Niêm Phò stela (C. 252), between 898 and 916 CE
Editors: Salomé Pichon, Arlo Griffiths.
Identifier: DHARMA_INSCIC00252.
Languages: Old Cham, Sanskrit.
Repository: Campa (tfc-campa-epigraphy).
Version: (a2d4f44), last modified (0e4eff0).
Edition
⟨Face A⟩ ⟨A1⟩ svasti [||]
I. Vaṁśastha
[na](mo) ⟨’⟩(s)tu [b]u[d]dh[āya] [v]i(ś)u(d)dha-bu(d)dhaye
a(na)mo ⟨’⟩stu (dha)rmmāya sukhopa(k)āri¿(n)?⟨ṇ⟩e
bnamo ⟨’⟩(s)tu (sa)ṅghā⟨A2⟩(ya) (par?)i(ś)ra(mā?)yi(n)e
c[.]i[.]ta [1×]tri[2×](k)u [1×]rtta(n)e |
d[1×] [.]i[.]ū(ya) mr̥topamā(na-j)ī(van-)mr̥(ta-ko)ma⟨A3⟩la Ā(h/v)itā na(mo) [1×] (paṭal)i(s)ma(y?)ī (g)uṇaṁ samastān nr̥patiś śrī-jayasiṅhavarmmade(vaḥ)||
II. Upendravajrā
[1×]⟨A4⟩sse(v)a-(sap)tasya hitajña-(Ājñā)-
a-sarvvādhikārākhya Udagra-buddhiḥ
bsad-dharmma-siddhānta-tathaika⟨A5⟩tāno
cvi(bhājat)e ⟨’⟩nūna-naye raye(na)||
d[2×] (s)ukr̥ta-kr̥nate(ra)ṁ (p)ra[.]ete [1×] (s)ajjanasaṁ [.]astu(n/t)e nijaṁ ma⟨A6⟩dana(bh)ū(t)armā campāpure nr̥pa-sadmataḥ [1×] [.]i (yata)rayeya pratiṣṭhitam paramīśvaraṁ ku⟨A7⟩sahitakaraś śrī-ratne tv a(n)ādikam uttamam·||
III. Anuṣṭubh
[3×]tuṁ [.]u[.]e[1×](raugrāme)
a⟨’⟩smin pra(d)ū(ṣaṇā)⟨A8⟩t pure
bsva-pitr̥-(ja)nanī-bhūmau
ckīrttaye (ca tadānata)m·
dri(p/b)ū(ta)na(talava)ṁ yo hr̥pay[ā]⟨A9⟩t pr̥(th)u-lakṣaṇair u(pā)dita-śarīraṁ sad-dharmma-kāraṇam udbhavam· (c)u[2×](k)īrttim atasa ⟨A10⟩ sya vihāro (nan)u dī(pava)t· Aga(s)īd bhuvi cātra śrī-ratnalokeśvarāhvayaḥ ||
IV. Anuṣṭubh
ni(y)[u]⟨A11⟩ktas tena tad-vam̃śe
adīna-hīnā(n)ukampayā
b[1×]kānnārtthayaryyārako
cmāvatānāñca⟨A12⟩ṭūrataḥ||
dV. Anuṣṭubh
vihāre nā suta(s)yāsmi(n)
amukti-bhaṅ(g)ā pradīya(t)e
btad-vam̃śe nāri(ṇā tadā)
ckaradā⟨Face B⟩⟨B1⟩d(v)āttu sarvvataḥ||
dvikalpitām imāṁ muktiṁ laṅghayiṣyanti (ta)[3×] (puna)[1×] ⟨B2⟩ [.]utmopabhukty-artthaṁ narakādhaḥ patantu te|| ye pāsyayanti ve yaraṇe sumatat(a)[.](t)ra tvā ⟨B3⟩ katāmīdr̥śī jñātvā ye ⟨’⟩pi ca yatra tatra likhitāṁ (d)r̥ṣṭvārābhilāṣañ ca yena (mat-pu?)⟨B4⟩trābhyudayārttham eva satataṁ tat-puṇyam ūrvvyām idaṁ te sarvve pracarantu nirvvr̥tim api svargga⟨B5⟩n tathā svecchayā||✤||
niy· (sā)[17×] ⟨B6⟩ (k)a[4×] (dau)k· (valaṁ) [15×] ⟨B7⟩ [.]i [4×] Cva [ḥ] jeṅ· mva[.]u[.]u[.]ū[.]ū (jakāyārana) [6×] ⟨B8⟩ [1×][.]ma [1×] bhāvray· viṇā ratna lo(k)e(śvara niy·) [.]i[12×]⟨B9⟩rku [3×] tri rājño sev· kusarvva dhiku| yaṅ· [14×] ⟨B10⟩ [1×]nna [1×] na ciy· dhamrait· humā di pā[.]ī(°)[14×] ⟨B11⟩ [29×] ⟨B12⟩ [14×]⟨B13⟩ṅ· nan· dauk· (d)i na(ra kyanan·) (dh)a(mvu) [...................] ⟨B14⟩ ya Oḥ jem̃ taup· Oḥ jem̃ si Urāṅ· (kūrun·?) ka(In)· (tat?)ra [7×] ⟨Face c⟩ ⟨c1⟩ ya dā(laṁ) vāṅ· (cāṅ·)rā(g)· (U)m(v)ām· ⟨c2⟩ phun· Āgama rai tatap· humā ni(y·) ⟨c3⟩ yāṅ· pu pov(·) ku śri dharmma ciy·| ⟨c4⟩ loka pandar· pov· sañ·cov· Idair· ⟨c5⟩ yadā Adiy· yāṅ· pu pov· ku para⟨c6⟩meśvaraloka yaṅ· marai tatap· ⟨c7⟩ humā niy· kā taṁl· humā ni⟨c8⟩y(·) pov· sañcov· Idair· pandar· hu⟨c9⟩mā jatuhā(vā) tal· (r)umaḥ ta(k·) ⟨c10⟩ madā humā vihāra humā yāṅ· vukaṁ ⟨c11⟩ di laṁvvāṅ· niy· trā hai (rān)a A⟨c12⟩vista rauṅ· nan· da[2×] pat· ⟨c13⟩ humā vukan· tā nan· bharuv· po⟨c14⟩v· sañcov· Idair· Atat· hu⟨c15⟩mā niy· vriy· kan· vihāra ni⟨c16⟩y· niy· (po)ṅ· makrauy· ma⟨c17⟩[2×][.]āc· trā pov· kū gāṁ limān(·) ⟨c18⟩ [pu] pov· ku (d)imhalikā ray· ma(du) ⟨c19⟩ [1×] tal· magrāc· pūra Urāṅ· [.]u[1×] ⟨c20⟩ [1×]ñā mulaṅ· hai(man)ā humā [.]i ⟨c21⟩ humā yāṁ vukan· di dalaṁ vvāṅ· ni(ṁ) trā ⟨c22⟩ [1×] Avi ⟨Face d⟩
⟨Face d⟩ ⟨d1⟩ ◯ (śrī)y· rāja jvanadi [1×] pu pov· tana rayā ⟨d2⟩ dipaṅ· yaṁṅ· kūñ na(gar)· nakaṁ hulun· vi⟨d3⟩hāra niy· bhikṣu yaṁṅ· rak[.](a)(da) ṅan· vadi⟨d4⟩y· vihāra niy· Oḥ jeṅ· si Urāṅ· (p)uḥ ⟨d5⟩ pandar· di vnauk· rājācāryya siy· yaṅ· ⟨d6⟩ mavac· tanatap· yāṅ· pu pov· ku śrī ja⟨d7⟩ya siṅhavarmmadeva Urāṅ· nan· lac· di Avī⟨d8⟩cī Annan· naraka ṅan· Inā Amātap· (gau) ⟨d9⟩ (nupaṅ)· nan· yāṅ· pu pov· ku śrī bhadrava⟨d10⟩rmmadeva vuḥ (śvaṅdo) pirak· vuḥ tray· [1×] pira ⟨d11⟩ v(u)ḥ ś(va)ṅda(ṅ·) vaṇa Artthaṇe ke śarana yapra ⟨d12⟩ [.]i [3×] ni vihāra ni(y)· [1×]ma[2×] ⟨d13⟩ [2×]n· [4×] śrī jayasimhavarma
Apparatus
⟨A1⟩ [na](mo) ⟨’⟩(s)tu [b]u[d]dh[āya] [v]i(ś)u(d)dha-bu(d)dhaye • Our restitutions are partly inspired by scriptural parallels such as Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra 21.1 namo ’stu buddhāya suviśuddhabodhaye viśuddhadharmā pratibhāmubuddhaye | saddharmapuṇyopagatānubuddhaye bhavāgraśūnyāya viśuddhabuddhaye.
Translation by Salomé Pichon
(B4–B12) Voici […] réside à Valaṁ […] bhāvray, la vina de ce Ratna-Lokeśvara […] les trois royaumes sev Kusarvva Dhiku. Celui qui […] prince Dhamrait, la rizière à Pā[.]ī […].
(B13–B14) […] Ce […] réside à Nara Khyanan Dhamvu (toponyme très hypothétique). Que personne ne vole les hommes du seigneur Kain […].
(c1–) Celui qui ...... dālaṁ : dans ? durée ? vāṅ : période ? cānrāg : umvām : phun : début, origine ? āgama : doctrine (ma)rai : semer ? déployer ? tatap : installer humā : rizière niy : cette YPPK śri dharmma ciy : prince loka : monde pandar : faire ? rendre semblable à ? pov Sañcov Idair : maître Sañcov Idair yadā : quand ? adiy : frère cadet Y.P.P.K. Parameśvaraloka yaṅ : Celui qui marai tatap· : installe humā niy : cette rizière kā : pour / ensuite taṁl : jusqu’à humā niy : cette rizière pov Sañcov Idair : maître Sañcov Idair pandar : faire ? rendre semblable à ? humā jatuhāvā tal· : jusqu’à rumaḥ : la maison, le palais, le temple tak madā : il y a humā vihāra : les rizières du vihāra humā yāṅ vukaṁ : les autre rizières du dieu di [da]laṁ vvāṅ niy : à cette période trā hai rāna Avista rauṅ nan: tous ces rauṅ da... pat : quatre humā vukan ; est installé cette rizière du Y.P.P.K. Śri Dharmma.
Bibliography
Unpublished inscription. First edited by Arlo Griffiths and Salomé Pichon based on the EFEO estampages n. 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376 made by Nguyen Van Quang, and on a direct reading on stone led by Salomé Pichon in July 2022.
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<lb n="B2"/><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>u</seg>tmopabhukty-artthaṁ narakādhaḥ patantu te<g type="ddanda">.</g>
ye pāsyayanti ve yaraṇe su<!-- vicāraṇeṣu? -->matat<unclear>a</unclear><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg><unclear>t</unclear>ra</seg><!--sapi2argr ou Cśra? --> tvā
<lb n="B3"/>katāmīdr̥śī jñātvā ye <supplied reason="subaudible">'</supplied>pi ca yatra tatra likhitāṁ <unclear>d</unclear>r̥ṣṭvārā<seg rend="check">bhilāṣañ ca</seg> yena <unclear cert="low">mat-pu</unclear><lb n="B4" break="no"/>trābhyudayārttham eva satataṁ tat-puṇyam ūrvvyām idaṁ te sarvve pracarantu nirvvr̥tim api svargga<lb n="B5" break="no"/>n tathā svecchayā<g type="ddanda"/><g type="floretComplex"/><g type="ddanda"/></p>
<p xml:lang="ocm-Latn">niy· <unclear>sā</unclear><gap reason="illegible" quantity="17" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B6"/><unclear>k</unclear>a<gap reason="illegible" quantity="4" unit="character"/> <unclear>dau</unclear>k· <unclear>valaṁ</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="15" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B7"/><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>i</seg> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="4" unit="character"/> Cva <supplied reason="lost">ḥ</supplied> jeṅ· mva<seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>u</seg><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>u</seg><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ū</seg><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ū</seg> <unclear>jakāyārana</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="6" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B8"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ma</seg> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> bhāvray· viṇā<!-- sapi2argr ou viṇara --> ratna lo<unclear>k</unclear>e<unclear>śvara niy·</unclear> <seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>i</seg><gap reason="illegible" quantity="12" unit="character"/><lb n="B9" break="no"/>rku <gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character"/> tri rājño sev· kusarvva dhiku<g type="dandaPlain">.</g> yaṅ· <gap reason="illegible" quantity="14" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B10"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>nna <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> na ciy· dhamrait· humā di pā<seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ī</seg> <unclear><g type="dotMid">.</g></unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="14" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B11"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="29" unit="character"/>
<lb n="B12"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="14" unit="character"/><lb n="B13" break="no"/>ṅ· nan· dauk· <unclear>d</unclear>i na<unclear>ra kyanan·</unclear><!-- sapi2argr tout ceci est grandement hypothétique --> <unclear>dh</unclear>a<unclear>mvu</unclear><!-- sapi2argr ou kamvu? --> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="19" unit="component"/>
<lb n="B14"/>ya Oḥ jem̃ taup· Oḥ jem̃ si Urāṅ· <unclear cert="low">kūrun·</unclear><!-- ou kūran· ? Ou peut être qu’un caractère ‘bhu’ a été rajouté en dessous ? --> ka<unclear>In</unclear>· <unclear cert="low">tat</unclear>ra <gap reason="illegible" quantity="7" unit="character"/>
<milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="c"/>
<lb n="c1"/>ya dā<unclear>laṁ</unclear> vāṅ· <unclear>cāṅ·</unclear>rā<unclear>g</unclear>· <unclear>U</unclear>m<unclear>v</unclear>ām·
<lb n="c2"/>phun· Āgama rai tatap· humā ni<unclear>y·</unclear>
<lb n="c3"/>yāṅ· pu pov<unclear>·</unclear> ku śri dharmma ciy·<g type="dandaPlain">.</g>
<lb n="c4"/>loka pandar· pov· sañ·cov· Idair·
<lb n="c5"/>yadā Adiy· yāṅ· pu pov· ku para<lb n="c6" break="no"/>meśvaraloka yaṅ· marai tatap·
<lb n="c7"/>humā niy· kā taṁl· humā ni<lb n="c8" break="no"/>y<unclear>·</unclear> pov· sañcov· Idair· pandar· hu<lb n="c9" break="no"/>mā jatuhā<unclear>vā</unclear> tal· <unclear>r</unclear>umaḥ ta<unclear>k·</unclear><!-- sapi2argr taka? -->
<lb n="c10"/>madā humā vihāra humā yāṅ· vukaṁ
<lb n="c11"/>di laṁvvāṅ· niy· trā hai <unclear>rān</unclear>a<!-- trā hora A- ou trā hai rana? haimaga? cf. c.20 --> A<lb n="c12" break="no"/>vista rauṅ· nan· da<gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character"/> pat·<!-- pata? -->
<lb n="c13"/>humā vukan· tā<!-- sapi2argr ou kā? --> nan· bharuv· po<lb n="c14" break="no"/>v· sañcov· Idair· Atat· hu<lb n="c15" break="no"/>mā niy· vriy· kan· vihāra ni<lb n="c16" break="no"/>y· niy· <unclear>po</unclear>ṅ· makrauy· ma<lb n="c17" break="no"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character"/><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ā</seg>c· trā pov· kū gāṁ limān<unclear>·</unclear>
<lb n="c18"/><supplied reason="lost">pu</supplied> pov· ku <unclear>d</unclear>imhalikā ray· ma<unclear>du</unclear>
<lb n="c19"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> tal· magrāc· pūra Urāṅ· <seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>u</seg><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>
<lb n="c20"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>ñā mulaṅ· hai<unclear>man</unclear>ā humā <seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>i</seg>
<lb n="c21"/>humā yāṁ vukan· di dalaṁ vvāṅ· ni<unclear>ṁ</unclear> trā
<lb n="c22"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> Avi<!-- sapi2argr Le signe non lu ressemble à une sorte de courbe prolongeant le A mais sur la gauche. --> <milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="d"/></p>
<p><milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="d"/>
<lb n="d1"/><g type="circleTarget">.</g> <unclear>śrī</unclear>y· rāja jvanadi
<gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> pu pov· tana rayā
<lb n="d2"/>dipaṅ· yaṁṅ· kūñ na<unclear>gar</unclear>·<!-- sapi2argr ou kūñ·? --> nakaṁ<!-- ou nagara ? --> hulun· vi<lb n="d3" break="no"/>hāra niy· bhikṣu yaṁṅ· rak<seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg><unclear>a</unclear></seg><unclear>da</unclear><!-- sapi2argr ou rakC(ana) ? --> ṅan· vadi<!-- sapi2argr ou vaśi, vati ?--><lb n="d4" break="no"/>y· vihāra niy· Oḥ jeṅ· si Urāṅ· <unclear>p</unclear>uḥ
<lb n="d5"/>pandar· di vnauk· rājācāryya siy· yaṅ·
<lb n="d6"/>mavac· tanatap· yāṅ· pu pov· ku śrī ja<lb n="d7" break="no"/>ya siṅhavarmmadeva Urāṅ· nan· lac· di Avī<lb n="d8" break="no"/>cī Annan· naraka ṅan· Inā<!-- sapi2argr à revoir. Cf le I de Idair·, face c.--> Amātap· <unclear>gau</unclear>
<lb n="d9"/><unclear>nupaṅ</unclear>· nan· yāṅ· pu pov· ku śrī bhadrava<lb n="d10" break="no"/>rmmadeva vuḥ <unclear>śvaṅdo</unclear> pirak· vuḥ tray· <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/><!-- sapi2argr ou alors tralay· ? --> pira
<lb n="d11"/>v<unclear>u</unclear>ḥ ś<unclear>va</unclear>ṅda<unclear>ṅ·</unclear><!-- sapi2argr ś(va)ṅda(ṅ·) : les deux premiers caractères de ce terme ressemblent grandement à ceux du (śvaṅdo) de la ligne du-dessus. Mais le dernier caractère de chacun de ces mots ne semblent pas identique. --> vaṇa Artthaṇe ke śarana yapra
<lb n="d12"/><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>i</seg> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character"/> ni vihāra ni<unclear>y</unclear>· <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>ma<gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character"/>
<lb n="d13"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character"/>n· <gap reason="illegible" quantity="4" unit="character"/> śrī jayasimhavarma
</p>
</div>
<div type="apparatus">
<listApp>
<app loc="A1">
<lem><supplied reason="lost">na</supplied><unclear>mo</unclear> <supplied reason="subaudible">'</supplied><unclear>s</unclear>tu <supplied reason="lost">b</supplied>u<supplied reason="lost">d</supplied>dh<supplied reason="lost">āya</supplied> <supplied reason="lost">v</supplied>i<unclear>ś</unclear>u<unclear>d</unclear>dha-bu<unclear>d</unclear>dhaye</lem>
<note>Our restitutions are partly inspired by scriptural parallels such as <title>Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra</title> 21.1 <foreign>namo 'stu buddhāya suviśuddhabodhaye viśuddhadharmā pratibhāmubuddhaye | saddharmapuṇyopagatānubuddhaye bhavāgraśūnyāya viśuddhabuddhaye</foreign>.</note>
</app>
</listApp> </div>
<div type="translation" resp="part:sapi">
<p n="B4-B12">Voici <gap reason="illegible"/> réside à Valaṁ <gap reason="illegible"/> <foreign>bhāvray</foreign>, la vina de ce Ratna-Lokeśvara <gap reason="illegible"/> les trois royaumes <foreign>sev</foreign> Kusarvva Dhiku. Celui qui <gap reason="illegible"/> prince Dhamrait, la rizière à Pā<seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg>ī</seg> <gap reason="illegible"/>.</p>
<p n="B13-B14"><gap reason="illegible"/> Ce <gap reason="illegible"/> réside à Nara Khyanan Dhamvu <supplied reason="explanation">toponyme très hypothétique</supplied>. Que personne ne vole les hommes du seigneur Kain <gap reason="illegible"/>.</p>
<p n="c1-">Celui qui ......
dālaṁ : dans ? durée ?
vāṅ : période ?
cānrāg :
umvām :
phun : début, origine ?
āgama : doctrine
(ma)rai : semer ? déployer ?
tatap : installer
humā : rizière
niy : cette
YPPK śri dharmma
ciy : prince
loka : monde
pandar : faire ? rendre semblable à ?
pov Sañcov Idair : maître Sañcov Idair
yadā : quand ?
adiy : frère cadet
Y.P.P.K. Parameśvaraloka
yaṅ : Celui qui
marai tatap· : installe
humā niy : cette rizière
kā : pour / ensuite
taṁl : jusqu'à
humā niy : cette rizière
pov Sañcov Idair : maître Sañcov Idair
pandar : faire ? rendre semblable à ?
humā jatuhāvā
tal· : jusqu'à
rumaḥ : la maison, le palais, le temple
tak
madā : il y a
humā vihāra : les rizières du vihāra
humā yāṅ vukaṁ : les autre rizières du dieu
di [da]laṁ vvāṅ niy : à cette période
trā
hai
rāna
Avista rauṅ nan: tous ces rauṅ
da...
pat : quatre
humā vukan ;
est installé cette rizière du Y.P.P.K. Śri Dharmma.</p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p>The spelling of the inscription is very hazarduous. Cf. line c1 <foreign>dā(laṁ) vāṅ·</foreign>, line c11 <foreign>di laṁ vvāṅ·</foreign> and line c21 <foreign>di dalaṁ vvāṅ·</foreign>. Also cf. line c4 <foreign>sañ·cov·</foreign>, line c14 <foreign>sañcov·</foreign>. </p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<p>Unpublished inscription. First edited by Arlo Griffiths and Salomé Pichon based on the EFEO estampages n. 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376
made by Nguyen Van Quang, and on a direct reading on stone led by Salomé Pichon in July 2022.</p>
<listBibl type="primary">
<bibl n="siglum"/><!-- one <bibl/> per item of primary bibliography. Every entry mentionned in apparatus should hava a @n to declare its sigla -->
</listBibl>
<listBibl type="secondary">
<bibl/><!-- one <bibl/> per item of secondary bibliography -->
</listBibl>
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
Commentary
The spelling of the inscription is very hazarduous. Cf. line c1 dā(laṁ) vāṅ·, line c11 di laṁ vvāṅ· and line c21 di dalaṁ vvāṅ·. Also cf. line c4 sañ·cov·, line c14 sañcov·.