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· <title>Tư Lương stele (C. 237), 1360 Śaka</title>
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15 <forename>Arlo</forename><surname>Griffiths</surname>
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· <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
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· <forename>Arlo</forename>
· <surname>Griffiths</surname>
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· <idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSCIC00237</idno>
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· <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
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· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Arlo Griffiths.</p>
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40 <date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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· <p>The lettering is characteristic of the fifteenth century CE.</p>
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· <p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>
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85<p><milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="A"/><label>Front</label><lb n="A1"/>svasti madā parama-rājādh<unclear>i</unclear>rāja Ā<lb n="A2" break="no"/>tmaja di yām̃ pom̃ k<unclear>u</unclear> jayasiṅhavarma vr̥ṣu-vam̃ṅṣa <unclear>pu-po</unclear>m̃
·<lb n="A3"/>k<unclear>u</unclear> pura rāja-grāmma ṅauk· glaum̃ vijaya du<choice><sic>ṅ</sic><corr>n</corr></choice>an· dram̃ rāja yvan· kvīra ma<lb n="A4" break="no"/>rai tupak· ṣuḥ khin· rajan· yuddha</p> <p>trā tam̃l· dvau triṅṣa Abhiśe<lb n="A5" break="no"/>ka dram̃ Inravarma paṇḍap· dadam̃n· bhaṇḍ<unclear>ā</unclear>ra patryak· lyam̃ kanāya pajem̃
·<lb n="A6"/>samram̃ddhipurī</p> <p>di thun· <unclear>bhyā</unclear>gra-ṇakṣatra padam̃ṅ· maṇḍīra ṅan· paṅap·
·<lb n="A7"/>sām̃ surak· dadam̃n· Adhvā pavam̃k· vanam̃k· kraum̃ hayāvv· pajem̃ rājadhā<lb n="A8" break="no"/>ṇnī</p> <p>madā ka tmum̃ kirenra vap· viṅṣa kāla di hayāvv· Amil·
·<milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="B"/><label>Back</label>
90<lb n="B1"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="3" unit="character"/>k· <unclear>pa</unclear>dadam̃n· d<unclear>a</unclear>k· varna trā madā ka tmum̃ dhaval<unclear>a</unclear>
·<lb n="B2"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="2" unit="character"/>ra nī putta di vavaḥ Air· laṅuv· tam̃l· Aṣta triṅṣa
·<lb n="B3"/><unclear>sām̃</unclear> surak· śilā-likhitta ṇī di rājadhvanna nī <num value="1360">1360</num><g type="ddanda">.</g>
·</p>
· </div>
95 <div type="apparatus">
· <listApp>
· <app loc="A2">
· <lem>vr̥ṣu-vam̃ṅṣa <unclear>pu-po</unclear>m̃<lb n="A3"/>k<unclear>u</unclear></lem>
·<note>Or should we read <foreign>vr̥ṣu-vam̃ṅṣa <unclear>pu po</unclear>m̃ kā</foreign>? It's conceivable that <foreign>kā=u</foreign> was engraved, i.e., the consonant <foreign>k</foreign> with two vowel markers (<foreign>ā</foreign> and <foreign>u</foreign>), and that both a syllable <foreign>ku</foreign> and a syllable <foreign>kā</foreign> should be read. Indeed, the sequence <foreign>pu pom̃ ku kā</foreign> is found in contemporary inscriptions <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00043.xml">C. 43</ref>, <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00057.xml">C. 57</ref> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00214.xml">C. 214</ref>.</note>
100 </app>
·<app loc="A3"><lem>du<choice><sic>ṅ</sic><corr>n</corr></choice>an·</lem><note>It seems that <foreign>duṅan·</foreign> must be a scribal error for <foreign>dunan·</foreign>, a word found in numerous other inscriptions and sometimes in similar contexts (e.g., <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00003.xml">C. 3.2</ref>, <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00022.xml">C. 3.2</ref> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00043.xml">C. 43</ref>).</note></app>
·<app loc="A4"><lem>ṣuḥ</lem><note>This seems to be an apheretic form for <foreign>mr̥suḥ</foreign>, and probably not an error for the same sequence <foreign>ṣuḥ khin·</foreign> also occurs in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00043.xml">C. 43</ref> (B6). The expression <foreign>marai mr̥suḥ/mrasuḥ</foreign> is common, here with inserion of the word <foreign>tupak</foreign>.</note></app>
·<app loc="A6"><lem><unclear>bhyā</unclear>gra-ṇakṣatra</lem><note>Rustic spelling for <foreign>vyāghra-nakṣatra</foreign>.</note></app>
·<app loc="A6">
105<lem>maṇḍīra ṅan·</lem>
·<rdg source="bib:Griffiths2020_04">maṇḍī vaṅan·</rdg>
·<note>In my previous publication, I misread <foreign>ra</foreign> as <foreign>va</foreign> and wrongly split the words, not recognizing <foreign>maṇḍīra</foreign> as a rustic spelling for Sanskrit <foreign>mandira</foreign>.</note>
·</app>
·<app loc="A7"><lem>rājadhā<lb n="A8" break="no"/>ṇnī</lem><note>Depending on how we choose to interpret <foreign>rājadhvanna nī</foreign> in B3 (see below), it is conceivable that we must intervene in the text to allow the same reading and interpretation here. But in favor of accepting the word <foreign>rājadhānī</foreign> speaks the fact that it is found in some other inscriptions (<ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00025.xml">C. 25</ref>, line A17, and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00064.xml">C. 64</ref>, line 3), so that an emendation to <foreign>rājādhva nī</foreign> here seems rather less plausible.</note></app>
110<app loc="A8"><lem>madā ka tmum̃</lem><note>The same words occur again below in B1. The string <foreign>madā tmum̃</foreign> occurs in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00030A1.xml">C. 30A1</ref> (7); <foreign>kā tmum̃</foreign> <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00030A2.xml">C. 30A2</ref> (7) and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00089.xml">C. 89</ref> (B11 and B14).</note></app>
·<app loc="A8"><lem>Amil·</lem><note>Is this a verb related to <foreign>ambil</foreign> <q>take</q> in Malay? Or do we rather have the same word <foreign>amil</foreign> that means <q>tamarind</q> in Modern Cham?
·</note></app>
·<app loc="B1"><lem><unclear>pa</unclear>dadam̃n· d<unclear>a</unclear>k·</lem>
·<note>The reading of this sequence is probably not yet as it was intended. The expression <foreign>(dadam̃n·) dadam̃n· varṇna</foreign> occurs in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00004.xml">C. 4</ref> (A3–4) and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00214.xml">C. 214</ref> (3). As for <foreign>dak</foreign>, this might be the word recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Aymonier+Cabaton1906_01"/><citedRange>213</citedRange></bibl>, with the meanings « <foreign xml:lang="fra">ranger, arranger, placer, etc. …</foreign> ». Reading directly from the stone, I failed to confirm the impression given by the estampage that we should rather read <foreign>dik</foreign>. If nevertheless this is the intended word, it could be a hitherto unattested alternative manifestation of the Sanskrit word <foreign>diś</foreign> that commonly occurs as loanword in Old Cham in the form <foreign>diśa</foreign>. Indeed one reads <foreign>(dadam̃n·) dadam̃n· diśa</foreign> in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00013.xml">C. 13</ref> (B6) and <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref> (C3). See also our discussion of the expression <foreign>diśa sā diśa</foreign> in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths+Lepoutre2016_01"/><citedRange unit="page">270</citedRange></bibl>.</note></app>
115
·
·<app loc="B1"><lem>dhaval<unclear>a</unclear><lb n="B2"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="2" unit="character"/>ra</lem><note>A hypothetical restoration, based on the parallelism with the phrase <foreign>Un·karśa-dhavala-gajādi</foreign> (that I assume to be a rustic spelling for <foreign>utkarṣa-dhavala-gajādi</foreign> in Sanskrit) found in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref> (A9–10) would be <foreign>dhavala-gaja-vara</foreign> <q>excellent white elephant</q>.</note></app>
·<app loc="B2"><lem>di vavaḥ Air· laṅuv·</lem><note>It might also be possible to read <foreign>Uvaḥ</foreign>. But see <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref> (B1–3) <foreign>di vabaḥ <unclear>c</unclear>rauḥ laṅuvv·</foreign>.</note></app>
·<app loc="B3"><lem>rājadhvanna nī</lem><note>There are a number of angles for interpreting this sequence, which I am tempted, within this inscription itself, to compare with the words <foreign>Adhvā</foreign> and <foreign>rājadhāṇnī</foreign> in A7–8, while more distant comparisons are also conceivable, such as <foreign>rājamāna</foreign> <q>royal dignity</q> (an expression that seems to appear in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00225.xml">C. 225</ref>, line 9) or <foreign>rājadharmma</foreign> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00042.xml">C. 42</ref>, line 13). It is imaginable that we are dealing with a rustic spelling of <foreign>rājadhānī nī</foreign> (<q>this capital</q>), but I tentatively assume that it is rather to be understood as <foreign>rājādhvā nī</foreign> (<q>this royal road</q>).</note></app>
120 </listApp>
· </div>
·<div type="translation" resp="part:argr">
· <p n="A1-A4">Hail! There was a supreme sovereign of kings, son of His Majesty <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yāṅ poṅ ku</foreign></supplied> Jayasiṅhavarman of the line of Vr̥ṣu, my lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pu-pov ku</foreign></supplied> of the city of royal residence <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>rājagrāma</foreign></supplied> Ṅauk Glauṅ Vijaya. <supplied reason="subaudible">When</supplied> this one <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dunan</foreign></supplied> took the kingship, the Viets <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yvan</foreign></supplied> and the Khmers <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kvīra</foreign></supplied> attacked openly <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tupak</foreign></supplied>, wishing <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>khin</foreign></supplied> to make war.</p>
·<p n="A4-A6">And in <supplied reason="subaudible">the year</supplied> thirty-two, he received consecration, taking <supplied reason="subaudible">the name of</supplied> Indravarman,<note>The same event is mentioned in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref>.</note> awarded various estates <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhaṇḍāra</foreign></supplied>, by his grace <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kanāya</foreign></supplied> had a prince crowned <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pa-tryak</foreign></supplied>,<note>This translation is probably to be revised. My interpretation of <foreign>patryak</foreign> as <q>had crowned</q> was only based on the unproven supposition that the base <foreign>tryak</foreign> in Old Cham can be connected with the entries <foreign>tvak/trvak</foreign> « <foreign xml:lang="fra">coiffer, poser sur, mettre comme coiffure, endosser</foreign> » in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Aymonier+Cabaton1906_01"/><citedRange>199 and 203</citedRange></bibl>. Under <foreign>kanāy</foreign> (p. 56), the dictionary quotes a phrase <foreign>kanāy malyaṅ patau</foreign> « <foreign xml:lang="fra">roi clément en magnifique (expression usitée en parlant du roi)</foreign> ». This is very reminiscent of the phrase <foreign>patryak· lyam̃ kanāya</foreign> that we have here.</note> founded <supplied reason="explanation">the temple called</supplied> Samr̥ddhipurī.<note>Samr̥ddhipurī is probably the name of a temple, for in inscription <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00042.xml">C. 42</ref>, l. 10, is is the name of a <foreign>rumaḥ</foreign>. See <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hardy2019_01"/><citedRange unit="page">231</citedRange></bibl>.</note></p>
125<p n="A6-A8">In the year of the Tiger <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vyāghra-nakṣatra</foreign></supplied>,<note>See <bibl><ptr target="bib:Coedes1935_01"/><citedRange unit="page">319</citedRange></bibl> on the use of the cycle of twelve animals in Modern Cham, <bibl rend="ibid"><ptr target="bib:Coedes1935_01"/><citedRange unit="page">323-324</citedRange></bibl> on the use of the term <foreign>nakṣatra</foreign> in the sense of <q>year</q> in this context. On this last point, see also <bibl><ptr target="bib:Eade1995_01"/><citedRange unit="page">31</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">27</citedRange></bibl> and <bibl><ptr target="bib:Ferlus2010_02"/></bibl>.</note> he founded temples <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṇḍīra</foreign></supplied> and built houses of letters<note>
·<q>Houses of letters</q> is a translation for the words <foreign>sām̃ surak</foreign> that reappear below in B3. The implication of this expression is uncertain. Perhaps <foreign>sām̃</foreign> simply means <foreign>dwelling, container</foreign> instead of <foreign>house</foreign>, while <foreign>surak</foreign> surely means <foreign>letter</foreign>, so <foreign>sām̃ surak</foreign> may refer to the inscription itself. If so, <foreign>sām̃ surak śilālikhitta</foreign> in B3 could be translated as <foreign>the inscription engraved in stone</foreign> (since <foreign>śilālikhitta</foreign> literally means <q>engraved in stone</q>).</note> <supplied reason="subaudible">on</supplied> various roads <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>adhvā</foreign></supplied>,
· laid dams across the Hayāv river, founded the capital.</p>
·<p n="A8-B3">It happened that he met <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>madā ka tmuv</foreign></supplied> the Montagnards <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kirendra</foreign></supplied><note>The meaning of the phrase <foreign>madā ka tmuv kirendra</foreign> (and of <foreign>madā ka tmuv dhavala<gap reason="ellipsis"/></foreign> in B1–2) is very uncertain, the meaning of each word being debatable. On <foreign>tmuv</foreign>, in particular, a useful discussion can be found in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Finot1903_04"/><citedRange unit="page">640</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">2</citedRange></bibl>, although the author does not take into account the obvious etymological connection with <foreign>təmu</foreign> <q>to meet</q> in Malay. See also <foreign>mahnā kirendra</foreign> in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref>, C8–9.
·</note> a total <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vap</foreign></supplied> of twenty times in Hayāv <gap reason="ellipsis"/> he again put the various social classes <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>varṇa</foreign></supplied> in order. It happened that he obtained this white <supplied reason="lost">excellent elephant</supplied>.<note>Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00056.xml">C. 56</ref>.</note> He washed <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>putta</foreign></supplied> himself at the mouth of the Air Laṅuv. In <supplied reason="explanation">the year</supplied> thirty-eight <supplied reason="subaudible">was built</supplied> the house of letters of this stone inscription on the royal road. <supplied reason="subaudible">It was in the year Śaka</supplied> 1360.</p>
130 </div>
· <div type="translation" xml:lang="fra" source="bib:Griffiths2020_04">
· <p>Salut ! Il y eut un suzerain suprême des rois, fils de sa Majesté (<foreign>yāṅ poṅ ku</foreign>) Jayasiṅhavarman de la lignée de Vr̥ṣu, mon seigneur (<foreign>pu-pov ku</foreign>) de la cité de la résidence royale (<foreign>rājagrāma</foreign>) Ṅauk Glauṅ Vijaya. (Lorsque) celui-ci (<foreign>dunan</foreign>) prit la royauté, les Viets (<foreign>yvan</foreign>) et les Khmers (<foreign>kvīra</foreign>) attaquèrent ouvertement (<foreign>tupak</foreign>), souhaitant <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>khin</foreign></supplied> faire la guerre.</p>
·<p>Et en (l’année) trente-deux, il reçut la consécration, prenant (le nom d’)Indravarman, attribua divers domaines <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhaṇḍāra</foreign></supplied>, par sa grâce <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kanāya</foreign></supplied> eut un prince couronné <foreign><foreign>pa-tryak</foreign></foreign>, fonda (le temple appelé) Samr̥ddhipurī.</p>
·<p>En l’année du Tigre <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vyāghra-nakṣatra</foreign></supplied>, il fonda des temples<note>My previously published translation <q>fonda le Maṇḍī Vaṅan</q> is now obsolete.</note>, construisit des maisons de lettres <supplied reason="subaudible">sur</supplied> diverses routes, construisit un barrage sur la rivière Hayāv, fonda la capitale.</p>
135<p>Il arriva qu’il rencontrât les Montagnards un total <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vap</foreign></supplied> de vingt fois à Hayāv <gap reason="ellipsis"/> il mit à nouveau les divers rangs <supplied reason="explanation">de la société</supplied>)en ordre. Il arriva qu’il obtînt cet <supplied reason="lost">excellent éléphant</supplied> blanc. Il se lava <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>putta</foreign></supplied> à l’embouchure de l’Air Laṅuv. Dans <supplied reason="explanation">l’année</supplied> trente-huit <supplied reason="subaudible">fut construite</supplied> la maison de lettres de cette inscription sur pierre sur la route royale. <supplied reason="subaudible">Ce fut en l’année Śaka</supplied> 1360.</p>
· </div>
· <div type="commentary"/>
· <div type="bibliography">
·
140 <p>First published, with a translation into French, in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2020_04"/></bibl> on the basis of direct inspection of the stone as well as photographs and estampages. The present edition and translations are based on those of the mentioned publication, with some improvements.</p>
· <listBibl type="primary">
· <bibl n="BEFEO"><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2020_04"/></bibl>
· </listBibl>
· <listBibl type="secondary">
145 <bibl><ptr target="bib:TranKyPhuong+al2015_01"/><citedRange unit="page">439, 467</citedRange><citedRange unit="figure">36.21, 36.22</citedRange></bibl>
· </listBibl>
· </div>
· </body>
· </text>
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