Prosodic Patterns

Prosodic notation in XML code (@type="xml") and conventional symbols (@type="prosody")

	XML	Prosody
one short/light syllable	`-`	⏑
one long/heavy syllable	`+`	-
one syllable of indeterminate length (anceps)	`=`	⏓
two morae (one long or two short syllables)	`2`	⏕
larger moraic foot or colon	`numeral(s)`	numeral(s)
foot boundary	`\|`	\|
caesura	`\|\|`	\|\|
boundary of odd and even quarter	`/`	/

Syllabo-quantitative metres

1 σ nanda (Old Javanese)

XML

=

Prosody

⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № I.1.

2 σ bhadra (Old Javanese), śrī (Old Javanese)

XML

+=

Prosody

–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № II.1.

3 σ bhadrokti (Old Javanese), nārī (Old Javanese)

XML

++=

Prosody

––⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № III.1.

4 σ vanamr̥gī (Old Javanese)

XML

+++=

Prosody

–––⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № IV.1.

5 σ paṅkti (Sanskrit), vijayanti (Old Javanese), rasanetra (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 2, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № V.1.

6 σ tanumadhya (Old Javanese)

XML

++--+=

Prosody

––⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № VI.2.

6 σ kusumitagandha (Old Javanese), kusumitajanma (Old Javanese)

XML

----+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: The name of this meter in CK is "kusumitagandha", while in Vr̥t is "kusumitajanma".

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № VI.1^*.

* Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: Zoetmulder in Kalangwan (p. 451) incorrectly describes the pattern meter as ⏑⏑⏑|⏑⏓ (less one syllable).

7 σ madhumatī (Sanskrit), madhukaralalita (Old Javanese)

XML

------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 15, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № VII.1.

7 σ madalekha (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № VII.2.

7 σ sumānikā (Sanskrit)

XML

+-+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-ja-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 15, № II.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

7 σ kumāralalita (Old Javanese)

XML

-+---+=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № VII.2.

8 σ vatāpathya (Old Javanese), pathya (Old Javanese)

XML

-+++-++=

Prosody

⏑–––⏑––⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.7.

8 σ śāpāntika1 (Old Javanese)

XML

++-----=

Prosody

––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Zakariya Pamuji Aminullah: The meter pattern of śāpāntika is slightly different in CK and Vr̥t. In CK, śāpāntika is presented as ––⏑|⏑⏑⏑|⏑⏓, while in Vr̥t ––⏑|–⏑⏑|⏑⏓.

See Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ śāpāntika2 (Old Javanese)

XML

++--+--=

Prosody

––⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.15.

8 σ vitāna (Old Javanese), citrapada (Sanskrit)

XML

+--+--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.8.

8 σ suvilāsā (Sanskrit), vipula (Old Javanese)

XML

--++-++=

Prosody

⏑⏑––⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ra-ga-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.4.

8 σ māṇavakakrīḍita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--++--=

Prosody

–⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.9.

8 σ vidyutmālā (Old Javanese), vidyunmālā (Sanskrit)

XML

+++++++=

Prosody

–––––––⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.21.

8 σ bhramaravilambita (Old Javanese)

XML

----+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.1.

8 σ pramāṇikā (Sanskrit), rūpinī (Old Javanese)

XML

-+-+-+-=

Prosody

⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-ra-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.6.

8/8 σ anuṣṭubh (Sanskrit)

XML

====-++=/====-+-=

Prosody

⏓⏓⏓⏓⏑––⏓/⏓⏓⏓⏓⏑–⏑⏓

Dániel Balogh: The second and third syllables of any quarter must not be both short in anuṣṭubh.

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.A.8.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ vaktra (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+--++=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

ra-sa-ga-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.11.

8 σ sarvavipula (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+--+-=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-sa-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.10.

8 σ bhakāravipula (Old Javanese)

XML

--+++--=

Prosody

⏑⏑–––⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ra-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.5.

8 σ rakāravipula (Old Javanese)

XML

+++++-+=

Prosody

–––––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ta-ga-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.20.

8 σ nakāravipula (Old Javanese)

XML

+-++---=

Prosody

–⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-bha-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.13.

8 σ takāravipula (Old Javanese)

XML

++-+++-=

Prosody

––⏑–––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ta-ma-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.16.

8 σ samānī (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+-+-+=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ra-ja-ga-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 452, № VIII.12.

8 σ na-vipulā (Sanskrit)

XML

===+---=

Prosody

⏓⏓⏓–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas. The second and third syllables of any quarter must not be both short.

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ bha-vipulā (Sanskrit)

XML

=+-++--=

Prosody

⏓–⏑––⏑⏑⏓

Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas.

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ ma-vipulā (Sanskrit)

XML

=+-++||++=

Prosody

⏓–⏑––||––⏓

Dániel Balogh: This is a variation permitted in any odd line of an anuṣṭubh stanza. In encoding, this metre can only apply to lines, never to stanzas.

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ ra-vipulā (Sanskrit)

XML

===++-+=

Prosody

⏓⏓⏓––⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

9/18 σ bhujagaśiśubhr̥tā (Sanskrit), bhujagaśiśukr̥ta (Old Javanese), bhujaṅgaśiśukr̥ta (Old Javanese), bhujagaśiśusr̥ta (Old Javanese)

XML

------++=/-+---------------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓/⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na–na–ma/na-na-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

9 σ tatigurvi (Old Javanese)

XML

-----+-+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № IX.2.

9 σ sundaralēkhā (Sanskrit)

XML

+--++--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № IX.3.

9 σ halamukhī (Sanskrit), halamukha (Old Javanese), hayamukha (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+-----=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № IX.4.

9 σ

XML

++--++--=

Prosody

––⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № IX.5.

9 σ pavitrā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++----=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № IX.6.

9 σ sundaralekhā (Sanskrit)

XML

+++++--+=

Prosody

–––––⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № IX.7.

10 σ tvaritagati (Sanskrit), turidagati (Old Javanese)

XML

----+----=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 3, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.1.

10 σ meghavitānā (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+--+=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 451, № X.2.

10 σ śuddhavirāt (Sanskrit), ambək śuddha (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+-=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.6.

10 σ rukmavatī (Sanskrit), sadhanaśrī (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+++--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–––⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ma-sa-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.3.

10 σ uddhatā (Sanskrit)

XML

+++--+--+=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.5.

10 σ mattā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++----+=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.7.

10 σ

XML

++++-++-+=

Prosody

––––⏑––⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.8.

10 σ paṇava (Sanskrit), pavana (Old Javanese), panava (Old Javanese), anuntun (Old Javanese)

XML

+++----++=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 453, № X.4.

10/11 σ vegavatī (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+--+=/+--+--+--+=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓/–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-sa-ga/bha-bha-bha-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 470, № (10–11).1.

10/11 σ viyoginī (Sanskrit), prabodhitā (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+-+-=/--++--+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓/⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-ja-ga/sa-bha-ra-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 470, № (10–11).2.

11 σ triṣṭubh (Sanskrit)

XML

-+--+--+--=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Dániel Balogh: There is no simple way to codify or summarise triṣṭubh because of the degree of variation permitted. See EGD Appendix B, "Vedic trimeter".

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

11 σ indravajrā (Sanskrit), jayendrabajra (Old Javanese), indrabajra (Old Javanese)

XML

++-++--+-+=

Prosody

––⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ta-ta-ja-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.B.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

11 σ upendravajrā (Sanskrit), upendrabajra (Old Javanese)

XML

-+-++--+-+=

Prosody

⏑–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ta-ta-ja-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.9.

11 σ dodhaka (Sanskrit)

XML

+--+--+--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

bha-bha-bha-bha-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.10.

11 σ rathoddhatā (Sanskrit), bhikṣuka (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-na-ra-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.12.

11 σ śyeni (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+-+-+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-ja-ra-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.13.

11 σ śālinī (Sanskrit), salisir (Old Javanese)

XML

+++++-++-+=

Prosody

–––––⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ta-ta-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.8; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XI.22.

11 σ vātormī (Sanskrit), vimala (Old Javanese), vātormimāla (Old Javanese)

XML

++++--++-+=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-ta-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.8; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XI.20.

11 σ

XML

++++-++--+=

Prosody

––––⏑––⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ra-bha-la-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XI.21.

11 σ svāgatā (Sanskrit)

XML

+-+---+--+=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ra-na-bha-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.9; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XI.11.

11 σ upajāti (Sanskrit), upasthita (Old Javanese)

XML

=+-++--+-+=

Prosody

⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

11 σ bhramaravilasita (Sanskrit)

XML

++++------=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 4, № I.A.11.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.18.

11 σ

XML

++++--+--+=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-bha-ga-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.19.

11 σ vr̥ntā (Sanskrit), madhugulāmr̥ta (Old Javanese), vr̥tta (Old Javanese)

XML

--------++=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-sa-ga-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974.

11 σ mr̥tatodaka (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+----=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-na-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 454, № XI.16.

11/11 σ upacitra (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+--+-=/+--+--+--+=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓/–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-sa-la-ga/bha-bha-bha-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

11/12 σ aparavaktra (Sanskrit), bhadrika (Old Javanese)

XML

------+-+-=/----+--+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓/⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ra-la-ga/na-ja-ja-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 10, № I.B.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, p. 453, № XI.3.

11/12 σ hariṇaplutā (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+--+-=/---+--+--+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓/⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-sa-la-ga/na-bha-bha-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

11/12 σ mālabhāriṇī (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+-+-+=/--++--+-+-+=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓/⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-ja-ga-ga/sa-bha-ra-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 28, № II.III; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 470, № (11–12).2.

11/13 σ

XML

+------+--=/--+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓/⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-na-ja-la-ga/sa-ja-sa-ja-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 471, № (11–13).1.

12 σ toṭaka (Sanskrit)

XML

--+--+--+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-sa-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.9.

12 σ bhujaṁgaprayāta (Sanskrit), bhujaṅgaprayatna (Old Javanese), bhujaṅgaprayāta (Old Javanese)

XML

-++-++-++-+=

Prosody

⏑––⏑––⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ya-ya-ya-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.18.

12 σ

XML

+------+--+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ra-na-ja-ja

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 456, № XII.19.

12 σ indravaṁśā (Sanskrit), indravaṅśa (Old Javanese)

XML

++-++--+-+-=

Prosody

––⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ta-ta-ja-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.23.

12 σ jagatī (Sanskrit)

Dániel Balogh: There is no simple way to codify or summarise jagatī because of the degree of variation permitted. See EGD Appendix B, "Vedic trimeter".

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

12 σ kusumavicitrā (Sanskrit), kusumapadānta (Old Javanese)

XML

----++----+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-ya-na-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 17, № II.I.12; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.6.

12 σ śrīpuṭa (Sanskrit)

XML

------+++-+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ma-ya

See Zoetmulder 1974.

12 σ navamālinī (Old Javanese)

XML

----+-+---+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏓

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.4.

12 σ tāmarasa (Sanskrit), lalitapadā (Sanskrit), svādamālinī (Old Javanese)

XML

----+||--+--+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–||⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-ja-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, № I.A.12.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.4.

12 σ maṇimālā (Sanskrit)

XML

++--++||++--+=

Prosody

––⏑⏑––||––⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ta-ya-ta-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.11; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

12 σ drutavilambita (Sanskrit)

XML

---+--+--+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-bha-bha-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.8.

12 σ pramitākṣarā (Sanskrit), bhramitākṣara (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.9; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.11.

12 σ jaloddhatagati (Sanskrit)

XML

-+---+||-+---=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-sa-ja-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 455, № XII.14.

12 σ vaṁśamālā (Sanskrit)

XML

=+-++--+-+-=

Prosody

⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

See Apte 1890^*; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

* Dániel Balogh: Only mentioned by Apte as a variety of upajāti under Appendix A, I.A.11.3

12 σ vaṁśastha (Sanskrit), vaṅśastha (Old Javanese)

XML

-+-++--+-+-=

Prosody

⏑–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-ta-ja-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.12.13; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 456, № XII.15.

12 σ jaladharamālā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++----+++=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑–––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-sa-ma

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.12.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 456, № XII.26.

12 σ vaiśvadevī (Sanskrit)

XML

+++++||+-++-+=

Prosody

–––––||–⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ma-ya-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.12.14; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 456, № XII.26.

12/13 σ puṣpitāgrā (Sanskrit)

XML

------+-+-+=/----+--+-+-+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓/⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ra-ya/na-ja-ja-ra-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 11, № I.B.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 471, № (12–13).2.

13 σ mañjubhāṣiṇī (Sanskrit), kanakaprabhā (Sanskrit), sunandinī (Sanskrit), punarmada (Old Javanese), sudhīradhāraka (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-ja-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 456, № XIII.4.

13 σ mattamayūrī (Sanskrit), mattamayūrā (Old Javanese), mattamayūra (Old Javanese)

XML

++++||+--++--+=

Prosody

––––||–⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ta-ya-sa-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.15.

13 σ rucirā (Old Javanese), śasadana (Old Javanese)

XML

-+-+----+-+-=

Prosody

⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-bha-sa-ja-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.5.

13 σ praharṣiṇī (Sanskrit)

XML

+++||----+-+-+=

Prosody

–––||⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-na-ja-ra-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 6, № I.A.13.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.12.

13 σ

XML

++++-----+++=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-ma-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.13.

13 σ caṇḍī (Sanskrit), kamalalocanā (Sanskrit), kamalākṣī (Sanskrit)

XML

--------+--+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-sa-sa-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 18, № II.I.13; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.1.

13 σ ambudhivīci (Sanskrit)

XML

++++----+--+=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-sa-sa-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 457, № XIII.14.

14 σ asaṁbādhā (Sanskrit), sambaddha (Old Javanese)

XML

+++++||------++=

Prosody

–––––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ta-na-sa-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.10.

14 σ aparājitā (Sanskrit)

XML

------+-+--+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ra-sa-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.3.

14 σ praharaṇakalikā (Sanskrit)

XML

------+||------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-bha-na-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.2.

14 σ vasantatilakā (Sanskrit), basantatilakā (Old Javanese)

XML

++-+---+--+-+=

Prosody

––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.6.

14/15 σ madhyakṣāmā (Sanskrit), haṁsaśyenī (Sanskrit), kuṭila (Sanskrit), kuvalayakusuma (Old Javanese)

XML

++++------+++=/++-+------++++=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–––⏓/––⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-ya-ga-ga/ta-bha-na-ya-ma

The meter kuvalayakusuma in the Vr̥t has the 14 syllables whose the short-long patterns are identical with madhyakṣāmā in Sanskrit while the CK has the 15 syllables of kuvalayakusuma.

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

14/15 σ śaśikalā (Sanskrit), maṇiguṇanikara (Old Javanese)

XML

-------------=/--------------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓/⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-na-na-la-ga/na-na-na-na-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.14.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XIV.6.

15 σ mālinī (Sanskrit)

XML

------++||+-++-+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––||–⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ma-ya-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 7, № I.A.15.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 458, № XV.2.

15 σ mr̥dukaralalita (Old Javanese)

XML

++++------++++=

Prosody

––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-ta-ma

15 σ viṣasmara (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-ja-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XV.5.

15 σ nāgata (Old Javanese)

XML

+-----++++----=

Prosody

–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-na-ya-bha-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XV.6.

16 σ giriśa (Old Javanese), girisa (Old Javanese)

XML

------+++++----=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ma-ta-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.1.

16 σ gajavilasita (Sanskrit), r̥ṣabhagajavilasita (Sanskrit), vr̥ṣabhagativilasita (Old Javanese), gajavr̥ṣabhavilasita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---------=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-na-na-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.3.

16 σ vīralalita (Old Javanese), jagatpramudita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-na-ja-na-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 459, № XVI.4.

17 σ hariṇī (Sanskrit), hariṇīdhvani (Old Javanese)

XML

-----+||++++||-+--+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||––––||⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-sa-ma-ra-sa-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.7; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.1.

17 σ nardaṭaka (Sanskrit), avitatha (Sanskrit), rajanī (Old Javanese), avitāna (Old Javanese)

XML

----+-+---+--+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-ja-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.2.

17/18 σ vilāsinī (Sanskrit), viśvalalita (Old Javanese)

XML

----+-+---+-||+---=/++++-+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑||–⏑⏑⏑⏓/––––⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-bha-la-ga/ma-ra-ja-sa-ja-sa

17 σ pr̥thvī (Sanskrit), pr̥thvītala (Old Javanese)

XML

-+---+-+||---+-++-=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–||⏑⏑⏑–⏑––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-sa-ja-sa-ya-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.5.

17 σ śikhariṇī (Sanskrit)

XML

-+++++||-----++---=

Prosody

⏑–––––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ya-ma-na-sa-bha-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.6; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 460, № XVII.7.

17 σ vaṁśapattrapatita (Sanskrit), vaṅśapattrapatita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---+||------=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-na-bha-na-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVII.8.

17 σ mandākrāntā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++||-----+||+-++-+=

Prosody

––––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||–⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVII.10.

18 σ citralekhā (Sanskrit), kusumitalatā (Sanskrit)

XML

+++++||-----+||+-++-+=

Prosody

–––––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||–⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-bha-na-ya-ya-ya-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 8, № I.A.17.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVIII.8.

18 σ mahāmālikā (Sanskrit), nārāca (Sanskrit), siṁhavikrīḍita (Sanskrit), madaharṣa (Old Javanese), mandapa (Old Javanese), vanamālā (Old Javanese)

XML

------+-++-++-++-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑––⏑––⏑––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ra-ra-ra-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 22, № II.I.18; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVIII.1.

18 σ suvaṅśapattra (Old Javanese)

XML

----+-+---+------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-na-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVIII.2.

18 σ mr̥dukomala (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-ja-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 461, № XVIII.6.

19 σ navaharṣa (Old Javanese), navahaṣa (Old Javanese)

XML

--+--+------+--+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-sa-na-na-bha-bha-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 462, № XIX.1.

19 σ meghaviṣphūrjita (Old Javanese)

XML

-+++++-----++-++-+=

Prosody

⏑–––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ya-ma-na-sa-ra-ra-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 462, № XIX.5.

19 σ vijayagati (Old Javanese), mr̥gāṅśa (Old Javanese), mr̥tagaṅśa (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+---+------=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-na-na-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 462, № XIX.8.

19 σ śārdūlavikrīḍita (Sanskrit)

XML

+++--+-+---+||++-++-=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||––⏑––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.19.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 462, № XIX.9.

19 σ sumadhurā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++-++||-----+||++---=

Prosody

––––⏑––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||––⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-bha-na-ma-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.19.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

19 σ karuṇalalita (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+---------+-----=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ra-na-na-na-bha-na-ga

20 σ kāmamālā (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+------+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 463, № XX.1; Sugriwa 1978, p. 12.

20 σ gaṇḍakā (Sanskrit), gəli (Old Javanese), glisosyan (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ra-ja-ra-ja-ra-ja-ra-ja-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949, p. 142, № 20.13; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 463, № XX.5.

20 σ citraturida (Old Javanese)

XML

++----++----++----+=

Prosody

––⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ta-na-ta-na-ta-na-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XX.6.

20 σ visarjita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+--+------+--+--=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-bha-bha-na-ja-ja-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XX.3.

20 σ mr̥gāṅkacarita (Sanskrit), śaśāṅkaracita (Sanskrit), mr̥gāṅśarajanī (Old Javanese), mattarāga (Old Javanese)

XML

++-+---+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ta-bha-ja-bha-ja-bha-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 23, № II.20; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XX.7.

20 σ mattebhavikrīḍita (Sanskrit)

XML

--++--+-+---+||++-++-=

Prosody

⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||––⏑––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-bha-ra-na-ma-ya-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 24, № II.20; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

20 σ puṣpacāpa (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+---+++-++-+=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–––⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XX.8.

20 σ suvadanā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++-++||------+||++---=

Prosody

––––⏑––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||––⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ra-bha-na-ya-bha-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.20.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XX.9.

20 σ jayakusuma (Old Javanese)

XML

-------+---+-+--+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ja-sa-ja-ja-la-ga

21 σ citravilāpa (Old Javanese)

XML

----+--+------+--+--=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-ja-na-sa-sa-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XXI.2.

21 σ kusumavilasita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---+------+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-na-bha-na-ja-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 464, № XXI.6.

21 σ sragdharā (Sanskrit), sragdhara (Old Javanese), mandrādri (Old Javanese)

XML

++++-++||------+||+-++-+=

Prosody

––––⏑––||⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–||–⏑––⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ra-bha-na-ya-ya-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 10, № I.A.21.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 465, № XXI.11.

21 σ campakamālā (Sanskrit), pañcakāvalī (Sanskrit), sarasī (Sanskrit)

XML

----+-+||---+--+||--+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–||⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–||⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-ja-ja-ra

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 9, № I.A.21.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

22 σ ākr̥ti class (('san', 'Sanskrit'))

XML

----+-+---+------+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-na-sa-ja-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 465, № XXII.1.

22 σ sandhyakāra (Old Javanese)

XML

----+-+---+-+---+-++-=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑––⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-bha-ja-ta-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 465, № XXII.2.

22 σ madraka (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---+||-+---+-+---=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ra-na-ra-na-ra-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 24, § II.I.22; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 465, № XXII.6^*.

* Dániel Balogh: Zoetmulder gives the prosody erroneously as –⏑⏑|–⏑–|⏑⏑⏑|–⏑–|⏑⏑⏑|-⏑-|⏑⏑⏑|⏓ (bha-ra-na-ra-na-ra-na-ga). The 6th gaṇa is correctly -⏑- (ra) as shown in Apte's appendix, in Apte's source (Piṅgala's Chandaḥśāstra 7.26), and confirmed by actual Javanese examples.

22 σ kilayu anəḍəṅ (Old Javanese), kilayu manəḍəṅ (Old Javanese)

XML

++------+-+---+------=

Prosody

––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, pp. 465–466, № XXII.7.

17/23 σ bhujaṅgavilasita (Old Javanese), bhujagavilasita (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-+---+-+----=/--+------+-+---+------=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓/⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha–ra–na–ra–na–la–ga/sa-na-na-ra-na-bha-na-la-ga

23 σ aśvalalita (Sanskrit)

XML

----+-+---+||-+---+-+---=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–||⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-bha-ja-bha-ja-bha-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, § II.I.23; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 466, № XXIII.1.

23 σ jagadnātha (Old Javanese), virat təbu sol (Old Javanese), kaləṅəṅan (Old Javanese), padmakeśara (Old Javanese)

XML

-+---+-+---+------+-+-=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 466, № XXIII.3.

23 σ jagaddhita (Old Javanese), bhavacakra (Old Javanese), rāgakusuma (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+---+------+-+-=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 467, № XXIII.8.

23 σ mattākrīḍā (Sanskrit)

XML

++++++++--------------=

Prosody

––––––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ma-ta-na-na-na-na-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXIII.9.

23 σ puṣpasañcaya (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+--+--+--+--+--+-+-=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-bha-bha-bha-bha-bha-ra-la-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 466, № XXIII.5.

24 σ kendran (Old Javanese), glis (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+++--++------------+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–––⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ma-ta-bha-ma-ma-ma-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Sugriwa 1978, p. 12.

24 σ madhulinda (Old Javanese), madhulenda (Old Javanese)

XML

-+---+-+---+-+---+-+---=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-sa-ja-sa-ja-sa-ja-sa

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXIV.3.

24 σ tanvī (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+-------++--+------+=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

Gaṇa

bha-bha-na-sa-bha-bha-na-ya

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXIV.5.

25 σ abhikr̥ti class (('san', 'Sanskrit'))

XML

-+---+-+---+------+-+---=

Prosody

⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ja-sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-na-ga

Dániel Balogh: Apte refers to this class as atikr̥ti, not abhikr̥ti.

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXV.1.

25 σ krauñcapadā (Sanskrit), sakrauñca (Old Javanese), vikasitakusuma (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+++--++--------------=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–––⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ma-sa-bha-na-na-na-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949, p. 145, № 25.4; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXV.4.

25 σ vidyutkara (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--+-+---+------+-+---=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 468, № XXV.5.

25 σ kusumasari (Old Javanese)

XML

------+-+--+------+-+---=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-ra-sa-na-na-ra-na-ga

26 σ surakusuma (Old Javanese), vadara gumuluṅ (Old Javanese)

XML

------+------+-----------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-bha-na-ja-na-na-na-la-ga

26 σ apavāha (Sanskrit)

XML

++---------------------++=

Prosody

––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

ta-na-na-na-na-na-na-sa-ga-ga

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 469, № XXVI.2.

26 σ pādaviśāla (Old Javanese)

XML

+--+++--++-------------++=

Prosody

–⏑⏑–––⏑⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

bha-ma-sa-bha-na-na-na-sa-ga-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

26 σ bhujaṁgavijr̥mbhita (Sanskrit), bhujaṅgavijr̥mbhita (Old Javanese)

XML

++++++++----------+-+--+-=

Prosody

––––––––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

ma-ma-ta-na-na-ra-sa-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, § II.I.26; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 469, № XXVI.4.

26 σ vahiṅ rat (Old Javanese)

XML

+++--------------------++=

Prosody

–––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑––⏓

Gaṇa

ma-na-na-na-na-na-na-sa-ga-ga

26 σ nāgakusuma (Old Javanese)

XML

----+---+--+---------+---=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-sa-sa-na-na-na-bha-la-ga

29 σ maṇikiraṇa (Sanskrit), daṇḍasagala (Old Javanese)

XML

------+------+-------------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-bha-na-ja-na-na-na-na-la-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 26; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 469, № XXIX.1.

48 σ lalu (Old Javanese)

XML

------+---+-----------+----------+------+------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-na-bha-na-na-na-na-ja-na-na-na-bha-na-ja-na-sa

Uneven Syllabic Meters (Viṣama)

20, 10, 13 σ saurabhaviṣama (Sanskrit), sorabhavisama (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+------+-+-=, +-+---+--=, --+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓, –⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓, ⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la-ga, ra-na-bha-ga, sa-ja-sa-ja-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 471, № XXIX.1.

20, 11, 13 σ udgataviṣama (Sanskrit), udgatavisama (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+------+-+-=, +-----+-+-=, --+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓, –⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓, ⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la-ga, bha-na-ja-la-ga, sa-ja-sa-ja-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 471, № XXIX.1.

20, 12, 13 σ lalitaviṣama (Sanskrit), lalitavisama (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-+---+------+-+-=, --------+--=, --+-+---+-+-=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓, ⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏓, ⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ja-sa-na-na-ra-la-ga, na-na-sa-sa, sa-ja-sa-ja-ga

See Zoetmulder 1974, appendix III: Kakawin-Metres, p. 471, № XXIX.1.

Moraic metres

āryā (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, pp. 11–12, № I.D.a.1; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

gīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

upagīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.3; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

udgīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.4; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

āryāgīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.a.5; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

sugīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

anugīti (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|1|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

vallarī (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

lalitā (Undetermined)

XML

4|4|4||4|4|4|4|2/4|4|4||4|4|4|4|4

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

Syllabic metres with loose constraints

trimeter (Undetermined)

Dániel Balogh: Vedic trimeter consisting of loosely constrained 11- or 12-syllable lines that do not conform to the fixed patterns of triṣṭubh or jagatī.

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

8 σ pādānuṣṭubh (Old Javanese), free_octosyllabic (English)

XML

========

Prosody

⏓⏓⏓⏓⏓⏓⏓⏓

See Apte 1890; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974; Noorduyn & Teeuw 2006.

The vaitālīya class: metres with a moraic part and a syllabo-quantitative cadence

vaitālīya (Undetermined)

XML

6|+-+-=/8|+-+-=

Prosody

⏕⏕⏕–⏑–⏑⏓/⏕⏕⏕⏕–⏑–⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.b; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

aupacchandasika (Undetermined)

XML

6|+-+-+=/8|+-+-+=

Prosody

⏕⏕⏕–⏑–⏑–⏓/⏕⏕⏕⏕–⏑–⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 12, № I.D.c; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

āpātalikā (Undetermined)

XML

6|+--+=/8|+--+=

Prosody

⏕⏕⏕–⏑⏑–⏓/⏕⏕⏕⏕–⏑⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

The daṇḍaka class: metres involving many repetitions of a foot

daṇḍa (Old Javanese)

XML

‖+--‖+-+|⏑⏓

Prosody

‖–⏑⏑‖–⏑–|⏑⏓

Dániel Balogh: Any number of iterations of the foot –⏑⏑, followed by –⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓.

daṇḍaka (Old Javanese)

XML

---|---‖+-+‖

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑|⏑⏑⏑‖–⏑–‖

Dániel Balogh: The sequence ⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑ followed by any number of iterations of the foot –⏑–.

malāhati (Old Javanese), malavati (Old Javanese)

XML

‖--+‖

Prosody

‖⏑⏑–‖

Dániel Balogh: Any number of iterations of the foot ⏑⏑–.

Tamil metres

kuṟaḷ-veṇpā (Tamil)

Emmanuel Francis: Made of two aṭis, an aḷavaṭi with four cīrs and a cintati with three cīrs only.

Additions in need of processing

12 σ kusumāyudha (Undetermined)

XML

----+------=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

10 σ paṅkti class (('san', 'Sanskrit'))

XML

--------+=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

13 σ atijagatī class (('san', 'Sanskrit'))

XML

----+--+-----=

Prosody

⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

na-ja-ja-na-ga

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

12 σ candravartma (Sanskrit), turagagati (Old Javanese)

XML

+-+---+----=

Prosody

–⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody, p. 5, № I.A.12.2; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.

21 σ siṅharūpa (Old Javanese)

XML

--+-++--------------=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑––⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

Gaṇa

sa-ya-na-na-na-na-sa

13 σ citrālaya (Old Javanese)

XML

--+--+------=

Prosody

⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏑⏓

See Apte 1890, appendix A: Sanskrit Prosody; Velankar 1949; Zoetmulder 1974.