Penugoṇḍa plates ― reign of Hastivarman (I?)

Editors: Anonymous editor.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSEIAD00160.

Language: Prakrit.

Repository: Early Andhra (tfb-eiad-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-08-20 18:06 (9fa90aa), last modified 2023-05-15 17:43 (35386f0).

Edition

Logical
Physical
Full

Part seal

śrīha[stivarmmā]

Part ?

⟨Page 1b⟩⟨marginleft: <dextrorotatory-spiral>⟩ ⟨1⟩ vijayajayapurā bhagavannārāyaṇacaraṇāravinda⟨2⟩rajovaguṇḍitaśirassa vāsasatāyukassa mahārājasirī⟨Page 2a⟩⟨marginleft: 2⟩⟨3⟩hatthivammassa vayaṇeṇa kānīrāhāre °appaṇo ⟨4⟩ dhammāyubalavivaddhaṇatthaṁ svarnnayanārtthañ ca ⟨Page 2b⟩ ⟨5⟩ °amhapunnappāyananimitte °mulukul(i)mududappamu⟨6⟩hā gāmo bhāṇitavvo °etaṁ g⟨ā⟩maṁ nānāgotracaraṇa⟨Page 3a⟩⟨marginleft: 3⟩⟨7⟩tapasajjhāyahomavrataniyamaratāṇaṁ vedavedāṅgeti⟨8⟩hāsapurāṇanirogachandovicitapavayaṇapāragāṇaṁ ⟨Page 3b⟩ ⟨9⟩ yajanayājanāddhyayanāddhyāpanadānapratigrahaṣaṭka⟨10⟩rmmaniradāṇaṁ saṭthibamhaṇāṇ(āṁ) °amhehi prathama⟨Page 4a⟩⟨marginleft: 4⟩⟨11⟩kalyāṇadakṣiṇ⟨ā⟩nimitte saṁ(pa)dat(t)aṁ tad evan nātūṇa ⟨12⟩ savvabādhaparīhārehi pariharadha °ācandatāraka(ṁ) ⟨Page 4b⟩ ⟨13⟩ bhuñjant(u) [2+](sa)vacchare jeṭṭhamāsakālaṭṭhamiya (sā) ⟨14⟩ samuhāṇattī bhadrapadanakṣa(tre) saṁpaddataṁ <symbol>

I. Anuṣṭubh

bahubhir vvasu⟨15⟩dhā dattā

bahubhiś c(ān)upāli(t)ā

⟨Page 5a⟩ ⟨16⟩ yasya yasya yadā (bhū)mis

tasya tasya tadā phala(m·)

II. Anuṣṭubh

⟨17⟩ ṣaṣṭivarṣasaha(s)r(āṇ)i

svargge modati (bhū)midaḥ

°apaharttā cānumantā ca

⟨18⟩ tāvan narakam r̥(c)chati <symbol>

°am(āt)yajaya(sv)ām(īnā)

Apparatus

⟨seal⟩ śrīha[stivarmmā] Sircark • We have not seen the seal.

⟨1b, LM⟩ <dextrorotatory-spiral> • This symbol represents siddham according to Sircark.

⟨2⟩ -guṇḍita- • Understand -guṇṭhita- (Sircark).

⟨4⟩ -bala- • ba looks like p with ā added above as in pā/hā.

⟨5⟩ °ahma- • Other possible readings might be °amhaṁ- or °amhe-. — ⟨5⟩ mulukul(i)- • Sircar suggests, with reference to EIAD 161, that one might restore mulukuligāme, but comparison with EIAD 159 indicates that the text may be correct as it stands, or that one might read mulukule as a separate word. — ⟨5⟩ -mududa- ⬦ -muduḍa- Sircark • Alternative readings -mu(d/ḍ)u(d/ḍa)- are possible.

⟨5–6⟩ -ppamuhā • Emend -ppamuho, as already proposed by Sircar.

⟨6⟩ °etaṁ g⟨ā⟩maṁ • This portion seems to have been damaged on the plate.

⟨3a, LM⟩ 3 • This numerical figure resembling a looped ta logically represents “3.”

⟨8⟩ -niroga- • Sircar understands -nīroga- (Sircark). But we think that the word must be understood as corresponding to Skt. nirukta. Cf. Kāvyamīmāṁsā: śikṣā, kalpo, vyākaraṇaṁ, niruktaṁ, chandovicitiḥ, jyautiṣaṁ ca ṣaḍaṅgānīty ācāryāḥ.

⟨10⟩ -niradāṇaṁ • Understand -niratānaṁ. — ⟨10⟩ saṭthi- ⬦ saṭṭhi- Sircark • There seems to be a dot in the subscript circle, so one must read th.

⟨11⟩ -dakṣiṇ⟨ā⟩- ⬦ -dakṣiṇa- Sircark • Sircar’s translation implies the emendation -dakṣiṇā-. — ⟨11⟩ tad evan nātūṇa ⬦ taṁ devat-attha[the]ṇa Sircark • Sircar’s reading apparently has a typographical error. Our reading is supported by EIAD 162, l. 12–13.

⟨12⟩ °ācandatāraka(ṁ) ⬦ °ācandatārakaṁ Sircark.

⟨13⟩ bhuñjant(u)[2+](sa)vacchare ⬦ bhuñjantu | (dabe sa)vacchare Sircark • The apparent vertical stroke interpreted by Sircar as daṇḍa must have been the u in ntu. It is unclear why Sircar wanted to emend to -vaccharā. His reading of the numeral seems too uncertain to us to be retained.

⟨13–14⟩ -miya (sā) sa◯muhāṇattī ⬦ -miyaya samuhāṇattī Sircark • Sircar’s reading °aṭṭhamiyaya as a single word and explaining it as corresponding to Skt. °āṣṭamikāyāṁ (Sircark) seem farfetched. Although we hesitantly read (sā) and explain it as demonstrative with samuhāṇattī, it could also be read (ya). Comparison with EIAD 185, l. 34 and 187, l. 31, suggests that samuhāṇattī should follow immediately after the date in the locative, so we do not expect a separate word ya (= Skt. ca), while comparison with EIAD 185 and 187 also shows that samuhāṇattī stands for Skt. nom. sg. svamukhājñaptiḥ/svamukhājñā, so that Sircar’s suggestion “The intended expression seems to be °āṇattiya”Sircark and his interpretation as equivalent to Skt. svamukhājñaptyā (p. 147) are not acceptable.

⟨14⟩ bhadrapadanakṣa(tre) saṁpadattaṁ • It seems that the first word ought to have been placed in the dating formula, while the second is redundant because it occurred already in line 11.

⟨17⟩ ṣaṣṭi- ⬦ ṣaṣḍi- Sircark • With correction to ṣaṣṭi-. It seems to us that one can simply read ṣaṣṭi-. — ⟨17⟩ svargge ⬦ svaggi Sircark • With correction to rgge. It seems to us that one can simply read svargge. If there be an i, it is not a normal one.

⟨18⟩ °am(āt)ya- ⬦ °amāttya- Sircark. — ⟨18⟩ -jaya(sv)ām(īnā) ⬦ -jayas(v)āmīnā Sircark • Sircar notes: “The word likhitam seems to have been omitted for want of space at the end of the line”Sircark. But other interpretations of the unclear akṣaras are possible: jayasvāminaḥ, jayasvāmī |.

Translation

(1–6) From the victorious Jayapura, by the order of the glorious great king Hastivarman, whose head is covered by the pollen of the lotus-feet of the Lord Nārāyaṇa and who is to live for a hundred years, in the district of Kānīra, the village headed by the headman of Mulukuli is to be addressed (thus):

(4–5+6–11) ‘In order to increase (our) own merit (dharma), longevity and strength, and in order to lead (our ascendants and descendants) to heaven and for the sake of expanding our religious merit, on the occasion of the dakṣiṇā (i.e. sacrificial fee) of a first kalyāṇa (ritual), this village is given by us to sixty Brahmins― who belong to various gotras and caraṇas and delight in penance (tapas), recitation of sacred texts (svādhyāya), oblations (homa), vows (vrata) and observances (niyama); who are experts in Veda, Vedāṅga, Itihāsa, Purāṇa, etymology (niroga, i.e. nirukta), metrics (chandovicita) and explanation of texts (pravacana); and who are devoted to the six duties (of the Brahmins, that are) conducting sacrifices (yajana), sponsoring sacrifices (yājana), study (adhyayana), teaching (adhyāpana), gift (dāna) and acceptance of gift (pratigraha).

(11–13) Knowing this, exempt (it) with complete exemptions from taxes! Let them enjoy (it) as long as moon and stars (endure)!’

(13–14) In the … year, on the eighth (day) of the dark (fortnight) of the month of Jyeṣṭha. This is an order from the (king’s) own mouth. Given under the lunar mansion Bhadrapada.

I

By numerous [kings], land has been given; and by many it has been protected. Whoever holds land at a given moment, to him does the fruit then belong.

II

The giver of land revels sixty thousand years in heaven; the one who steals [land] as well as the one who approves (of the theft), [to him] will befall hell for as many [years].

(18) By the minister Jayasvāmin.

Commentary

(2) vāsasatāyukassa¹

(3–5) °appaṇo … °amhapunnappāyananimitte²

Bibliography

First described and translated by Sircark. The text is re-edited here from Sircar’s facsimiles.

Secondary

No name. 1887–. Annual report on Indian epigraphy. Madras; Calcutta; New Delhi: Government of Madras; Archaeological Survey of India. Pages 1953–53: 11, 23, no. A.14.

Damsteegt1978

Gai1986

Krishnan1989a

Notes

1. Obviously this word cannot mean “who was a hundred years old” (Sircark), but must imply the wish of longevity. Cf. vasasatāya in EIAD 21, l. 5 and the commentary thereto.
2. Sircar notes that these words “should properly be read in the next sentence beginning with etaṁ in line 6” (Sircark). Our translation assumes this transposition.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

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Data source: 'iksvaku-inscriptions/metadata/EIAD-inventory.xlsx'

- - - - - - - - -

[1] Inventory no. EIAD: 160

[2] Raghunath no.:

[3] Srinivasan & Sankaranarayanan no.:

[4] Tsukamoto no.:

[5] Lüders no.:

[6] Support : 5 copper plates

[7] (Faces:) Lines:

[8] H:

[9] W:

[10] D:

[11] H:

[12] W:

[13] Language(s): MIA + Sanskrit (imprecations only)

[14] Original locality: Penugoṇḍa, Tanuku Tk., West Godavari Dt.

[15] Present locality: unknown

[16] Primary bibliography: Sircar 1963-64c

[17] Secondary bibliography: ARIE 1952-53: 11, A.14. — DLCPI 1887-1969: no. 858. — Krishnan & Sundaram 1989: 98-100 (no. 52).

[18] Visual documentation: Sircar

[19] Substance of inscription: Gift of a village to Brahmins

[20] Remarks:

[21] : SA2 Penugoṇḍa Plates

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according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>: <citedRange>148,

with n. 3</citedRange></bibl>.</note></app><app loc="2"><lem>-guṇḍita-</lem><note>Understand <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-guṇṭhita-</foreign>

(<bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>: <citedRange>148, n.

4</citedRange></bibl>).</note></app><app loc="4"><lem>-bala-</lem><note><foreign>ba</foreign> looks like <foreign>p</foreign> with <foreign>ā</foreign> added above as in <foreign>pā</foreign>/<foreign>hā</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="5"><lem>°ahma-</lem><note>Other possible readings might be <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">°amhaṁ-</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">°amhe-</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="5"><lem>mulukul<unclear>i</unclear>-</lem><note>Sircar suggests, with reference to EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00161.xml">161</ref>, that one might restore <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">mulukuligāme</foreign>, but comparison with EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00159.xml">159</ref> indicates that the text may be correct

as it stands, or that one might read <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">mulukule</foreign> as a separate word.</note></app><app loc="5"><lem>-mududa-</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">-muduḍa-</rdg><note>Alternative readings <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-mu<unclear>d/ḍ</unclear>u<unclear>d/ḍa</unclear>-</foreign>

are possible.</note></app><app loc="5–6"><lem>-ppamuhā</lem><note>Emend <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-ppamuho</foreign>, as already

proposed by Sircar.</note></app><app loc="6"><lem>°etaṁ g<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied>maṁ</lem><note>This portion seems to have been damaged on the plate.</note></app><app loc="3a, LM"><lem>3</lem><note>This numerical figure resembling a looped <foreign>ta</foreign> logically represents “3.”</note></app><app loc="8"><lem>-niroga-</lem><note>Sircar understands <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-nīroga-</foreign>

(<bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>: <citedRange>146, 147,

150</citedRange></bibl>). But we think that the word must be

understood as corresponding to Skt. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">nirukta</foreign>. Cf. Kāvyamīmāṁsā: <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">śikṣā, kalpo, vyākaraṇaṁ, niruktaṁ, chandovicitiḥ, jyautiṣaṁ ca

ṣaḍaṅgānīty ācāryāḥ</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="10"><lem>-niradāṇaṁ</lem><note>Understand <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-niratānaṁ</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="10"><lem>saṭthi-</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">saṭṭhi-</rdg><note>There seems to be a dot in the subscript circle, so one must read <foreign>th</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="11"><lem>-dakṣiṇ<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied>-</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">-dakṣiṇa-</rdg><note>Sircar’s translation implies the emendation <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">-dakṣiṇā-</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="11"><lem>tad evan nātūṇa</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">taṁ devat-attha<supplied reason="lost">the</supplied>ṇa</rdg><note>Sircar’s reading apparently has a typographical error. Our reading is

supported by EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00162.xml">162</ref>, l. 12–13.</note></app><app loc="12"><lem>°ācandatāraka<unclear>ṁ</unclear></lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">°ācandatārakaṁ</rdg></app><app loc="13"><lem>bhuñjant<unclear>u</unclear><gap reason="lost" quantity="2" unit="character"/><unclear>sa</unclear>vacchare</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">bhuñjantu | <unclear>dabe

sa</unclear>vacchare</rdg><note>The apparent vertical stroke interpreted by Sircar as <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">daṇḍa</foreign> must have been the <foreign>u</foreign> in <foreign>ntu</foreign>. It is

unclear why Sircar wanted to emend to <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">-vaccharā</foreign>. His reading of the numeral seems too uncertain

to us to be retained.</note></app><app loc="13–14"><lem>-miya <unclear>sā</unclear> sa<space type="binding-hole"/>muhāṇattī</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">-miyaya samuhāṇattī</rdg><note>Sircar’s reading <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">°aṭṭhamiyaya</foreign>

as a single word and explaining it as corresponding to Skt. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">°āṣṭamikāyāṁ</foreign> (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>:

<citedRange>146</citedRange></bibl>) seem farfetched. Although we

hesitantly read <unclear>sā</unclear> and explain it as demonstrative

with <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">samuhāṇattī</foreign>, it could also

be read <unclear>ya</unclear>. Comparison with EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00185.xml">185</ref>, l. 34 and <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00187.xml">187</ref>, l. 31, suggests that <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">samuhāṇattī</foreign> should follow immediately after the date in

the locative, so we do not expect a separate word <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">ya</foreign> (= Skt. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">ca</foreign>), while comparison with EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00185.xml">185</ref> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00187.xml">187</ref>

also shows that <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">samuhāṇattī</foreign>

stands for Skt. nom. sg. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">svamukhājñaptiḥ</foreign>/<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">svamukhājñā</foreign>, so that Sircar’s suggestion <cit><quote>The intended expression seems to be <hi rend="italic">°āṇattiya</hi></quote></cit><bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>: <citedRange>149 n.

6</citedRange></bibl> and his interpretation as equivalent to

Skt. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">svamukhājñaptyā</foreign> (p. 147) are

not acceptable.</note></app><app loc="14"><lem>bhadrapadanakṣa<unclear>tre</unclear> saṁpadattaṁ</lem><note>It seems that the first word ought to have been placed in the dating

formula, while the second is redundant because it occurred already in

line 11.</note></app><app loc="17"><lem>ṣaṣṭi-</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">ṣaṣḍi-</rdg><note>With correction to <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">ṣaṣṭi-</foreign>. It

seems to us that one can simply read <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">ṣaṣṭi-</foreign>.</note></app><app loc="17"><lem>svargge</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">svaggi</rdg><note>With correction to <foreign>rgge</foreign>. It seems to us

that one can simply read <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">svargge</foreign>.

If there be an <foreign>i</foreign>, it is not a normal

one.</note></app><app loc="18"><lem>°am<unclear>āt</unclear>ya-</lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">°amāttya-</rdg></app><app loc="18"><lem>-jaya<unclear>sv</unclear>ām<unclear>īnā</unclear></lem><rdg source="bib:Sircark">-jayas<unclear>v</unclear>āmīnā</rdg><note>Sircar notes: <cit><quote>The word <hi rend="italic">likhitam</hi> seems to have been

omitted for want of space at the end of the line</quote></cit><bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>:

<citedRange>149</citedRange></bibl>. But other interpretations

of the unclear akṣaras are possible: <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">jayasvāminaḥ</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">jayasvāmī</foreign> |.</note></app></listApp></div><div type="translation"><p n="1-6"> From the victorious Jayapura, by the order of the glorious great king

Hastivarman, whose head is covered by the pollen of the lotus-feet of the Lord

Nārāyaṇa and who is to live for a hundred years, in the district of Kānīra, the

village headed by the headman of Mulukuli is to be addressed (thus):</p><p n="4-5+6-11"> ‘In order to increase (our) own merit (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">dharma</foreign>), longevity and strength, and in

order to lead (our ascendants and descendants) to heaven and for the sake of

expanding our religious merit, on the occasion of the <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">dakṣiṇā</foreign> (i.e. sacrificial

fee) of a first <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">kalyāṇa</foreign> (ritual), this village is given by us to sixty Brahmins―

who belong to various gotras and caraṇas and delight in penance (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">tapas</foreign>),

recitation of sacred texts (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">svādhyāya</foreign>), oblations (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">homa</foreign>), vows

(<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">vrata</foreign>) and observances (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">niyama</foreign>);

who are experts in Veda, Vedāṅga, Itihāsa, Purāṇa, etymology (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">niroga</foreign>, i.e. <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">nirukta</foreign>),

metrics (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">chandovicita</foreign>) and explanation of texts (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">pravacana</foreign>); and who are devoted to the

six duties (of the Brahmins, that are) conducting sacrifices (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">yajana</foreign>), sponsoring

sacrifices (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">yājana</foreign>), study (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">adhyayana</foreign>), teaching (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">adhyāpana</foreign>), gift (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">dāna</foreign>) and acceptance of gift (<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">pratigraha</foreign>).</p><p n="11-13"> Knowing this, exempt (it) with complete exemptions from

taxes! Let them enjoy (it) as long as moon and stars (endure)!’</p><p n="13-14"> In the … year, on the eighth (day) of the dark (fortnight) of the month of

Jyeṣṭha. This is an order from the (king’s) own mouth. Given under the lunar mansion

Bhadrapada.</p><p n="1" rend="stanza">By numerous [kings], land has been given; and by many it has been

protected. Whoever holds land at a given moment, to him does the fruit then

belong.</p><p n="2" rend="stanza">The giver of land revels sixty thousand years in heaven; the one who

steals [land] as well as the one who approves (of the theft), [to him] will befall hell for as many [years].</p><p n="18"> By the minister Jayasvāmin.</p></div><div type="commentary"><p n="2"><term>vāsasatāyukassa</term><note>Obviously this word cannot mean <cit><quote>who was a hundred years old</quote><bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>:

<citedRange>149</citedRange></bibl></cit>, but must imply the wish of longevity. Cf. <foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">vasasatāya</foreign> in EIAD <ref target="DHARMA_INSEIAD00021.xml">21</ref>, l. 5 and the commentary thereto.</note></p><p n="3-5"><term>°appaṇo … °amhapunnappāyananimitte</term><note>Sircar notes that these words <cit><quote>should properly be read in the next sentence beginning with

<foreign xml:lang="pra-Latn">etaṁ</foreign> in line

6</quote><bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/>: <citedRange>148 n.

6</citedRange></bibl></cit>. Our translation assumes this transposition.</note></p></div><div type="bibliography"><p>First described and translated by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircark"/></bibl>.

The text is re-edited here from Sircar’s facsimiles.</p><listBibl type="primary"><bibl/></listBibl><listBibl type="secondary"><bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE"/><citedRange>1953-53: 11, 23, no. A.14</citedRange></bibl><bibl><ptr target="bib:Damsteegt1978"/>:

<citedRange>236</citedRange></bibl><bibl><ptr target="bib:Gai1986"/>: <citedRange>no. 858</citedRange></bibl><bibl><ptr target="bib:Krishnan1989a"/>: <citedRange>98-100 (no.

52)</citedRange></bibl></listBibl></div></body></text>

</TEI>