Prosodic Patterns
Prosodic notation in XML code (@type="xml") and conventional symbols (@type="prosody")
XML | Prosody | |
---|---|---|
one short/light syllable | - |
⏑ |
one long/heavy syllable | + |
- |
one syllable of indeterminate length (anceps) | = |
⏓ |
two morae (one long or two short syllables) | 2 |
⏕ |
larger moraic foot or colon | numeral(s) |
numeral(s) |
foot boundary | | |
| |
caesura | || |
|| |
boundary of odd and even quarter | / |
/ |
Syllabo-quantitative metres
=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
++=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+++=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 2, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++--+=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
----+=
Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: The name of this meter in CK is "kusumitagandha", while in Vr̥t is "kusumitajanma".
See Zoetmulder 1974*.
* Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: Zoetmulder in Kalangwan (p. 451) incorrectly describes the pattern meter as ⏑⏑⏑|⏑⏓ (less one syllable).
------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 15, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++--+=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+-+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 15, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-+---+=
-+++-++=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
++-----=/++--+--=
Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: The meter pattern of śāpāntika is slightly different in CK and Vr̥t. In CK, śāpāntika is presented as ––⏑|⏑⏑⏑|⏑⏓, while in Vr̥t ––⏑|–⏑⏑|⏑⏓.
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+--+---=
Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: In Vr̥t, the name of this meter is vitāna. The metric pattern is also slightly different in both CK and Vr̥t. In CK, vitana is presented as –⏑⏑|–⏑⏑|⏑⏓, while in Vr̥t vitāna has patterns as –⏑⏑|–⏑⏑|–⏓.
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+--+--+=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+--++--=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+++++++=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
----+--=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
-+-+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
====-++=/====-+-=
Dániel Balogh: The second and third syllables of any quarter must not be both short in anuṣṭubh.
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
===+---=
Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas. The second and third syllables of any quarter must not be both short.
=+-++--=
Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas.
=+-++||++=
Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas.
===++-+=
Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas. The second and third syllables of any quarter must not be both short.
------++=/-+---------------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+-+-----=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
----+----=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++--+-+-=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
+--+++--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++----++=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+--+=/+--+--+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+-+-=/--++--+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 470.
-+--+--+--=
Dániel Balogh: There is no simple way to codify or summarise triṣṭubh because of the degree of variation permitted. See EGD Appendix B, "Vedic trimeter".
++-++--+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.B.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-+-++--+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.9.
+--+--+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.10.
+-+---+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++++-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.8; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++--++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.8; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+-+---+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.9; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
=+-++--+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.18.
--------++=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+--+-=/+--+--+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+-+-=/----+--+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 10, № I.B.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+--+-=/---+--+--+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+-+-+=/--++--+-+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 28, № II.III; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+--+--+--=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-++-++-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++-++--+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
Dániel Balogh: There is no simple way to codify or summarise jagatī because of the degree of variation permitted. See EGD Appendix B, "Vedic trimeter".
----++----+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 17, № II.I.12; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.6.
------+++-+=
See Zoetmulder 1974.
----+-+---+=
See Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.4.
----+||--+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, № I.A.12.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.4.
++--++||++--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.11; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
---+--+--+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+-+---+--=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.9; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.11.
-+---+||-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.14.
=+-++--+-+-=
See Apte 1890*; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
* Dániel Balogh: Only mentioned by Apte as a variety of upajāti under Appendix A, I.A.11.3
-+-++--+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.12.13; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++++||+-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.12.14; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+-+-+=/----+--+-+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+-+---+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++||+--++--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++||----+-+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-+-+||----+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++++||------++=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+-+--+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+||------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++-+---+--+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.6.
++++------+++=/++-+------++++=
The meter kuvalayakusuma in the Vr̥t has the 14 syllables whose the short-long patterns are identical with madhyakṣāmā in Sanskrit while the CK has the 15 syllables of kuvalayakusuma.
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.6.
-------------=/--------------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.6.
------++||+-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.15.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++------++++=
--+-+---+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XV.5.
------+++++----=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.1.
+--+-+---------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.1.
+--+-+---+-+---=
See Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.1.
-----+||++++||-+--+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
----+-+---+--+--=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.2.
----+-+---+-||+---=
-+---+-+||---+-++-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-+++++||-----++---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.7.
+--+-+---+||------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVII.8.
++++||-----+||+-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++++||-----+||+-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+-++-++-++-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 22, № II.I.18; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 461, № XVIII.1.
----+-+---+------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 461, № XVIII.2.
+++--+-+---+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVIII.6.
--+--+------+--+--=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendices III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 462, № XIX.1.
+++--+-+---+||++-++-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.19.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++-++||-----+||++---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.19.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+-+---------+-----=
--+-+---+------+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 463, № XX.1.
++----++----++----+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XX.6.
++-+---+-+---+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 23, № II.20; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XX.7.
--++--+-+---+||++-++-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 24, № II.20; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+++--+-+---+++-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XX.8.
++++-++||------+||++---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.20.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XX.9.
-------+---+-+--+--=
----+--+------+--+--=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XXI.2.
+--+-+---+------+-+-=/+--+----------------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 464, № XXI.6.
++++-++||------+||+-++-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 10, № I.A.21.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
----+-+||---+--+||--+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.21.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++------+-+---+------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
----+-+---+------+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 465, № XXII.1.
+--+-+---+||-+---+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 24, § II.I.22; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 465, № XXII.6*.
* Dániel Balogh: Zoetmulder gives the prosody erroneously as –⏑⏑|–⏑–|⏑⏑⏑|–⏑–|⏑⏑⏑|-⏑-|⏑⏑⏑|⏓ (bha-ra-na-ra-na-ra-na-ga). The 6th gaṇa is correctly -⏑- (ra) as shown in Apte's appendix, in Apte's source (Piṅgala's Chandaḥśāstra 7.26), and confirmed by actual Javanese examples.
++------+-+---+------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, pp. 465–466, № XXII.7.
+--+-+---+-+----=/--+------+-+---+------=
----+-+---+||-+---+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, § II.I.23; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 466, № XXIII.1.
-+---+-+---+------+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 466, № XXIII.3.
+++--+-+---+------+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
++++++++--------------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+--+++--++----=--+----=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
------+------+-----------=
+--+++--++------------+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
-+---+-+---+------+-+---=
Dániel Balogh: Apte refers to this class as atikr̥ti, not abhikr̥ti.
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 468, № XXV.1.
+++--+-+---+------+-+---=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 468, № XXV.5.
------+-+--+------+-+---=
+--+++--++-------------++=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 468.
++++++++----------+-+--+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, § II.I.26; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 468, № XXV.5.
+++--------------------++=
----+---+--+---------+---=
------+---+-----------+----------+------+------=
Moraic metres
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, pp. 11–12, № I.D.a.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
Syllabic metres with loose constraints
Dániel Balogh: Vedic trimeter consisting of loosely constrained 11- or 12-syllable lines that do not conform to the fixed patterns of triṣṭubh or jagatī.
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
========
See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974; Noorduyn and Teeuw 2006.
The vaitālīya class: metres with a moraic part and a syllabo-quantitative cadence
6|+-+-=/8|+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.b; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
6|+-+-+=/8|+-+-+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.c; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
6|+--+=/8|+--+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
The daṇḍaka class: metres involving many repetitions of a foot
‖+--‖+-+|⏑⏓
Dániel Balogh: Any number of iterations of the foot –⏑⏑, followed by –⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓.
---|---‖+-+‖
Dániel Balogh: The sequence ⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑ followed by any number of iterations of the foot –⏑–.
‖--+‖
Dániel Balogh: Any number of iterations of the foot ⏑⏑–.
Additions in need of processing
----+------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--------+=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
----+--+-----=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
+-+---+----=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+-++--------------=
--+--+------=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.
--+-+---+-+-=
See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.