Rock on hilltop inside Linh Sơn pagoda near Po Klaong Garai (C. 119), 972 Śaka

Author of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr).

Languages: Old Cham (ocm) [Cam (cam)], Sanskrit (san) [Cam (cam)].

Repository: Campa (tfc-campa-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSCIC00119.

File path: xml/DHARMA_INSCIC00119.xml.

Version: 2026-04-17 14:17 (3e0b233), last modified 2026-04-10 07:15 (8090745).

Edition

⟨Face A: Left⟩
⟨A1⟩ ꩜ svasti ∥ śrīmāñ chrī-parameśvaro narapatir nnānā-kalaikālayo dharme-
⟨A2⟩ ddho vala-vīryya-kīrtti-paramaḥ san sārvva-bhaumaḥ kr̥tī jitvā pāpaka-pāṇḍuraṅga-nr̥-gaṇān hastādri-randhre śake senā-
⟨A3⟩ -sāṅkhya-kr̥tau śilācayam imaṁ sam̃sthāpayām āsa vai ∥ ꩜ ∥ sidaḥ Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga niy· kintu sadā-kāla mūrkha dāya jhāk·
⟨A4⟩ buddhi pāpa-karmma mam̃n· sā Artha nan· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ kā lo vvāra clam̃ṅ· Adhama kam̃n· pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa dadam̃n· dadam̃n· rāja marai tra | navai
⟨A5⟩ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ya tuvuḥ yām̃ pu-po ku parameśvara sakala kā putau jem̃ pu-pom̃ drim̃ tathāpi la Urām pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ nau pāpa-ka-
⟨A6⟩ rmma pavaṅun· drim̃ dā(k)· sā dāya paputau ra kam̃n· di nagara nim̃ rim̃ nan· pi jem̃ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ra vā vala Udyāna marai paliṅyak· nagara nim̃ ka rim̃
⟨A7⟩ nan· ra vrim̃ vala nau tūy· mak· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ di dadam̃n· vivara sthāna hutān· ya vyūha ṅan· di dadam̃n· śikhara parvvata huluv· glai ya jlauṅ· Aviḥ

⟨Face B: Right⟩
⟨B1⟩ tra vala dinan· ñu tamā mak· di dalaṁ guhā di huk· hāṅ· di dalaṁ luvāṅ· vatuv· ñu mak· tmuv· A-
⟨B2⟩ vista Upak· ka klāḥ sa drim̃ la Oḥ nan· di śakarāja 972 hurim̃ salapan· vaṅun· vulān· pāk· vr̥haspati-bvāra
⟨B3⟩ nan· ra ndok· vatuv· sa drim̃ sa vauḥ di dadam̃n tuvuḥ vala ya marai nan· Aviḥ bharuv· ra mvūk· pajem̃ jayastambha pyauḥ ka vā ci-
⟨B4⟩ hna Ājñā yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ganim̃ nan· vela yaḥ madā jayastambha Ājñā nim̃ vlo⟨⟩ mam̃n· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ Oḥ
⟨B5⟩ knā si clam̃ṅ· Adhama trā knā silādhāra tupak· di pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa sadākāla mam̃n· niścaya ∥⦾

⟨Face A: Left⟩ ⟨A1⟩ ꩜ svasti ∥

1. Śārdūlavikrīḍita

śrīmāñ chrī-parameśvaro narapatir nnānā-kalaikālayo

dharme⟨A2⟩ddho vala-vīryya-kīrtti-paramaḥ san sārvva-bhaumaḥ kr̥tī

jitvā pāpaka-pāṇḍuraṅga-nr̥-gaṇān hastādri-randhre śake

senā⟨A3⟩-sāṅkhya-kr̥tau śilācayam imaṁ sam̃sthāpayām āsa vai ∥ ꩜ ∥

sidaḥ Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga niy· kintu sadā-kāla mūrkha dāya jhāk· ⟨A4⟩ buddhi pāpa-karmma mam̃n· sā Artha nan· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ kā lo vvāra clam̃ṅ· Adhama kam̃n· pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa dadam̃n· dadam̃n· rāja marai tra | navai ⟨A5⟩ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ya tuvuḥ yām̃ pu-po ku parameśvara sakala kā putau jem̃ pu-pom̃ drim̃ tathāpi la Urām pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ nau pāpa-ka⟨A6⟩rmma pavaṅun· drim̃ dā(k)· sā dāya paputau ra kam̃n· di nagara nim̃ rim̃ nan· pi jem̃ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ra vā vala Udyāna marai paliṅyak· nagara nim̃ ka rim̃ ⟨A7⟩ nan· ra vrim̃ vala nau tūy· mak· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ di dadam̃n· vivara sthāna hutān· ya vyūha ṅan· di dadam̃n· śikhara parvvata huluv· glai ya jlauṅ· Aviḥ ⟨Face B: Right⟩ ⟨B1⟩ tra vala dinan· ñu tamā mak· di dalaṁ guhā di huk· hāṅ· di dalaṁ luvāṅ· vatuv· ñu mak· tmuv· A⟨B2⟩vista Upak· ka klāḥ sa drim̃ la Oḥ nan· di śakarāja 972 hurim̃ salapan· vaṅun· vulān· pāk· vr̥haspati-bvāra ⟨B3⟩ nan· ra ndok· vatuv· sa drim̃ sa vauḥ di dadam̃n tuvuḥ vala ya marai nan· Aviḥ bharuv· ra mvūk· pajem̃ jayastambha pyauḥ ka vā ci⟨B4⟩hna Ājñā yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ganim̃ nan· vela yaḥ madā jayastambha Ājñā nim̃ vlo⟨⟩ mam̃n· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ Oḥ ⟨B5⟩ knā si clam̃ṅ· Adhama trā knā silādhāra tupak· di pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa sadākāla mam̃n· niścaya ∥⦾

⟨Face A: Left⟩ ⟨A1⟩ ꩜ svasti ∥

1. Śārdūlavikrīḍita

śrīmāñ chrī-parameśvaro narapatir nnānā-kalaikālayo

dharme⟨A2⟩ddho vala-vīryya-kīrtti-paramaḥ san sārvva-bhaumaḥ kr̥tī

jitvā pāpaka-pāṇḍuraṅga-nr̥-gaṇān hastādri-randhre śake

senā⟨A3⟩-sāṅkhya-kr̥tau śilācayam imaṁ sam̃sthāpayām āsa vai ∥ ꩜ ∥

Apparatus

⟨A2⟩ sārvva ⬦ sarvva- F.

⟨A4⟩ sam̃sthāpayām ⬦ saṅthāpayām F. — ⟨A4⟩ sā ⬦ ha F.

⟨A5⟩ yām̃ pu-po ku ⬦ yāṅ po ku F. — ⟨A5⟩ laṁ ⬦ la F.

⟨A6⟩ sā ⬦ ha F.

⟨B2⟩ la Oḥ ⬦ (Eḥ?) F • It seems that Finot entirely overlooked la. The sequence la Oḥ also occurs in C. 210. — ⟨B2⟩ -bvāra ⬦ ¿vom̃|ra? F.

⟨B3⟩ pyauḥ ⬦ pyeḥ F. — ⟨B3⟩ Oḥ ⬦ (Eḥ?) F.

Translation

⟨1⟩ Hail!

The illustrious king Śrī Parameśvara, the unique receptacle of various arts, possessing spiritual illumination, eminent in strength, valour and glory; successful as a universal ruler, having in the ⟨year of the⟩ Śaka ⟨king⟩ denoted by (2) hands, (7) mountains, (9) orifices (i.e., in 972 Śaka), defeated the vicious people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, deposited this collection of stones, in order to make it correspond to the number of soldiers.¹

These people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were always stupid, deceitful, evil spirited, and evil-doers. For the single reason that on several occasions these people of Pāṇḍuraṅga have cləṅ revolted against various sovereigns of the Campā state down to the time of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva who gave all the Barons of the country to the god Parameśvara (probably the country of Pāṇḍuraṅga had been placed under the suzerainty of a great monastery protected by the king). Nevertheless the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were guilty of culpable acts. They set up different individuals one after another and proclaimed them kings of the country. Then His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva led troops for the conquest of the country and pursued and captured the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga who took shelter in the caves, forests, summits of mountains, and the border of forests. And the army captured them in the caves, in the narrow mountain passages and in the ravines — so that not one of them could escape. In the Śaka year 972, on the 8th day of the bright fortnight of the 4th month, on Thursday, he made each person lay down a stone in various places, and by giving them to the army, he had a column of victory erected in this very place as a token of authority of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva. And when this column of victory was completed, the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, who had revolted, became, for ever, perfectly virtuous and loyal towards the king of Champa.

Bibliography

First edited by Louis Finot (1909). Re-edited here using photos that were made in 2003 by Trương Văn Ẩn and EFEO estampage 563.² While these documents do no allow verifying all details of the text, direct inspection of face A was possible in April 2026 for lines 1–5 of that face (whose lower two lines were inaccessible at that time), and a photogammetry was made for face B.

Primary

[F] Finot, Louis. 1909. “Notes d’épigraphie, XII : Nouvelles inscriptions de Pō Klauṅ Garai.” BEFEO 9, pp. 205–209. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1909.1930. [URL]. Pages 206–208.

Secondary

JA 1908. “Chronique : XVe Congrès international des Orientalistes. — IIIe Congrès de l’histoire des religions. — Varia.” JA 10e série, 12 (1908), pp. 312–338. [URL]. Page 331.

Parmentier, Henri. 1909. Inventaire descriptif des monuments čams de l’Annam. Tome premier: Description des monuments. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. [URL]. Pages 95–96.

Finot, Louis. 1915. “Notes d’épigraphie, XV : Les inscriptions de Jaya Parameçvaravarman I roi du Champa.” BEFEO 15 (2), pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1915.5229. [URL]. Pages 40–41, 49.

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 1927. Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East, Vol. I: Champa. Punjab Oriental (Sanskrit) Series 16. Lahore: The Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot. [URL]. Book III, pages 150–151, item 54.

Golzio, Karl-Heinz. 2004. Inscriptions of Campā: Based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar; newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates. Aachen: Shaker Verlag. Pages 123–124.

Notes

1. Majumdar noted: “Senā-Sāṁkhya-Kṛtau is an obscure expression but the sense is clear from the Cham portion translated below.” What is certain, is that the author is alluding to a Sanskrit lexical source such as Amarakośa 2.8.80–82.
2. This estampage covers only face B; estampage number 562 covering face A has not yet been digitized.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

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<l n="a">śrīmāñ chrī-parameśvaro narapatir nnānā-kalaikālayo</l>

<l n="b">dharme<lb n="A2" break="no"/>ddho vala-vīryya-kīrtti-paramaḥ san sārvva-bhaumaḥ kr̥tī</l>

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<p>sidaḥ Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga niy· kintu sadā-kāla mūrkha dāya jhāk·

<lb n="A4"/>buddhi pāpa-karmma mam̃n· sā Artha nan· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ kā lo vvāra clam̃ṅ· Adhama kam̃n· pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa dadam̃n· dadam̃n· rāja marai tra <g type="danda">.</g> navai

<lb n="A5"/>yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ya tuvuḥ yām̃ pu-po ku parameśvara sakala kā putau jem̃ pu-pom̃ drim̃ tathāpi la Urām pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ nau pāpa-ka<lb n="A6" break="no"/>rmma pavaṅun· drim̃ dā<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">k</unclear>· sā dāya paputau ra kam̃n· di nagara nim̃ rim̃ nan· pi jem̃ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ra vā vala Udyāna marai paliṅyak· nagara nim̃ ka rim̃

<lb n="A7"/>nan· ra vrim̃ vala nau tūy· mak· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ di dadam̃n· vivara sthāna <seg rend="check">hu</seg>tān· ya vyūha ṅan· di dadam̃n· śikhara parvvata huluv· glai ya jlauṅ· Aviḥ

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<lb n="B3"/>nan<seg rend="check">·</seg> ra ndok· vatuv· sa drim̃ sa vauḥ di dadam̃n tuvuḥ vala ya marai nan· Aviḥ bharuv· ra mvūk· pajem̃ jayastambha pyauḥ <seg rend="check">ka vā</seg> ci<lb n="B4" break="no"/>hna Ājñā yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ganim̃ nan· vela yaḥ madā jayastambha Ājñā nim̃ vlo<supplied reason="omitted" evidence="parallel"/> mam̃n· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ Oḥ

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<p rend="stanza" n="1">The illustrious king Śrī Parameśvara, the unique receptacle of various arts, possessing spiritual illumination, eminent in strength, valour and glory; successful as a universal ruler, having in the <supplied reason="subaudible">year of the</supplied> Śaka <supplied reason="subaudible">king</supplied> denoted by <supplied reason="explanation">2</supplied> hands, <supplied reason="explanation">7</supplied> mountains, <supplied reason="explanation">9</supplied> orifices (i.e., in 972 Śaka), defeated the vicious people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, deposited this collection of stones, in order to make it correspond to the number of soldiers.<note>Majumdar noted: <q>Senā-Sāṁkhya-Kṛtau is an obscure expression but the sense is clear from the Cham portion translated below.</q> What is certain, is that the author is alluding to a Sanskrit lexical source such as <title>Amarakośa</title> 2.8.80–82.</note></p>

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<p>These people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were always stupid, deceitful, evil spirited, and evil-doers. For the single reason  that on several occasions these people of Pāṇḍuraṅga have <seg rend="check"><foreign>cləṅ</foreign> revolted</seg> against various sovereigns of the Campā state down to the time of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva who gave all the Barons of the country to the god Parameśvara (probably the country of Pāṇḍuraṅga had been placed under the suzerainty of a great monastery protected by the king). Nevertheless the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were guilty of culpable acts. They set up different individuals one after another and proclaimed them kings of the country. Then His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva led troops for the conquest of the country and pursued and captured the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga who took shelter in the caves, forests, summits of mountains, and the border of forests.

And the army captured them in the caves, in the narrow mountain passages and in the ravines — so that not one of them could escape. In the Śaka year 972, on the 8th day of the bright fortnight of the 4th month, on Thursday, he made each person lay down a stone in various places, and by giving them to the army, he had a column of victory erected in this very place as a token of authority of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva. And when this column of victory was completed, the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, who had revolted, became, for ever, perfectly virtuous and loyal towards the king of Champa.</p>

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<p>First edited by Louis Finot (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Finot1909_01"/></bibl>). Re-edited here using photos that were made in 2003 by Trương Văn Ẩn and EFEO estampage 563.<note>This estampage covers only face B; estampage number 562 covering face A has not yet been digitized.</note> While these documents do no allow verifying all details of the text, direct inspection of face A was possible in April 2026 for lines 1–5 of that face (whose lower two lines were inaccessible at that time), and a photogammetry was made for face B.</p><!--

Estampages EFEO: 562; 563 photographié par AL. -->

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