Hương Quê stela (C. 140), 899 Śaka

Editors: Salomé Pichon, Arlo Griffiths.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSCIC00140.

Hand description:

The lettering is characteristic of the tenth century CE.

Relever tous les ai

Language: Old Cham.

Repository: Campa (tfc-campa-epigraphy).

Version: (40b55b0), last modified (c0bba25).

Edition

Main text

⟨Face A⟩ ⟨A1⟩ |||| 897 niy· snaḥ Urāṅ· ya grāc· humā di velā nan· pu-lyaṅ· śrī jayasiṅhavar¿ṇ?⟨m⟩ma ṅan· pu-lki kumāramātya kluñ· ⟨A2⟩ nagar· ṅan· pom̃ ku kluñ· kunurun· ṅan· satyām̐ dhipatiḥ ṅan· pom̃ saṅgr(ā)macar· ṅan· sabhādharmmādhikār· ṅan· pom̃ jayavikraṁ ṅan· pom̃ yudhādhikā⟨A3⟩r· ṅan· pom̃ ku nyāyādhipatiḥ ṅan· raṁgyāv· hrey· Atāl· ṅan· Atuk· Anāk· pom̃ kluñ· jrāy· ṅan· pvaḥ dat·|| niy· humā ⟨A4⟩ di luvu vihār· (g)auy· ñū tanaṅgoḥ tupen· pandān· nau tam̃l· ṅauk· vihār· rumaṅ· ṅauk· vihār· nau tūy· jalān· rayā lapanuc· jalān· ra⟨A5⟩yā nau tam̃l· luvu ṅauk· lām̃ nau rumaṅ· nan· lac· tam̃l· krauṅ· luvu vihār· raḥ krauṅ· nan· rai sīr· tam̃l· tupen· pandān· mulaṅ·| di dalaṁ manāṅ· ⟨A6⟩ (nan)· Upa⟨k·⟩ humā vukaṁn· ka chut⟨r⟩a trā ganan· humā nan· humā yām̃ po ku śrī hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara man· humā ya kā jem̃ (A)natam· 3⟨A7⟩93 galauk· kā pajāk· Asiy· ñū sā rutuḥ limā pluḥ sā jāk tandoṅ· daniḥ sauṅ· nan· riy· 390 galauk· Asiy· ñū sā rutuḥ ⟨A8⟩ 86 k tandoṅ·|||| niy· humā vvair· di tanaḥ kandaic· gauy· ñū rumaṅ· tanaṅgoḥ tupen· tāc· maAndap· pūrvva nau sā Ār· ṅan· humā yām̃ ⟨A9⟩ vardeveśvara jāṅ· tam̃l· kara jac· lac· knā jalān· rayā dar· nau maAndap· dak(s)iṇa tam̃l· sā Ār· ṅan· humā śihvan· mavera tūy· nan· ⟨A10⟩ maAndap· paścima rai sīr· tam̃l· tupen· tāc· mulaṅ· di dalaṁ manāṅ· Upak· humā vukaṁn· ka chut⟨r⟩a trā humā nan· humā yām̃ ⟨A11⟩ po ku śrī hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara man· humā Anataṁm· 69 galauk· kā pajāk· Asiy· ñū 25 k· 9 v· tandoṅ· daniḥ sauṅ· nan· 1⟨A12⟩8 galauk· Asiy· ñū 25 k· tandoṅ·|◯|

di śaka-rāja 899 huriy· 11 vaṅun· vulān· 9 śukravār· nan· kāla po ku klu⟨A13⟩ñ· paniliḥ yaṁṅ· vā surak· rūpa śrī pāda parameśvara pu-pov· kuv· tam̃l· Ājñā lyam̃ po ku Ulīk· mahārāja pandar· grāc· hu⟨A14⟩mā di nagar· Ulīk· humā varāv· ṅan· humā paliy· Anaiḥ ṅan· humā vatek· ṅan· humā bhauk· śirā ṅan· humā janam̃ḥ Avista hu⟨A15⟩mā dinan· śrī pāda parameśvara pu-pov· kuv· yaṁṅ· karunāprasāda vriy· kaṁn· Ājñā lyam̃ po ku śrī mahāsāmanta di Atāla vuḥ di yām̃ ⟨A16⟩ Ājñā lyam̃ po ku Ulīk· mahārāja kā grāc· humā dinan· kā jem̃ humā yām̃ po ku śrī hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara di gamriyām̃ campa| ⟨A17⟩ niy· snaḥ Urāṅ· rayā ṅan· Urāṅ Anaiḥ yaṁṅ· ⟨madā⟩ nau di vela gandrāc· humā dinan· {di vela nan·} Ājñā lyam̃ po ku Ulīk· mahārāja ⟨A18⟩ Ajyam̃ yaṁṅ· kluñ· nagar· di vela nan· po ku kluñ· paniliḥ di vūy· vvair· makrauy· di vela nan· pvaḥ can(hi)yām̃ yām̃ po ku śrī ⟨A19⟩ hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara di dandrāḥ campa yaṁṅ· grāc· humā di vela nan· sabhā po ku dharmmā¿d?⟨dh⟩ikār· Avauv· po ku śoddh¿ipa?⟨a⟩vikra⟨A20⟩māddhipatiḥ paliy· Anaiḥ po ku nyāyyādhipati grā¿rmm?⟨m⟩ā campa drām̃ pov· mahāk· Ulīk· slāy· hiran· di paliy· Anaiḥ drām̃ ⟨A21⟩ pov· kār· gaṁp· nan· manūhar· di saṅgapūra campa ya pam̃ṅ· śam̃ka nan· candrakumār· mandā manicīk· mahāk· jiṅyar· namvīyakā Avi⟨A22⟩sta Urāṅ· nan· madā nau di vela gandrāc· humā nan· rīy·|| humā di palim̃ Anaiḥ gauy· humā nan· rumaṅ· tanaṅgoḥ tuṁ likūk· ⟨A23⟩ sāṅ· vinai kavveś· ṅan· dauk· lām̃ nan· nau sā Ār· ṅan· humā pu Icov· pranauṅ· maAndāp· pūrvva nau tam̃l· humā pandā⟨A24⟩n· rumaṅ· nan· nau tam̃l· klauv· Atac· dar· maAndap· daksiṇa tam̃l· vavaḥ dvāṅ· rumaṅ· nan· nau tam̃l· sā Ār· ṅan· humā yām̃ ⟨A25⟩ po ku mandarakānteśvara nau maAndap· paścima tam̃l· dandauv· tunuṅ· rai sīr· tam̃l· tuṁ likūk· sāṅ· mulaṅ· di dalaṁ manāṅ· ⟨Face B⟩ ⟨B2⟩ Upak· humā vukam̃n· ka chutra ganan· trā humā nan· humā yām̃ po ku hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara man· ya kā jem̃ humā ⟨B3⟩ Anataṁm· panadam̃n· nariy· glai klauv· trok· varo¿nau?⟨k·⟩ (j)em̃ 90 galauk· kā pajāk· Asiy· ñū 92 k tandoṅ· daniḥ soṅ· nan· di varatak· ⟨B4⟩ 3 galauk· Asiy· ñū 5 k tandoṅ·||°||

niy· humā di bhauk· śi(rā) gauy· ñū rumaṅ· Andap· sām̃ kula pu nau sā Ār· ṅan· humā kula ⟨B5⟩ pu jāṅ· tam̃l· gaḥ glai purvva dar· glai nan· nau jāṅ· tam̃l· Ajvañ· pandān· sā Ār· ṅan· humā kluñ· Imaur· lac· tam̃l· k⟨r⟩auṅ· bhauk· (ś)i(rā) (raḥ) krauṅ· nan· ⟨B6⟩ rai sīr· tam̃l· nairitī Akyaṅ· pagār· kula pu mulaṅ· di dalaṁ manāṁṅ· nan· Upak· humā vukaṁn· ka chutra trā humā nan· humā yāṅ· po ku hri⟨B7⟩naṇḍaliṅgeśvara maṁn· humā ya kā jeṅ· Anataṁm· panadaṁn· nariy· trok· varok· jeṅ· 86 galauk· kā pajāk· Asiy· ñū 36 k· 9 v· tandoṅ· ⟨B8⟩ || daniḥ sauṅ· nan· 38 galauk· Asiy· ñū 22 k· tandoṅ·||°|| niy· humā janam̃ḥ gauy· ñū rumaṅ· sā Ār· ṅan· humā yāṅ· bharuv· maAndap· purvva nau ⟨B9⟩ tam̃l· sā Ār· ṅan· humā pu mahāniyama dar· maAndap· daksiṇa nau tam̃l· dandauv· vihār· rumaṅ· nan· maAndap· paścima nau sīr· tam̃l· sā Ār· ṅan· hu⟨B10⟩mā yāṅ· bharuv· mulaṅ· di dalaṁ manāṅ· nan· Upak· humā vukaṁn· ka chutra trā humā nan· humā yāṅ· po ku hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara maṁṅ· ⟨B11⟩ humā ya kā jeṅ· Anataṁm· panadaṁn· nariy· trok· varok· jeṅ· 2 galauk· kā pajāk· Asiy· ñū 20 k· tandoṅ·||°||

⟨B12⟩ || niy· gvauy· humā varāv· rumaṅ· Ajvañ· varāv· nau tūy· tūṁ varāv· maAndap· Utara nau mat daḥ dvil· varāv· dar· nau pūrvva tam̃l· tuṁ tanupar· tamā ⟨B13⟩ nau tūy· tūṁ nan· maAndap· nau daksaṇa tam̃l· sā Ār· ṅan· humā sev· Ulīk· rai sīr· tam̃l· Ajvañ· varāv· mulaṅ· dalaṁ manāṅ· nan· U⟨B14⟩pa⟨k·⟩ humā vukaṁn· ka chutra ganan· trā ya nan· humā yām̃ po ku hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśva⟨ra⟩ man· ya kā jem̃ humā Anatam̃m· panadaṁn· nariy· tro⟨B15⟩k· varok· 9 galauk· Asiy· ñū 15 k· tandoṅ· humā nan· ra vriy· kam̃n· Inā pov· laman· dharī

⟨B16⟩ niy· humā di (ra)vv(ai)ṅ· pathun· grāc· vi Alā vradāy· vavaḥ tum· sā Ār· ṅan· humā yāṅ· bharuv· maAndap· nau Uttara tam̃l· Ār· hu⟨B17⟩mā yām̃ pu Inā mandar·kānteś¿a?⟨vara⟩ sīm· ganan· maAndap· nau purvva lac· tam̃l· tum̃m· cakīr· sim· ga(nan)· maAndap· nau daksiṇa lac· tam̃l· krauṅ· ⟨B18⟩ maAndap· nau paścima rai sīr· tam̃l· vradāy· mulaṅ· U¿tpa?⟨pāk·⟩ humā vukaṁn· di dalaṁ vvān· nan· trā humā nan· humā yāṅ· hri⟨B19⟩ṇandaliṅgeśvara mam̃n· nan· siy· snaḥ ya marai di gandrāc· humā di vel· nan· Ājñā pov ku rājendramantrī ṅan· śīliḥ Ulīk· tuluke ⟨B20⟩ ṅan· sabhādharmm¿ad?⟨ādh⟩ikāra tu(h)ā ṅan· sabhā paliy· Anaiḥ ṅan· nyāyāddhipatiḥ grāmā caṁ⟨pa⟩ ṅan· śoddhavikraṁ jiṅyar· ṅan· sabhārāja nagar· ⟨B21⟩ cvaḥ ṅan· sabhā cvaḥ bharuv· caṁ ṅan· kurun· yām̃ po pu Inā mandar· kānteśvar· slāy· caṁ ṅan· gam̃p· puṁ Iśśa(ra ka)l· vijai ṅan· likhita Ulīk· ⟨B22⟩ ṅan· pvaḥ jvot· nī saravvaṅ· hiran· di paliy· Anaiḥ humā ya kā jeṅ· Anatam̃m· 25 k· tandoṅ· yatok· varok· 5 k· tandoṅ· trā||°||

Extra line at top of B

⟨B1⟩ yāṅ· hrinaṇḍaliṅg¿a?⟨e⟩śvara vriy· kam̃n· māy· vruv· yajamāna

Apparatus

⟨A12⟩ 899 • The date was misinterpreted as 1033 by Huber 1911. See discussion in Griffiths and Lepoutre 2016.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths and Salomé Pichon

Main text

(A1–A3) [Śaka year] 897. This is the list (?, snah) of the men who offered fields at that time:

  • the prince (pu-lyaṅ) Śrī Jayasiṅhavarman,
  • with prince (pu-lki) Kumāramātya, chief (kluñ) of the country,
  • with my lord chief (pov ku kluñ) Kunurun,
  • with Satyādhipati,
  • with lord (pov) Saṅgrāmacara,
  • with Sabhādharmādhikāra,
  • with lord (pov) Jayavikrama,
  • with lord (pov) Yudhādhikāra,
  • with my lord (pov ku) Nyāyādhipati,
  • with Rəgyāv Hrey of Atāla,1
  • with Atuk, child of lord chief (pov kluñ) Jrāy,
  • with Pvah Dat.

(A3–A5) These are the fields at the Luvu vihāra. Their boundary (gauy): the tanaṅgoh (starting point? landmark?) is the border (? tupen) of Pandanus trees. It goes until above the vihāra. From above the vihāra, it goes along the great road. lapanuc the main road, it goes until the luvu above lām̃. It goes from there and falls (lac) until the river of the Luvu vihāra. It follows that river closely (rai sīr) back to the border (? tupen) of Pandanus trees.

(A5–A8) Inside that section (? manāṅ) there are no other fields for chutra and ganan. Those fields are the fields of the Y.P.K. Śrī Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara. Then, the fields that have become transplantations: 393 plots, measured in jāk their contents is one hundred and fifty-one jāk tandoṅ. Also the sowing [fields] with them: 390 plots, their contents 186 jāk tandoṅ.

(A8–A12) These are the water fields in Tanah Kandaic. Their boundary: from the tanaṅgoh [formed by] the border of Tāc (trees?), it heads (maandap) to the East. It goes sharing one dike with the field of the God Varadeveśvara, and reaching Kara Jac, it falls touching the main road. It turns and goes heading to the South until it shares one dike with the field Śihvan Mavera. It closely follows that [field] heading to the West, back until the border of Tāc. Inside [that] section (? manāṅ) there are no other fields for chutra Also those fields are the fields of the Y.P.K. Śrī Hrīnandaliṅgeśvara. Then, the transplantation fields: 69 plots, measured in jāk their contents is 25 jāk 9 v2 tandoṅ. The sowing [fields] with them: 18 plots, their contents 25 jāk tandoṅ.

(A12–A16) In [the year of the] Śaka king 899, day 11 of the waxing [fortnight] of month 9, Friday. That was the time of my lord chief (po ku kluñ) Panilih3 who brought a personal letter (surak rūpa)4 of śrī pāda parameśvara pu-pov kuv5 to the ājñā lyaṅ po ku Ulīk Mahārāja,6 commanding to offer fields in the country of Ulīk:

  • the field Varāv,
  • and the field Paliy Anaih (“small village”),
  • and the field Vatek,
  • and the field Bhauk Śirā (“mountain top”?),
  • and the field Janəh.
All these fields, it is śrī pāda parameśvara pu-pov kuv who, as a royal favor, has given authorisation to (kən) the ājñā lyaṅ po ku Śrī Mahāsāmanta, in Atāla, for donating [them] to the deity. The ājñā lyaṅ po ku Ulīk Mahārāja had offered these fields that had become the fields of the yāṅ po ku Śrī Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara at Gamriyāṅ Campa.

(A17–A22) This is the list of the noblemen and of the common men who would be present at the time of the offering of these fields:

  • ājñā lyaṅ po ku Ulīk Mahārāja
  • Ajyam̃ who was the chief of the country at that time,7
  • my lord chief (po ku kluñ) Panilih at Vūy Vvair (who) was makrauy8 at that time,
  • Pvah Canhiyāṅ of Y.P.K. Śrī Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara at Dandrāh Campa who offered fields at that time,
  • Sabhā my lord (po ku) Dharmādikāra,
  • avauv (?, ash) my lord (po ku) Śoddhavikramādhipati of Paliy Anaih,
  • my lord (po ku) Nyāyādhipati of the Campa community (grāmā)
  • the drām̃ pov Mahāk, Ulīk, Slāy, Hiran at Paliy Anaih,
  • the drām̃ pov Kār [with] his family manūhar at Saṅgapūra Campa which erected (pəṅ) that conch (śaṅka); Candrakumāra, Mandā, Manicīk,Mahāk, Jiṅyar, Namvīyakā.
All these men would also be present at the time of the offering of these fields.

(A22–A25) The fields at Paliy Anaih. The boundary of those fields: (it goes) from the tanaṅgoh [formed by] the stream behind the house of the woman Kavveś and continues to lām̃ it. It goes sharing one dike with the field of pu Icov Pranauṅ. It heads to the East and goes until the field Pandān (Pandanus tree). From there it goes until the forest Atac, turns heading to the South until the confluence (vavah) Dvāṅ. From there, it goes until sharing one dike with the fields of Y.P.K. Mandarakānteśvara. It goes heading to the West until close to the tank Tunuṅ, back to the stream behind the house.

(A25–B4) Inside [that] section, there are no other fields for chutra and ganan. Those fields are the fields of the Y.P.K. Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara. Then [the fields] that have become transplanted fields, conversions (panadən) from forest, brush, mound (trok), [or], varok became 90 plots: measured in jāk, their contents is 92 jāk tandoṅ. The sowing [fields] with them at Varatak: 3 plots, their contents 5 jāk tandoṅ.

(B4–B8) These are the fields at Bhauk Śirā. Their boundary: it goes from the front of the house of Kula Pu, it goes until sharing one dike with the field of Kula Pu, and reaching the edge of the eastern forest it turns to that forest. It goes, and reaching the ajvañ of the Pandanus trees, sharing one dike with the field of the chief (kluñ) Imaur, it falls until the river Bhauk Śirā. Il closely goes along that river, until the nairitī akyaṅ back at the fence of Kula Pu’s [house]. Inside that section, there are no other fields for chutra. Also those fields are the fields of the Y.P.K. Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara. Then the fields that have become transplantations: the panadən from the trok, varok became: 86 plots, measured in jāk their contents is 36 jāk 9 v tandoṅ. The sowing [fields] with them: 38 plots, their contents 22 jāk tandoṅ.

(B8–B11) This is the field Janəh. Its boundary: from a shared dike with the field Yān Bharuv (“new god”), it heads to the East until sharing a dike with the field Pu Mahāniyama. It turns and heads to the South, going until the tank of the vihāra. From that [vihāra], it closely heads to the West until it goes back until sharing a dike with the field Yāṅ Bharuv. Inside that section, there are no other fields for chutra. Also this field is the field of the Y.P.K. Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara. Then, the field has been made into transplantations, the panadən from the trok, varok became: 2 plots, measured in jāk its content 20 jāk tandoṅ.

(B12–B15) These are the boundary of the field Varāv: from the ajvañ Varāv, it goes along the stream Varāv. Heading to the North, it goes to the four (mat) daḥ dvil Varār. It turns ans goes to the East until the stream Tanupar Tamā (“descending bridge”). It goes along that stream and heads to the South until sharing one dike with the field Sev Ulīk, closely [following] back to the ajvañ Varāv. Inside that section, there are no other fields for chutra and ganan. Also this field is the field of the Y.P.K. Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara. Then, the field has been made into transplantations, the panadən from the trok, varok became: 9 plots, its content 15 jāk tandoṅ. These fields, they offered to the mom of lord (pov) Laman Dharī.

(B16–B19) These are the fields at Ravvaiṅ. Pathun offered vi āla. [From] the vradāy, the confluence of the stream shares one dike with the field Yāṅ Bharuv. It heads to the North until a dike of the field of yāṁ pu, the mother of Mandarakanteśvara. The boundary marker of the ganan heads to the East and falls to the stream Cakīr. The boundary marker of the ganan heads to the South and falls until the river. It closely heads to the West back to the vradāy. There are no other fields in that [section] vvān. Also, those fields are the fields of the god Hrinaṇḍaliṅgeśvara.

(B19–B22) Then whoever snah who came to the offering of fields at that time:

  • ājñā pov ku rājendramantrī,
  • with Śīlih Ulīk Tuluke,
  • with Sabhādharmādhikāra the older,
  • with Sabhā Paliy Anaih,
  • with Nyāyādhipati of the Campa community,
  • with Śoddhavikrama of Jiṅyar,
  • with Sabhārāja of the country of Cvah
  • with Sabhā of Cvah Bharuv Campa
  • with the kurun of the Y.P.K. mother of Mandarakanteśvara at Slāy Campa.
  • with the family of Pum Iśśarakal Vijai,
  • with Likhita Ulīk,
  • with Pvah Jvot here in Saravvaṅ Hiram at Paliy Anaih.
The fields have been made into transplantations: 25 jāk tandoṅ, yatok varok: 5 jāk tandoṅ also.

Extra line at top of B

(B1) The god Hrinaṇḍalingeśvara has offered to Māy Vruv, priest.

Commentary

The spelling of the text is quite inconsistent. In our translation, we normalise words and titles of Sanskrit origin according to Sanskrit spelling. Many cases involve spelling without final a of Sanskrit words that end with this letter. In some instances, one notes that the engraver himself was inconsistent, notably in the toponym Atāl, also spelled atāla and in the string kachuta (perhaps to be analyzed ka chuta), also spelled kachutra.

(A8, B7) A unique phenomenon occurs twice in A11 and B7, namely the abbreviation of units of measurement non by their initial syllable (as is common in Indian and Javanese inscriptions) but by their final letter.

Bibliography

Previously unpublished. Edited by Arlo Griffiths and Salomé Pichon from the EFEO estampages n. 262 and from photogrammetric documentation in 2024.

Secondary

Huber, Edouard. 1911. “Études indochinoises VI-VII.” BEFEO 11 (1-2), pp. 1–24. [URL]. Page 15.

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 1927. Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East, Vol. I: Champa. Punjab Oriental (Sanskrit) Series 16. Lahore: The Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot. [URL]. Part 3, page 175, item 67.

Golzio, Karl-Heinz. 2004. Inscriptions of Campā: Based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar; newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates. Aachen: Shaker Verlag. Page 149.

Griffiths, Arlo and Amandine Lepoutre. 2016. “Études du corpus des inscriptions du Campā, VIII: Les inscriptions des piédroits des temples de Po Klaong Girai (C. 8-11), de Linh Thái (C. 109-110) et de Yang Prong (C. 116).” BEFEO 102, pp. 195–296. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.2016.6235. [URL]. Pages 258, 277–278.

Notes

  1. 1. Two occurences of Atāla further on suggest first that the term designates a place and second that Atal here is one of many instances where a final -a has not been spelt.
  2. 2. Abbreviation of an unidentified unit of contents.
  3. 3. Can this be the same person as the one intended in C. 149 (pov· kluñ· piliḥ rājadvāranāmābhūt·)?
  4. 4. The meaning “personal” for rūpa is based on Modern Cham. It is uncertain if the word could have this meaning in Old Cham.
  5. 5. We tentatively assume that this expression, not found elsewhere, means something like “His Majesty the king”. The term parameśvara is predominantly associated with the king in the corpus. See, C. 3, C. 4, C. 6, C. 13, C. 30, C. 83, C. 84, C. 86, C. 96, C. 119, C. 120, C. 122, C. 126, C. 156, C. 210.
  6. 6. The word ulīk is hardly attested elsewhere (possibly published ralik in C. 92, B20, is rather to be read ulīk) or entirely unattested, whereas the word mahārāja is equally rare. It mainly appears in the compound mahārāja-adhirāja, and there is just one occurence of mahārāja by itself in C. 96, B13.
  7. 7. Contrary to the first list of names at the beggining of face A, the individuals of this list are not separated by the word ṅan, "and, with". Instead, there seems to be in some cases the expression di vela nan, translated as "at that time". Regarding the position of this phrase in each item of the list, two possibilities have been considered: it would either be at the beggining of each new member of the list, introducing them, or on the contrary at the end. We chose the latest option because it appears at the end of the sentence in A1, as well as in C. 101, A19.
  8. 8. The word makrauy can also be found in C. 252.