Single Bhimavaram plate of a late Eastern Cālukya king
Editor: Dániel Balogh.
Identifier: DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00076.
Language: Sanskrit.
Repository: Eastern Cālukya (tfb-vengicalukya-epigraphy).
Version: (7554ccb), last modified (e503b85).
Edition
⟨Page 2r⟩ ⟨1⟩ siṁhas trayodaśa| tad-avarajaḥ kokkili⟨ḥ⟩ ṣaṇ māsāN| tasya jyeṣṭho bhrātā viṣṇuva⟨2⟩(rddhana)s tam uccāṭya saptatriṁśataM| tat-putro vijayāditya bhaṭṭ¿a?⟨ā⟩rako ⟨’⟩ṣṭādaśa| tat-su⟨3⟩t(o) viṣṇ(u)va(r)d(dh)a(naṣ ṣa)ṭtriṁśataM| tat-sūnur ¡ṇ!⟨n⟩narendra-mr̥garājo ⟨’⟩ṣṭacatvāriṁśataM| tat-putraḥ ⟨4⟩ (kali-vi)ṣ(ṇu)varddhano ⟨’⟩dhyarddha-varṣaM| tat-suto guṇakkenalla-vijayādityaś catu⟨5⟩(ścatvā)riṁśataM|
I. Anuṣṭubh
tad-bhrātur vvikramāditya-
a-bhūpates sa⟦mu⟧⟨⟨c-ca⟩⟩m¿u?⟨(ū)⟩pa(teḥ)
bvilasa⟨6⟩t-(kaṇṭhi)kā-dāma-
c-kaṇṭhasya tanayo nayī|
dII. Sragdharā
dīnānāthāturāṇāṁ dvija-vara-samiter yy(ā)⟨7⟩cakānāṁ yatīnān
anānā-deśāgatānāṁ paṭu-vaṭu-naṭa-sad-gāyakānāṁ kavīnāM
bba⟨8⟩ndhūnām andhakānām abhilaṣita-phala-śrāṇanād rakṣaṇād yo
cmāteva triṁśad abdān bhu⟨Page 2v⟩⟨9⟩(vam a)bhunag asau cāru-cā(lukya-bhīmaḥ||)
dIII. Śārdūlavikrīḍita
ta(t-pu)traḥ sva-bhujāsi-khaṇḍita-ripu-kṣm(ābh)r̥⟨10⟩(d b)¿(ā?)?⟨a⟩(lād vā)savīṁ
ajitvāśā(ṁ viraje) (pratiṣṭhita-)[ja]ya-s(taṁ)bhaḥ paṭiṣṭho raṇe
bsvarṇṇārū(ḍh/ḍ)a-tu⟨11⟩(lo) ⟨’⟩(tra bā)¿d?⟨ḍh⟩am atulo (dhā?)tr(ī-tale) kṣatriyai⟨r⟩
cmmitrā(bha)ḫ parirakṣati sma vijayādi⟨12⟩(tyas sa)mārd(dh)an dharā¿N?⟨M⟩|
dIV. Vasantatilakā
tasyātmajaḫ praṇata-vairi-śiro-vilagna-
a-ratna-dvirepha-paricu⟨13⟩[mbi](ta-pāda)-padmaḥ
bmeruṁ hasaṁs tulita-hāṭaka-rāśi-bhāsā
cvarṣāṇi sapta sama⟨14⟩(pād bhuva)⟨m a⟩mmarā(jaḥ|)
dV. Anuṣṭubh
tat-suta⟨ṁ⟩ vijayā⟦(tyaṁbā?)⟧⟨⟨dityaṁ⟩⟩
abālam uccāṭya līlayā|
btālādhipatir ā⟨15⟩kra(m)ya
cmāsam ekam apād bhuvaM|
dVI. Anuṣṭubh
(taṁ jit)v(ā) yudhi cālukya-
a-bhīma-bhūmipates sutaḥ
bvi⟨16⟩(kramā)ditya-bhūpo ⟨’⟩pān
cmāsān ekādaśa kṣitiM|
dVII. Anuṣṭubh
tatas tu tammu-⟦(rājā?)⟧⟨⟨(bh)īm(ā)⟩⟩khya⟨⟨(ḥ)⟩⟩
ahatvā pro
bApparatus
⟨1⟩ kokkili⟨ḥ⟩ ⬦ kokili SR.
⟨4⟩ guṇakkenalla- ⬦ guṇakainalla- SR • The e marker is attached at the bottom left of the (clearly double) kk. Above the character, there is only the descender of ṣṭa, but no vowel marker.
⟨5⟩ sa⟦mu⟧⟨⟨c-ca⟩⟩m¿u?⟨(ū)⟩pa(teḥ) ⬦ samramupateḥ SR.
⟨6⟩ -dāma- ⬦ -dhāma- SR. — ⟨6⟩ nayī ⬦ naye SR.
⟨7⟩ ba⟨8⟩ndhūnām ⬦ pa⟨8⟩nthvānām SR.
⟨9⟩ -kṣm(ābh)r̥⟨10⟩(d b)¿(ā?)?⟨a⟩(lād) ⬦ kṣmābhru⟨10⟩tulād SR.
⟨10⟩ jitvāśā(ṁ viraje) (pratiṣṭhita-)[ja]ya-s(taṁ)bhaḥ paṭiṣṭho raṇe ⬦ jitvāśāviraya pratāpādhi yāsacapadipto raṇe SR. — ⟨10⟩ svarṇṇārū(ḍh/ḍ)a-tu⟨11⟩(lo) ⟨’⟩(tra) ⬦ svarṇna rūdatu⟨11⟩lātra SR.
⟨11⟩ (bā)¿d?⟨ḍh⟩am atulo (dhā?)tr(ī-tale) kṣatriyai⟨r⟩ ⬦ jādamatu lokātratal akṣatriyair SR. — ⟨11⟩ mmitrā(bha)ḫ ⬦ mmitrābhaṟ SR.
⟨12⟩ dharā¿N?⟨M⟩ ⬦ varāN SR. — ⟨12⟩ tasyātmajaḫ ⬦ tasyātmajaṟ SR.
⟨14⟩ (bhuva)⟨m a⟩mmarā(jaḥ) ⬦ bhūv ammarājaḥ SR.
⟨16⟩ tatas tu tammu-⟦(rājā?)⟧⟨⟨(bh)īm(ā)⟩⟩khya⟨⟨(ḥ)⟩⟩hatvā pro ⬦ tatastut amma bhīmākhyaḥ hatva pro SR • The characters bhīmā (or perhaps just bhīma) are engraved over some previous text that is mostly illegible; rājā is an educated guess based partly on what seems to be a vertically rising ā marker (which does not belong to ma) rising from the second. The visarga, if it is not accidental damage, is definitely a subsequent insertion: the dots are much shallower and smaller than they should be (compare sutaḥ in the previous line), and they are very wide apart, above headline and below baseline. See the commentary for discussion.
Translation by Dániel Balogh
(1–5) [His son Jaya]siṁha (II), for thirteen. His [brother] of inferior birth, Kokkili, for six months. After dethroning him, his eldest brother Viṣṇuvardhana (III), for thirty-seven. His son Vijayāditya (I) Bhaṭṭāraka, for eighteen. His son Viṣṇuvardhana (IV), for thirty-six. His son (Vijayāditya II) Narendramr̥garāja, for forty-eight. His son Kali-Viṣṇuvardhana (V), for a year and a half. His son Guṇakainalla Vijayāditya (III), for forty-four.
I
His brother Prince (bhūpati) Vikramāditya, the good general of the army whose neck was garlanded with the flashing locket (of the heir-apparent), had a judicious son:
II
He, the dear Cālukya-Bhīma—who [was] like a mother to the destitute, the helpless and the sick, to the congregation of excellent Brahmins, to supplicants, to ascetics, as well as to clever Brahmin pupils (vaṭu), actors, good singers and poets arriving from various lands, because he presented them with the objects of their desires and protected them—ruled (bhuj-) the earth for thirty years.
III
His son—who with the sword [held in] his arm crushed enemy rulers; who, having forcibly conquered the eastern (vāsavī) region, established a victory pillar in Viraja; the craftiest one in battle who ascended a balance scale with gold; who is surely incomparable to [any other] kṣatriyas on the surface of this earth—protected (rakṣ-) the earth for half a year as Vijayāditya (IV, Kollabigaṇḍa), brilliant as the sun (mitra).1
IV
His son—the lotus of whose feet was kissed all over by bees that were the jewels dangling from the heads of prostrate enemies, and who mocked (Mount) Meru with the brilliance of a heap of gold that was on a par (with Meru)2—protected (pā-) the earth for seven years as Ammarāja (I).
V
After assaulting and effortlessly dethroning his son the child Vijayāditya (V), Lord (adhipati) Tāla protected (pā-) the earth for one month.
VI
After defeating him in battle, King (bhūmipati) Cālukya-Bhīma’s son, King (bhūpa) Vikramāditya (II), protected the earth for eleven months.
VII
Then the one named Tammu-Bhīma, having defeated […]3
Bibliography
Reported and edited from the original, with facsimiles and abbreviated translation by R. Subba Rao (1945-1946). The present edition by Dániel Balogh is based on photographs taken by Balogh at the Rallabandi Subba Rao Archaeological Museum, Rajahmundry in February 2023, collated with Subba Rao’s edition. Minor typographic mistakes and oversights in his edition are not shown in the apparatus here.
Primary
[SR] Subba Rao, R. 1945-1946. “A new Copper-plate Inscription of the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty mentioning Bhima III (926 A.D.)” JAHRS 16, pp. 131–136.
Notes
- 1. Vijayāditya IV’s ascension of a balance scale is also mentioned in close proximity to his erection of a victory pillar in Viraja in stanza 32 of the Diggubaṟṟu grant of Bhīma II. Nonetheless, the battle may be connected here only to the pillar, and the ascension balance scale may be an unrelated event.
- 2. Or perhaps: with the brilliance of the heap of gold that had been weighed (in the balance against him).
- 3. See the commentary.
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<p part="F"><pb n="2r"/><lb n="1"/>siṁhas trayodaśa<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tad-avarajaḥ kokkili<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> ṣaṇ māsāN<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tasya jyeṣṭho bhrātā viṣṇuva<lb n="2" break="no"/><unclear>rddhana</unclear>s tam uccāṭya saptatriṁśataM<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tat-putro vijayāditya bhaṭṭ<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>rako <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied>ṣṭādaśa<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tat-su<lb n="3" break="no"/>t<unclear>o</unclear> viṣṇ<unclear>u</unclear>va<unclear>r</unclear>d<unclear>dh</unclear>a<unclear>naṣ ṣa</unclear>ṭtriṁśataM<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tat-sūnur <choice><orig>ṇ</orig><reg>n</reg></choice>narendra-mr̥garājo <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied>ṣṭacatvāriṁśataM<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tat-putraḥ <lb n="4"/><unclear>kali-vi</unclear>ṣ<unclear>ṇu</unclear>va<space type="binding-hole"/>rddhano <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied>dhyarddha-varṣaM<g type="dandaSerif">.</g> tat-suto guṇakkenalla-vijayādityaś catu<lb n="5" break="no"/><unclear>ścatvā</unclear>riṁśa<space type="binding-hole"/>taM<g type="dandaSerif">.</g></p>
<lg n="1" met="anuṣṭubh">
<l n="a" enjamb="yes">tad-bhrātur vvikramāditya</l>
<l n="b">-bhūpates sa<subst><del rend="corrected">mu</del><add place="overstrike">c-ca</add></subst>m<choice><sic>u</sic><corr><unclear>ū</unclear></corr></choice>pa<unclear>teḥ</unclear></l>
<l n="c" enjamb="yes">vilasa<lb n="6" break="no"/>t-<unclear>kaṇṭhi</unclear>kā-dāma</l>
<l n="d">-kaṇṭhasya tanayo nayī<g type="dandaSerif">.</g></l>
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<lg n="2" met="sragdharā">
<l n="a">dīnānāthāturāṇāṁ dvija-vara-samiter yy<unclear>ā</unclear><lb n="7" break="no"/>cakānāṁ yatīnān</l>
<l n="b">nānā-deśāgatānāṁ paṭu-vaṭu-naṭa-sad-gāyakānāṁ kavīnāM</l>
<l n="c">ba<lb n="8" break="no"/>ndhūnām andhakānām abhilaṣita-phala-śrāṇanād rakṣaṇād yo</l>
<l n="d">māteva triṁśad abdān bhu<pb n="2v" break="no"/><lb n="9" break="no"/><unclear>vam a</unclear>bhunag asau cāru-cā<unclear>lukya-bhīmaḥ<g type="ddandaSerif">.</g></unclear></l>
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<l n="b">jitvāśā<unclear>ṁ viraje</unclear> <unclear>pratiṣṭhita-</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ja</supplied>ya-s<unclear>taṁ</unclear>bhaḥ paṭiṣṭho raṇe</l>
<l n="c">svarṇṇārū<choice><unclear>ḍh</unclear><unclear>ḍ</unclear></choice>a-tu<lb n="11" break="no"/><unclear>lo</unclear> <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied><unclear>tra bā</unclear><choice><sic>d</sic><corr>ḍh</corr></choice>am atulo <unclear cert="low">dhā</unclear>tr<unclear>ī-tale</unclear> kṣatriyai<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied></l>
<l n="d">mmitrā<unclear>bha</unclear>ḫ parirakṣati sma vijayādi<lb n="12" break="no"/><unclear>tyas sa</unclear>mārd<unclear>dh</unclear>a<space type="binding-hole"/>n dharā<choice><sic>N</sic><corr>M</corr></choice><g type="dandaSerif">.</g></l>
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<lg n="4" met="vasantatilakā">
<l n="a" enjamb="yes">tasyātmajaḫ praṇata-vairi-śiro-vilagna</l>
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<l n="c">meruṁ hasaṁs tulita-hāṭaka-rāśi-bhāsā</l>
<l n="d">varṣāṇi sapta sama<lb n="14" break="no"/><unclear>pād bhuva</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">m a</supplied>mmarā<unclear>jaḥ<g type="dandaSerif">.</g></unclear></l>
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<l n="c">tālādhipatir ā<lb n="15" break="no"/>kra<unclear>m</unclear>ya</l>
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<l n="a" enjamb="yes"><unclear>taṁ jit</unclear>v<unclear>ā</unclear> yudhi cālukya</l>
<l n="b">-bhīma-bhūmipates sutaḥ</l>
<l n="c">vi<lb n="16" break="no"/><unclear>kramā</unclear>ditya-bhūpo <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied>pān</l>
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<l n="b" part="I">hatvā pro</l>
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<app loc="1">
<lem>kokkili<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">kokili</rdg>
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<app loc="4">
<lem>guṇakkenalla-</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">guṇakainalla-</rdg>
<note>The <foreign>e</foreign> marker is attached at the bottom left of the (clearly double) <foreign>kk</foreign>. Above the character, there is only the descender of <foreign>ṣṭa</foreign>, but no vowel marker.</note>
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<app loc="5">
<lem>sa<subst><del rend="corrected">mu</del><add place="overstrike">c-ca</add></subst>m<choice><sic>u</sic><corr><unclear>ū</unclear></corr></choice>pa<unclear>teḥ</unclear></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">samramupateḥ</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="6">
<lem>-dāma-</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">-dhāma-</rdg>
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<app loc="6">
<lem>nayī</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">naye</rdg>
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<app loc="7">
<lem>ba<lb n="8" break="no"/>ndhūnām</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">pa<lb n="8" break="no"/>nthvānām</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="9">
<lem>-kṣm<unclear>ābh</unclear>r̥<lb n="10" break="no"/><unclear>d b</unclear><choice><sic><unclear cert="low">ā</unclear></sic><corr>a</corr></choice><unclear>lād</unclear></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">kṣmābhru<lb n="10" break="no"/>tulād</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="10">
<lem>jitvāśā<unclear>ṁ viraje</unclear> <unclear>pratiṣṭhita-</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ja</supplied>ya-s<unclear>taṁ</unclear>bhaḥ paṭiṣṭho raṇe</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">jitvāśāviraya pratāpādhi yāsacapadipto raṇe</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="10">
<lem>svarṇṇārū<choice><unclear>ḍh</unclear><unclear>ḍ</unclear></choice>a-tu<lb n="11" break="no"/><unclear>lo</unclear> <supplied reason="subaudible">’</supplied><unclear>tra</unclear></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">svarṇna rūdatu<lb n="11" break="no"/>lātra</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="11">
<lem><unclear>bā</unclear><choice><sic>d</sic><corr>ḍh</corr></choice>am atulo <unclear cert="low">dhā</unclear>tr<unclear>ī-tale</unclear> kṣatriyai<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">jādamatu lokātratal akṣatriyair</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="11">
<lem>mmitrā<unclear>bha</unclear>ḫ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">mmitrābhaṟ</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="12">
<lem>dharā<choice><sic>N</sic><corr>M</corr></choice></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">varāN</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="12">
<lem>tasyātmajaḫ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">tasyātmajaṟ</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="14">
<lem><unclear>bhuva</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">m a</supplied>mmarā<unclear>jaḥ</unclear></lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">bhūv ammarājaḥ</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="16">
<lem>tatas tu tammu-<subst><del><unclear cert="low">rājā</unclear></del><add place="overstrike"><unclear>bh</unclear>īm<unclear>ā</unclear></add></subst>khya<add place="inline"><unclear>ḥ</unclear></add>hatvā pro</lem>
<rdg source="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01">tatastut amma bhīmākhyaḥ hatva pro</rdg>
<note>The characters <foreign>bhīmā</foreign> (or perhaps just <foreign>bhīma</foreign>) are engraved over some previous text that is mostly illegible; <foreign>rājā</foreign> is an educated guess based partly on what seems to be a vertically rising <foreign>ā</foreign> marker (which does not belong to <foreign>ma</foreign>) rising from the second. The <foreign>visarga</foreign>, if it is not accidental damage, is definitely a subsequent insertion: the dots are much shallower and smaller than they should be (compare <foreign>sutaḥ</foreign> in the previous line), and they are very wide apart, above headline and below baseline. See the commentary for discussion.</note>
</app>
</listApp>
</div>
<div type="translation" resp="part:daba">
<p n="1-5"><supplied reason="lost">His son Jaya</supplied>siṁha <supplied reason="explanation">II</supplied>, for thirteen. His <supplied reason="subaudible">brother</supplied> of inferior birth, Kokkili, for six months. After dethroning him, his eldest brother Viṣṇuvardhana <supplied reason="explanation">III</supplied>, for thirty-seven. His son Vijayāditya <supplied reason="explanation">I</supplied> Bhaṭṭāraka, for eighteen. His son Viṣṇuvardhana <supplied reason="explanation">IV</supplied>, for thirty-six. His son <supplied reason="explanation">Vijayāditya II</supplied> Narendramr̥garāja, for forty-eight. His son Kali-Viṣṇuvardhana <supplied reason="explanation">V</supplied>, for a year and a half. His son Guṇakainalla Vijayāditya <supplied reason="explanation">III</supplied>, for forty-four.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="1">His brother Prince <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhūpati</foreign></supplied> Vikramāditya, the good general of the army whose neck was garlanded with the flashing locket <supplied reason="explanation">of the heir-apparent</supplied>, had a judicious son:</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="2">He, the dear Cālukya-Bhīma—who <supplied reason="subaudible">was</supplied> like a mother to the destitute, the helpless and the sick, to the congregation of excellent Brahmins, to supplicants, to ascetics, as well as to clever Brahmin pupils <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vaṭu</foreign></supplied>, actors, good singers and poets arriving from various lands, because he presented them with the objects of their desires and protected them—ruled <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhuj-</foreign></supplied> the earth for thirty years.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="3">His son—who with the sword <supplied reason="subaudible">held in</supplied> his arm crushed enemy rulers; who, having forcibly conquered the eastern <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vāsavī</foreign></supplied> region, established a victory pillar in Viraja; the craftiest one in battle who ascended a balance scale with gold; who is surely incomparable to <supplied reason="subaudible">any other</supplied> <foreign>kṣatriya</foreign>s on the surface of this earth—protected <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>rakṣ-</foreign></supplied> the earth for half a year as Vijayāditya <supplied reason="explanation">IV, Kollabigaṇḍa</supplied>, brilliant as the sun <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mitra</foreign></supplied>.<note>Vijayāditya IV's ascension of a balance scale is also mentioned in close proximity to his erection of a victory pillar in Viraja in stanza 32 of the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml">Diggubaṟṟu grant of Bhīma II</ref>. Nonetheless, the battle may be connected here only to the pillar, and the ascension balance scale may be an unrelated event. </note></p>
<p rend="stanza" n="4">His son—the lotus of whose feet was kissed all over by bees that were the jewels dangling from the heads of prostrate enemies, and who mocked <supplied reason="explanation">Mount</supplied> Meru with the brilliance of a heap of gold that was on a par <supplied reason="explanation">with Meru</supplied><note>Or perhaps: with the brilliance of the heap of gold that had been weighed (in the balance against him).</note>—protected <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pā-</foreign></supplied> the earth for seven years as Ammarāja <supplied reason="explanation">I</supplied>.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="5">After assaulting and effortlessly dethroning his son the child Vijayāditya <supplied reason="explanation">V</supplied>, Lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>adhipati</foreign></supplied> Tāla protected <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pā-</foreign></supplied> the earth for one month.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="6">After defeating him in battle, King <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhūmipati</foreign></supplied> Cālukya-Bhīma’s son, King <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhūpa</foreign></supplied> Vikramāditya <supplied reason="explanation">II</supplied>, protected the earth for eleven months.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="7">Then the one named Tammu-Bhīma, having defeated <gap reason="lost"/><note>See the commentary.</note></p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p>A single plate, an inner (probably the second) plate of a set, discovered in Bhimavaram, West Godavari District, “several years” before 1945.</p>
<p>Subba Rao is certain that the last line of the extant text mentions Bhīma III (the son of Amma I) as the killer of Vikramāditya II. Neither the text as received, nor the text SR prints in his edition can with any stretch mean what SR translates, viz. <q>After killing him, Amma’s son, Bhīma (III) ruled.</q> A Bhīma is, however, definitely mentioned here. The only other Eastern Cālukya grant that allegedly refers to Bhīma III is the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00032.xml">Diggubaṟṟu grant of Bhīma II</ref>, where Fleet made an in my opinion unnecessary emendation. Without this emendation, the text refers to Bhīma II and there is no indication of a son of Amma named Bhīma.</p>
<p>A fully preserved parallel to this partial stanza has now come to light in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00102.xml">Kōḻūru grant of Bhīma II</ref>. Although this does not clear all difficulties, it on the one hand establishes beyond doubt that the correct reading is <foreign>tammu-bhīma</foreign> (so there is no Amma and nothing resembling “son” here), and on the other hand makes it clear that Tammu-Bhīma is not credited with the killing of Vikramāditya II. Depending on the correct case ending of this name, Tammu-Bhīma may refer to Bhīma II (most likely, in my opinion), to Yuddhamalla II himself, or to someone (perhaps Vikramāditya II) whom Yuddhamalla defeated. I intend to discuss the existence of Bhīma III separately.</p>
<p>All stanzas extant in the present text are relatively rare in the corpus. The only other grants that include all six are the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00052.xml">Andhra Sahitya Parishad plates of Śaktivarman</ref> and the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00071.xml">Kaṇḍyam plates of Dānārṇava</ref>. The <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00041.xml">Nāgiyapūṇḍi grant of Amma II</ref> and the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00074.xml">Incomplete Masulipatam plates of Amma II</ref> contain our stanzas I and II; the the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00043.xml">Paḷaṁkalūru grant of Amma II</ref> contains only stanza VI, the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00102.xml">Kōḻūru grant of Bhīma II</ref> only stanza VII, and the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00044.xml">Pāṁbaṟṟu grant of Amma II</ref> contains only stanza V. In my opinion this is a fairly strong indication that the present grant is not earlier than Amma II. The phrase <foreign>tad-avarajaḥ kokkiliḥ</foreign> also implies this, since it only occurs in the grants of Amma II, Dānārṇava, Bādapa, Vimalāditya and Śaktivarman; in earlier grants, Kokkili is always described as <foreign>dvaimāturānuja</foreign> or simply <foreign>anuja</foreign>. Amma II’s grants, Vijayāditya III’s cognomen occurs in the form Guṇaga (if at all). The form Guṇakkenalla (and variants) are used in the grants of Vijayāditya III himself, Amma I, Bhīma II (who also uses Guṇaga and Guṇaka), Tāḻa II and Dānārṇava. Another possible indication is that, as mentioned above, the complete set of stanzas does not occur in any known grant of Amma. On the basis of the circumstantial evidence combined with the plate’s palaeography and its layout, I believe it is most likely from a grant of Amma II, but it may also belong to Bhīma II, Dānārṇava, or one of the latter’s successors.</p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<p>Reported and edited from the original, with facsimiles and abbreviated translation by R. Subba Rao (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01"/></bibl>). The present edition by Dániel Balogh is based on photographs taken by Balogh at the Rallabandi Subba Rao Archaeological Museum, Rajahmundry in February 2023, collated with Subba Rao's edition. Minor typographic mistakes and oversights in his edition are not shown in the apparatus here.</p>
<listBibl type="primary">
<bibl n="SR"><ptr target="bib:SubbaRao1945-1946_01"/></bibl>
<!-- one <bibl/> per item of primary bibliography -->
</listBibl>
<listBibl type="secondary">
<bibl/>
</listBibl>
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
Commentary
A single plate, an inner (probably the second) plate of a set, discovered in Bhimavaram, West Godavari District, “several years” before 1945.
Subba Rao is certain that the last line of the extant text mentions Bhīma III (the son of Amma I) as the killer of Vikramāditya II. Neither the text as received, nor the text SR prints in his edition can with any stretch mean what SR translates, viz. “After killing him, Amma’s son, Bhīma (III) ruled.” A Bhīma is, however, definitely mentioned here. The only other Eastern Cālukya grant that allegedly refers to Bhīma III is the Diggubaṟṟu grant of Bhīma II, where Fleet made an in my opinion unnecessary emendation. Without this emendation, the text refers to Bhīma II and there is no indication of a son of Amma named Bhīma.
A fully preserved parallel to this partial stanza has now come to light in the Kōḻūru grant of Bhīma II. Although this does not clear all difficulties, it on the one hand establishes beyond doubt that the correct reading is tammu-bhīma (so there is no Amma and nothing resembling “son” here), and on the other hand makes it clear that Tammu-Bhīma is not credited with the killing of Vikramāditya II. Depending on the correct case ending of this name, Tammu-Bhīma may refer to Bhīma II (most likely, in my opinion), to Yuddhamalla II himself, or to someone (perhaps Vikramāditya II) whom Yuddhamalla defeated. I intend to discuss the existence of Bhīma III separately.
All stanzas extant in the present text are relatively rare in the corpus. The only other grants that include all six are the Andhra Sahitya Parishad plates of Śaktivarman and the Kaṇḍyam plates of Dānārṇava. The Nāgiyapūṇḍi grant of Amma II and the Incomplete Masulipatam plates of Amma II contain our stanzas I and II; the the Paḷaṁkalūru grant of Amma II contains only stanza VI, the Kōḻūru grant of Bhīma II only stanza VII, and the Pāṁbaṟṟu grant of Amma II contains only stanza V. In my opinion this is a fairly strong indication that the present grant is not earlier than Amma II. The phrase tad-avarajaḥ kokkiliḥ also implies this, since it only occurs in the grants of Amma II, Dānārṇava, Bādapa, Vimalāditya and Śaktivarman; in earlier grants, Kokkili is always described as dvaimāturānuja or simply anuja. Amma II’s grants, Vijayāditya III’s cognomen occurs in the form Guṇaga (if at all). The form Guṇakkenalla (and variants) are used in the grants of Vijayāditya III himself, Amma I, Bhīma II (who also uses Guṇaga and Guṇaka), Tāḻa II and Dānārṇava. Another possible indication is that, as mentioned above, the complete set of stanzas does not occur in any known grant of Amma. On the basis of the circumstantial evidence combined with the plate’s palaeography and its layout, I believe it is most likely from a grant of Amma II, but it may also belong to Bhīma II, Dānārṇava, or one of the latter’s successors.