mentioned Vīraśrī-Kāmugavadi, Ādichcha-vāykkāl, Kōdaṇḍarāmavadi and Uttamaśīli-vāykkāl already referred to in the other inscriptions from Tiruppalāttuṟai.
The ruling king Parakēsarivarman must be identified with one of the three kings, viz., Ariñjaya, Āditya-Karikāla II. or Uttama-Chōḷa Madhurāntaka who bore that epithet, and ruled between Madiraikoṇḍa Parāntaka I. and Rājarāja I. I am inclined to think that the reference is probably to the last.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0133.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription which is dated in the 9th year of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷadēva registers provision for food-offering made by the officer Villavaṉ Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Puduvūr in Tirunaṟaiyūr-nāḍu, to the temple of Mahādēva (Śiva) of the sacred Vīraṭṭāna at Tirukkaṇḍiyūr. Tirukkaṇḍiyūr is one of the eight Vīraṭṭāna temples mentioned in the Dēvāram.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0134.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is built in at the right end by a modern structure raised in front of the Dakshiṇāmūrti shrine. Its importance consists in the Śaka and Kaliyuga dates which it supplies and thereby fixes the period of Uttama-Chōḷa’s rule.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0135.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This fragmentary inscription is dated in the 10th year of Uttama-Chōḷa. Tirunallūr is identical with Nallūr, a village 5 miles south of Kumbhakōṇam. Māṉakkuṟai Vīranārāyaṇaṉār was evidently an officer of the king deputed to check the accounts of the temple of Tirunallūr.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0136.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The importance of the subjoined inscription consists in the astronomical details of date it supplies and the name Vīranārāyaṇiyār which it gives as that of the queen of king Uttama-Chōḷa. The record apparently registers a grant of land to the temple of Tirukkīḻ-kōṭṭam (the present Nāgēśvara) at Tirukkuḍamūkkil (i.e., Kumbhakōṇam).
The astronomical details of the date have been verified by Diwan Bahadur L. D. Swamikkannu Pillai and found correct for the 13th year of the reign of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. The given date corresponds to Friday 9th June A.D. 982.1
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0137.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The importance of this inscription consists in the fact that it furnishes both the Kaliyuga year and the regnal year of king Uttama-Chōḷa and thus enables us to fix the year of accession of this sovereign. Since the 13th year of the king corresponded to Kali 4083 (= A. D. 981-82), it follows that he must have ascended the throne in A.D. 969-70. His latest year known so far is the 16th which brings the close of his reign down to the date of accession of his successor Rājarāja I. which has been calculated and found to be 985-6 A.D.
The name Siṁhavishṇu-chaturvēdimaṅgalam given to Kañjaṉūr shows that the conquest of the Chōḷa dominion by the Pallava king Siṁhavishṇu so specifically claimed for him in the Vēlūrpāḷaiyam plates,1 must evidently have been based on actual facts.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0138.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is an unfinished inscription, dated in the 14th year of Parakēsarivarman. It registers a grant of land, by Śembiyaṉ Irukkuvēḷ alias Pūdi Parāntakaṉ, to the temple at Anduvanallūr Tiruvālanduṟai, which he had himself built. The donor has been identified by the late Rai Bahadur Venkayya, with Parāntakavarman the son of the Koḍumbāḷūr chief Vikramakēsarin. Consequently king Parakēsarivarman may be identified with Uttama-Chōḷa.1
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0139.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 17th year of the reign of the ancient Chōḷa king Rājakēsarivarman. It was meant to record some decision of the village assembly, but was left unfinished for unknown reasons.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0013.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The inscription is dated in the 14th year of Parakēsarivarman. It registers the gift of the produce of a certain field in Kaḷarikuṟichchi, for expenses in connexion with the fire oblations (agnikārya) in the temple at Tiruneḍuṅgaḷam in Kavira-nāḍu. The king is probably identical with Uttama-Chōḷa after whom Uttamaśōḻa-Brahmādhirāja mentioned in the inscription, was so called.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0140.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription which is dated in the 14th year of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷadēva registers a gift of land to the temple at Tirumullaivāyil by Śembiyaṉmādēviyār the daughter of Maḻavaraiyar and queen of Gaṇḍarāditya-Perumāḷ. The land was purchased by her from the assembly of Ambattūr in Ambattūr-nāḍu which was a subdivision of Puḻaṟ-kōṭṭam. Tirumullaivāyil and Ambattūr mentioned in the record are villages in the Saidapet taluk of the Chingleput district.
The characters of the inscription are of a period much later than that to which the record belongs. It is probably a copy
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0141.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 14th year and the 216th day1 of Kō-nōṉ-iṉmaikoṇḍāṉ2 while he was staying in his golden palace (poṉ-māḷigai) at Kachchippēḍu. In his introduction to South-Indian Inscriptions, Volume II, Part V, the late Mr. Venkayya surmised that poṉ-māḷigai3 in the word poṉ-māḷigai-tuñjiṉadēva must denote the dancing hall of the god Naṭarāja at Chidambaram which is said to have been covered with gold both by Parāntaka I. and by an early Pallava sovereign4 . The reference in this inscription to the golden palace at Kachchippēḍu seems, however, to indicate that the term poṉ-māḷigai should refer to the palace and not to the golden hall of the Chidambaram temple. It is more appropriate that the death of Sundara-Chōḷa called Poṉmāḷigai-tuñjiṉadēva should have happened in a palace instead of a temple.
The record is of much historical interest. It refers first to a grant of revenue in paddy and in gold, made in the 21st and 22nd years of a Chōḷa king entitled Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūrtuñjiṉadēva, to the temple at Tirumālpēru. The grant, was not entered in the revenue registers, evidently by a mistake, and was therefore rectified in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam.’ A fresh grant was also made to the temple in the 36th year of this same king. This latter grant being misappropriated by the assembly of Puduppākkam which was entrusted with the management of the gift, a complaint was lodged before the king, here referred to as Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ, in the 14th year of his reign. The offending members were fined for the mistake committed and orders were issued that the defaulting members of the assembly should in future conduct the trust honestly.
Rai Bahadur V. Venkayya has fully discussed the contents of this inscription and their historical bearing in the Madras Epigraphical Report for 1907, p. 71 f. He points out that Toṇḍaimānāṟṟūr-tuñjiṉadēva, who preceded Parakēsarivarman the conqueror of Madirai and Īḻam, could be no other than the latter’s father Āditya I., and that the title which means ‘who died at Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr’ must indicate that Āditya I., who was the actual conqueror of Toṇḍai and the hero who deprived the Gaṅga Pallavas of the last vestiges of their authority, died in the Toṇḍai country in the village Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr (i.e., the modern Toṇḍamanāḍ near Kāḷahasti). It is not clear who king Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ was in whose 14th year the present record was written. In identifying him it has to be observed that he rectified a mistake which was committed in the 36th year of Parāntaka I. and which was brought to his notice in his 14th year. Mr. Venkayya was inclined to identify Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ with Āditya Karikāla (II) whose latest date known from inscriptions, however, is his 5th year. Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ may have been Rājakēsarivarman Gaṇḍarāditya, the immediate successor of Parāntaka I. But the appearance of the same names among the signatories in this record as well as in another document distinctly of the time of Uttama-Chōḷa, makes it almost certain that the Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ of the Tirumālpuram inscription is no other than king Uttama-Chōḷa.
The publicity given to the order by communicating it to the headmen of all Brahmadēya villages, the residents of the Dēvadāna, Paḷḷichchanda, Kaṇimuṟṟūṭṭu and Vēṭṭappēṟṟu villages in Maṇaiyil-nāḍu, the long list of officers that held various public offices such as Āṇatti, Vāykkēḻvi, Ōlai-nāyagam, Puravuvari, Varippottagam, Kaṇakku, Variyiliḍu, Paṭṭōlai and Mugaveṭṭi who executed the order and witnessed the transaction, and the perspicuity with which the facts themselves are detailed in the record, are worthy of note.
Of the villages mentioned Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr and Puduppākkam may be identified with Śittāttūr and Puduppākkam in the Walajapet taluk of the North Arcot district. The terms puravu and iravu applied to the income in paddy have not been clearly understood.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0142.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription which is dated in the 15th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa mentions Śeṉṉi-Yeṟipaḍaichchōḻaṉ Uttamaśōḻaṉ who was probably an officer of the king. The first part of the name suggests that this chief would have been connected with Śeṉṉi-yeṟi-paḍai, i.e., the warlike army of Śeṉṉi.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0143.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: The inscription is dated in the 16th year of king Parakēsarivarman alias Madhurāntakadēva Uttama-Chōḷa and states that the temple of Tirukkuraṅgāḍutuṟai (i.e., the modern Āḍutuṟai near Tiruviḍaimarudūr) was built of stone by the king’s mother Uḍaiyapirāṭṭiyār Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias Śembiyaṉmādēviyār and that certain documents of grants made to the god in former times having become old and damaged were now re-engraved on the walls of the newly-constructed temple.
The temple of Tirukkuraṅgāḍutuṟai is already mentioned in the Dēvāram and as such it should have been in existence in some form or other in the seventh century A. D. It is not unlikely, therefore, that prior to the construction of it in stone by the king’s mother there was, perhaps, a smaller stone structure1 with inscriptions (laksaṇha) on it. Consequently what is recorded here must refer to the renovation of the temple by the queen mother. In this connexion it may be noted that two inscriptions of the Pāṇḍya king Mārañjaḍaiyaṉ2 which are earlier in point of time than the present record and are also found on the temple walls, must have been copies of older grants.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0144.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. It refers to a scrutiny of accounts of the temple of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr made in this year and registers the assignment of a gold salver to the temple by the headman of Eḻinūr in Puṟaṅgarambai-nāḍu. The district in which Puṟaṅgarambai-nāḍu was situated is not given; but we know from other records that it was in Arumoḻidēva-vaḷanāḍu also called Teṉ Kaḍuvāy1. The village of Eḻinūr mentioned in the record may be identified with Eḻalūr in the Tirutturaippūṇḍi taluk of the Tanjore district.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0145.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is engraved below a group of sculptures reproduced on the accompanying plate. It states that, during the reign of Madhurāntaka dēva alias Uttama-Chōḷa, his mother Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār caused to be built in the name of her husband Gaṇḍarādityadēva, a stone temple at Tirunallam, i.e., the modern Kōnērirājapuram, which is one of the ancient Śaivite places of worship mentioned in the Dēvāram. The inscription serves as a key to understand the sculptures below which it is engraved. The female figure kneeling down in a worshipping posture is queen Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār and the one close to the liṅga is Gaṇḍarāḍityadēva. The two figures behind the queen are her attendants. The name Ādityēśvara-Mahādēva which occurs in other inscriptions of Kōnērirājapuram indicates that it was derived from Gaṇḍarāditya.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0146.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription again is a label explaining an image; and is engraved above and on the sides of it.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0147.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription, which is fragmentary, registers the gift of a gold koḷgai set with gems, to the god at Tiruviśalūr. The place is mentioned in the Dēvāram. It is not known exactly what koḷgai means. Kombiṟ-koḷgai occurs in the Tanjore inscriptions as an ornament for the tusk of Gaṇapati. Perhaps koḷgai is the cover or mask which is generally put over the liṅga in Śiva temples.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0148.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription, which is built in at the beginning, registers a gift of land for offerings by the mother of king Uttama-Chōḷa, to the temple of Siddhēśvaramuḍaiya- Mahādēva at Tirunaṟaiyūr which was a brahmadēya in Tirunaṟaiyūrnāḍu. The place is one of those mentioned in the Dēvāram and is situated in the Kumbakōṇam taluk of the Tanjore district. It may be noted that the queen mother is here called Pirāṉtakaṉ-Mādēvaḍigaḷār.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0149.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This inscription is dated in the 4th year of the reign of “Parakēsarivarman who deprived Vīra-Pāṇḍya of his head.”1 This king may be identified with Āditya II. surnamed Karikāla, the elder brother of Rājarāja I., who, according to the large Leyden grant (l. 58), “as a boy, played sportively in battle with Vīra-Pāṇḍya.”
The inscription records that a cultivator named Śēṉai granted one paṭṭi2 of land, from the proceeds of which water and fire-pans3 had to be supplied to a maṇḍapa frequented by Brāhmaṇas.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0014.
Emmanuel Francis.
Summary: This is a record of the time of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa and registers a grant of land to Dayāparappērambalam built in the temple (?) at Tiruppāttuṟai. The assembly of Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, i.e., the present Uttamaśīli village in the Trichinopoly district, received the gift and made it taxfree. Dayāparappērambalam herein mentioned was probably the name of a hall where the village assembly used to meet.
Language: Tamil.
Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (Original Edition) (south-indian-inscriptions).
DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0150.