Drang Lai stela (C. 43), 1357 Śaka
Editors: Arlo Griffiths, Amandine Lepoutre.
Identifier: DHARMA_INSCIC00043.
Summary: In 1337 Śaka (1415 CE), after the death of king Jayasiṁhavarman, his son Vīrabhadravarman, who was until then Lord of Ṅauk Glauṅ Vijaya, came to the throne of the kingdom. After many battles, which the Vietnamese king waged against Campā, king Vīrabhadravarman attacked Đại Việt, at an uncertain date. He captured a Vietnamese princess, slaves, animals and many riches of the Vietnamese king before heading back to Vijayāpurī, his favourite seat of government. Close political ties between the lowlands and highlands led to the integration of the ‘Great king of the Montagnards’ within a territory called Madhyamagrāma, and the vassalage of Śrī Gajarāja (‘King of the Elephants’). In this way, the protection of god Kirāṭeśvara was assured for the forested domains of the Cam king. Vīrabhadravarman, for his part, offered the highlands region some forms of infrastructure, such as a well and roads. In 1357 Śaka (1435 CE), he founded an image of the god Kirāṭeśvara. The latter was endowed by him with servants, wealth in gold, silver, lands and men. The ‘Great king of the Montagnards’ who was reigning undertook water works and promoted rice-growing in the same region, also offering men and women who had been previously captured. And so a holy place, named Bhagit, was established.
Languages: Old Cham, Sanskrit.
Repository: Campa (tfc-campa-epigraphy).
Version: (e60a27c), last modified (19e4040).
Edition
⟨Face A: Front⟩ ⟨01⟩ Aum̐ ⟨02⟩ ṇama śivāya
⟨A1⟩ ✤ svasti | madā paramarājotauma sa dr̥im̃ prathamarājā⟨A2⟩viśeka dr̥m̃ nāma yām̃ pom̃ ku śrī vr̥ṣuviṣṇujātti vīrabhadra⟨A3⟩varmmadeva pu-pom̃ ku pūra ṅauk· glaum̃ vijaya dr̥m̃ rāja di śaka ⟨A4⟩ sidaḥ R̥śi-pāvaka-Agni-rūpa |
dunan· sūṇu yām̃ pom̃ ku śrī ⟨A5⟩ jayasīṅhavarmmadeva pu-pom̃ ku vr̥ṣuvaṅṣa paramabhūmyā⟨A6⟩ddhi(pa) vīrasiṅha campa pu-pom̃ ku nan· samīpaprāṇna ta⌈⟨A7⟩ke śivasthāṇna Aviśekha rāja di paratmaja nan· dr̥m̃ rāja pr̥⟨A8⟩(th)ama-brahma-kaśattri-vaiśa-śūdr̥-hīṇna-dīṇṇā-saṇtusta⟨A9⟩-māṇnasa kram̃tthi vījākūra pakā yavaṇarāja vā vala ⟨A10⟩ marai Aneka Āyuddha kā rijan· vyuha samīpa śrī vija⟨A11⟩yāpurī hetu yām̃ pom̃ ku śivakāruṇna kum̃ jak· di ⟨A12⟩ mahnā kireṇdra sidaḥ śrīṣnarājavāri doṁ nā⟨A13⟩yakāyuddha ya doṁ vala dinan· ya klāḥ di maranna ⟨A14⟩ nau take nagara di śaka śaśām̃ka-rahutauva-rāja-rāja-vā⟨A15⟩n(n)a pu-pom̃ ku kā maUdyāṇna nau tam̃l· nagara yvan· mak· ⟨A16⟩ puruśśa matr̥ī Aśva gaja Aneka dravya yavanarāja ⟨A17⟩ dhai rājagottra vā rājaputtrī marai pam(v)ram̃ pu-pom̃ ⟨A18⟩ ku maUdyāṇna gulāc· tam̃l· vijayāpurī sampū⟨A19⟩rṇna pakā vrīm̃ maṇtrī karāvv· ya doṁ bhaṇḍāra mavvām̃ ⟨A20⟩ mahnā kirendra di (ma)ddhamagr̥āma pu-pom̃ ku maUdyānna ⟨A21⟩ tuṅgo marai kā jak· di śrī gajarāja gvac· mahnā ⟨A22⟩ kirendra lo kāla gvac· di ṅauk· vanam̃k· (sā) ⟨Face B: Back⟩ ⟨B1⟩ (ki)rāteśvara pu-pom̃ ku ṅan· devandasamatiḥ ya rakṣā rāja pu⟨B2⟩-pom̃ ku di vaṇna dadam̃n· kāla sim̃ tmum̃ klāḥ di pāppa ṅan· ya⟨B3⟩śa di loka ṅan· paraloka dudim̃ pu-pom̃ ku kamvac· tuvam̃ śāla pa⟨B4⟩vvak· Anvak· vr(i)m̃ nāma tuvam̃ ṇrapā paṅap· A(dh)vā ni klum̃ jalā⟨B5⟩ṇ nī samū ṅan· nagara Alā rim̃ mak· bhaṇḍāra vanaḥ nī kraum̃ pralāy· ⟨B6⟩ ṣ(u)ḥ khin· makanāya gaḥ kvīra trā marai makanāya doṁ bha⟨B7⟩ṇḍāra vukam̃n· rim̃ kāla sthāppa cai(t)tra ṇī di śakarāja ṇrapaḥ⟨B8⟩-l(oka)-śaraḥ-bhūdharaḥ vuḥ bhoga pamram̃m̃ di cai(t)tra kirāteśvara pu ⟨B9⟩ (po)m̃ ku ||
nī doṁ dr̥vya lumvaḥ di yām̃ kralauk· māḥ vanna qnā⟨B10⟩[k·] (2) thil· klauṅ· māḥ 1 thil· śvam̃n· pirak· 18 thil· tra⟨B11⟩[lā]y· pirak· 13 thil· dyam̃p· pirak· 8 thil· bhriṅgāra @@@@ ⟨B12⟩ [pi](ra)k· 20 thil· kalaśa pirak· 3 thil· Uk· pira⟨B13⟩[k·] (2) thil· suvauk· pirak· 4 vauḥ 4 thil· (c)ān· dhūp pirak· ⟨B14⟩ [#] (vau)ḥ 2 thil· li 8 graṁ klaum̃ pirak· sa vauḥ 1 thil· kralau⟨B15⟩[k· pi]rak· sa vauḥ 2 thil· sralaum̃ pirak· sa vauḥ 10 thil·
⟨B16⟩ [ma]dā humā si parok· s(i) vuḥ ni cai(t)ra (d)i humā bvar· (p)a⟨B17⟩[ṇdīp·] (d)i Atam̃ vvil· 110 jāk· vijaiḥ humā bvar· paṇdīp· ⟨B18⟩ [sā] (sth)āṇna ttrā di lumven· 170 vijaiḥ humā bvar· laṅī⟨B19⟩[k· di] lumven· 250 vijaiḥ | humā bvar· laṅīk· sā sthā(ṇna tr̥ā) ⟨B20⟩ [di ha]jai akauvv· 200 vijeḥ humā bvar· laṅīk· sā sthā-⟨B21⟩[ṇna] tt(r)ā di tanvantarāṅśāriḥ 2(8)00 vijaiḥ | ṅan· campa si (vu)⟨B22⟩[ḥ] dauk· di ṅauk· nī ṅan· lauvv· yvan· kur· syaṁ ⟨B23⟩ [ja]vā vaṅgalā Aviḥ 170 ṅan· mmahnā kireṇnra (ha)⟨Face c: Lateral⟩⟨c1⟩yāvv· tmum̃ dvā pluḥ klu ku {1/2} ⟨c2⟩ kvak· ṅan· rūppa ta gvac· (na)n· dr̥[m̃] ⟨c3⟩ nāma br̥vaṣasrādi manr̥auṅ· ⟨c4⟩ (cam·) yām̃ Inā ja (si)ddhi sula⟨c5⟩kṣana mahnā ka(ta) sampūrna⟨c6⟩lakṣana madā kukum̃ sa plu⟨c7⟩ḥ salapan· vrim̃ nāma bva {1} ⟨c8⟩ (ramatta)taṅga pu-pom̃ ku {1} ⟨c9⟩ pajyem̃ vam̃k· kraum̃ ha[yā]⟨c10⟩vv· manr̥au(m̃) parok· pa {1/2} ⟨c11⟩ humā padam̃ṅ· rāja {2} ⟨c12⟩ vuḥ yvan· (s)i mak· [lakim̃] ⟨c13⟩ krumim̃ luvaiḥ klum̃ rī(v)[uv·] {1}⟨c14⟩tu syāṁ (s)vam̃n· vījā[kūra] ⟨c15⟩ nāma sakram̃tthi pu [pom̃] ⟨c16⟩ ku maUdyāṇna va(la) [gulā]⟨c17⟩c· mahnā kīreṇdr̥ {2}⟨c18⟩rāpurī ṅan· dadam̃n· {2} [bha]⟨c19⟩ṇḍāra ya madā ma(hn)ā [kire-] ⟨c20⟩ ṇdra hetu ri ganī {2} [sa]⟨c21⟩kr̥m̃tthi dadam̃n· va(na)[m̃]k· [… śi]⟨c22⟩vasthāṇna raḥ kā pū {2/3} ⟨c23⟩ (v)ya sthāppa caittra nī {2/3} ⟨Face d: Lateral⟩ ⟨d1⟩ nāma (th)īrtatna (bha)git· ⟨d2⟩ mak· hastī hastinī A⟨d3⟩saiḥ lamauv· kruvām̃ lu⟨d4⟩mvaḥ pa(pa)m̃mvram̃ caittra nī jem̃ ⟨d5⟩ dharmma ||
ni doṁ bhaṇḍāra naga⟨d6⟩ra (k)vī[r]· si bharam̃ devatā ra ⟨d7⟩ vrim̃ si mak· patupak· ⟨d8⟩ vā marai dauk· di lābha bha⟨d9⟩ṇḍāra vr̥im̃ dauk· pamvr̥m̃m̃ caitr̥a nī
Apparatus
⟨B2⟩ tmum̃ ⬦ tmam̃ G&L • We noted (2012, p. 210) that tmam̃ had to be corrected to tmum̃ but now we think the u marker is actually visible on the estampages.
⟨B5⟩ pralāy· ⬦ (t)ralāy· G&L.
⟨B6⟩ ṣ(u)ḥ khin· ⬦ m(ā)ḥ khin· G&L • The parallel passage in C. 237 (A4) that has become available since our 2012 publication now helps to determine the reading intended here.
Translation by Arlo Griffiths
Bibliography
This inscription long remains unpublished, except for the first 4/5 lines read (partly) by Louis Finot and Anne-Valérie Schweyer. It was first mentioned in BEFEO 1 (1901), p. 413 and 2 (1902), p. 227; presence at “Cheo Reo” described by Parmentier (1902: 282); proper provenance ascertained by Prosper Odend’hal in 1903 (see Finot 1904b: 535); stela described by Parmentier (1909: 562–563); briefly referred to, with citation of its first 4 lines by Finot (1915: 13–14); mentioned by Majumdar (1927: 223, no. 119); arrival at Museum reported in BEFEO 27 (1927), p. 460; Finot’s excerpt cited by Golzio (2004: 199); first five lines read and translated by Schweyer (2008a: 226). Available reproductions: EFEO estampages 267, n. 510, n. 2122–2125.
Primary
[G&L] Griffiths, Arlo, Amandine Lepoutre, William Aelred Southworth and Thành Phần. 2012. Văn khắc Chămpa tại Bảo tàng Điêu khắc Chăm - Đà Nẵng / The inscriptions of Campā at the museum of Cham sculpture in Đà Nẵng. Ho Chi Minh City; Hanoi: VNUHCM Publishing House and Center for Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Studies University of Social Sciences and Humanities Vietnam National University Hồ Chí Minh City; École française d’Extrême-Orient. [URL]. Pages 205–218.
Secondary
Finot1904_06
Parmentier, Henri. 1909. Inventaire descriptif des monuments čams de l’Annam. Tome premier: Description des monuments. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. [URL]. Pages 562–563.
Finot, Louis. 1915. “Notes d’épigraphie, XIV : Les inscriptions du musée de Hanoi.” BEFEO 15 (2), pp. 1–38. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1915.5229. [URL]. Pages 13–14.
Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 1927. Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East, Vol. I: Champa. Punjab Oriental (Sanskrit) Series 16. Lahore: The Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot. [URL]. Book III, page 223, item 119.
Golzio, Karl-Heinz. 2004. Inscriptions of Campā: Based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar; newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates. Aachen: Shaker Verlag. Page 199.
[S] Schweyer, Anne-Valérie. 2008. “L’époque dite décadente au Campā : Vers une réhabilitation des 14e-15e siècles.” In: From Homo Erectus to the Living Traditions: Choice of Papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Bougon, 25th-29th September 2006. Edited by Jean-Pierre Pautreau, Anne-Sophie Coupey, Valéry Zeitoun and Emma Rambault. No place, pp. 221–230. Page 226.
Commentary