Stela from Nagayon Lake, Halin
Version: (bd0ad9f), last modified (bd0ad9f).
Edition
⟨1⟩ 1 siddha ∥ ro jo nu tu
⟨2⟩ knu O nḅuḥ kṣatri tdaṃḥ ḅaṁḥ viṃṁ-
⟨3⟩ khno sriṁ kda O pki mahadeṃ-
⟨4⟩ vi sri jatra ṅiṁ kda saḥ O ḅiṁḥ
⟨5⟩ kyaṃḥ nu [*]ṁḥ svaḥ pto tgaṃḥ yaṁ tgaṃḥ
⟨6⟩ lo ḅa kiṁ O ḅiṁ kliṁḥ O plaṁḥ pa sa-
⟨7⟩ gha t(l)i kca diṃṁ [*] paṁḥ O pa vu
⟨8⟩ ḅuḥ buḥ mvuḥ tvaṃ ∥@
Bibliography
First reported in ASI, where it was reported found near 001, with 8 lines of Pyu. Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963, p. 22 is an eye drawing and transliteration based on the ASI photograph. Luce 1985, pp. I, 66, 75 n. 28, 149, provides an overview of earlier work and notes the name of a queen, <mahadevi sri jatra>, in lines 3-4. Sein Win [cin vaṅḥ] 2016, pp. 18–21 gives eye drawings, a new reading and a glossary. Re-edited here from published photographs and from our team’s RTIs.
Primary
Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2018–03–26. “Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.” Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1207290. [URL]. Item DHARMA_INSPYU00017.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_Schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_Schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_SQF.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="eng">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Stela from Nagayon Lake, Halin</title>
<respStmt>
<resp key="creator">author of digital edition</resp>
<persName ref="part:argr"><forename>Arlo</forename><surname>Griffiths</surname></persName><persName ref="part:mami"><forename>Marc</forename><surname>Miyake</surname></persName><persName ref="part:jukw"><forename>Julian Karl</forename><surname>Wheatley</surname></persName></respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority><ref target="https://dharmalekha.info">DHARMA</ref></authority>
<pubPlace><!-- Fill in here the place or places where the encoding has been done --></pubPlace>
<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSPYU00017.xml</idno>
<availability><licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</licence></availability>
<date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><!-- only the handDesc can be filled in at this stage -->
<msDesc><!-- //// NB: the msIdentifier had to be added for validation purposes ///. It will be edited later with the metadata spreadsheet -->
<msIdentifier>
<repository>DHARMAbase</repository>
<idno/><!-- don't modify this -->
</msIdentifier>
<msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
<summary><!-- //// NOT MANDATORY ////--></summary> <!-- offers the possibility to give a summary of the inscription's content -->
</msContents>
<physDesc>
<handDesc>
<p><!-- The script name(s) will be inserted here at a later stage from the metadata spreasheet. At this stage, you can mention here in a free-text paragraph any characteristics of the writing observed more than once in this inscription that seem unusual/uncommon or otherwise noteworthy given the general characteristics of the script in question. See EGD 11.2. --></p>
<!-- If you need to identify individual hands (EGD §7.5/) in addition to one or more paragraphs of general palaeographic description, wrap <summary> around the <p> or <p>s above, and, outside <summary>, create <handNote> elements for each hand as follows:
<summary><p><p/></summary>
<handNote xml:id="Pallava00001_hand1"></handNote>
<handNote xml:id="Pallava00001_hand2"></handNote>
-->
</handDesc>
</physDesc>
</msDesc>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<encodingDesc>
<p>Encoded in TEI/EpiDoc according to the <ref target="https://hal.science/halshs-02888186">DHARMA Encoding Guide for Documentary Editions, version 2</ref></p>
</encodingDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change who="part:mime" when="2026-03-02">Conversion to DHARMA guidelines</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text xml:space="preserve">
<body>
<div type="edition" xml:lang="pyx-Latn">
<ab>
<lb n="1"/>
1 siddha <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g> ro jo nu tu
<lb n="2"/>
knu O nḅuḥ kṣatri tdaṃḥ ḅaṁḥ viṃṁ
<lb n="3" break="no"/>
khno sriṁ kda O pki mahadeṃ
<lb n="4" break="no"/>
vi sri jatra ṅiṁ kda saḥ O ḅiṁḥ
<lb n="5"/>
kyaṃḥ nu <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>ṁḥ svaḥ pto tgaṃḥ yaṁ tgaṃḥ <!-- MM2AG: for now changed ?oṁḥ to <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>ṁḥ, though strictly speaking the problem is not that the akṣara has been obscured by damage but that we cannot identify what the clearly preserved shape represents. -->
<!-- MM2AG: ngaṃh using the criteria Julian and I have used to distinguish n/t: n connects to a subscript consonant without a ɔ-shaped bottom hook. -->
<!-- AG2MM: I don't believe it is possible to define watertight formal criteria. I could see here an ɔ-shaped hook is I wanted to. I would like you TB specialists to tell me what is more likely phototacticaly, ng- or tg-, and base my choice on what you say. As far as I recall in one of your write-ups you presented arguments in favor of tg-. -->
<!-- MM2AG: phonotactically the case for a t-prefix is better, as no one to my knowledge has reconstructed an n-prefix. But n- is also possible as a remnant of an earlier nV-syllable: what if ngaṃḥ is a compressed borrowing of nāga? - cf. the compression of guru as Old Khmer grū. Julian and I have observed two kinds of t/n-shapes before other consonants: one that connects vertically to the consonant below, and another that ends in a curve pointing leftward or even to the northwest (as in <tva> and <tvaṃṁḥ> in 007); we think the former is <n> and the latter is <t>. The <t·> of <hrat·ṁ > 'eight' in 008 has such a leftward curve and is confirmed by cognates ending in -t. -->
<lb n="6"/>
lo ḅa kiṁ O ḅiṁ kliṁḥ O plaṁḥ pa sa
<lb n="7" break="no"/>
gha t<unclear>l</unclear>i kca diṃṁ <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> paṁḥ O pa vu <!-- MM2AG: looking at the mystery akṣara in the RTI, I wonder if it might be <la>; compare it to the <l> of <tli>, if the second consonant is <l>. I agree that <ku> is unlikely, and I would favor <kca>, as the second consonant has a /-shaped top left side rather than a curve. I made these changes in RTF.-->
<lb n="8"/>
ḅuḥ buḥ mvuḥ tvaṃ <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g><g>@</g>
<!-- MM2AG: [about what is now read as tvaṃ] looks like ndha using the criteria Julian and I have used to distinguish n/t: n connects to a subscript consonant without a ɔ-shaped bottom hook. Does the reading ntha assume tha is missing its dot? ndha also appeared in 027, but there we regarded it as a botched nba. The dha doesn't look like ba here, though. In any case, the akṣara is anomalous as the only case of dha in a non-Indic Pyu word. -->
<!-- AG2MM: yes, ntha supposes absence of dot inside tha. It seems that, besides the case of 027, there have been other cases where we have been tempted to read ndha at end of text. We may have to accept that such a syllable could exist there, for whatever reason. Evidence to be assembled by quickly looking at ends of all texts. That said, tva and ttha also seem quite possible here. Reading tvaṃ here would allow us to get rid of the anusvāra on preceding syllable, and hence to remove one anomalous case of anusvāra on vowel -u from the corpus. So perhaps tvaṃ the best choice? -->
<!-- MM2AG: quickly checked endings of all texts in 000 and don't see any other cases of nCV akṣaras. I missed the dot to the left before, and now I favor tvaṃ which could match tvat·ṃ in 012.1. I rule out tha because of th lack of a center dot and dha because the right side is not straight. ttha seems unlikely on phonotactic grounds as aspirate stops are rare in Pyu, and I suspect no Pyu roots have aspirate initials, so I wouldn't expect to see t-tha. I might expect to see ttha in an Indic loan, but there is no Indic word like mvuṁḥ ttha. nv- is otherwise unattested in the corpus. Removed <choice><unclear>ntha</unclear><unclear>ndha</unclear><unclear>tva</unclear></choice> and replaced with tvaṃ. -->
<!-- MM2AG: I like your proposal to remove anusvāra from the preceding u-syllable, as that eliminates one of only two cases of uṁ in the entire corpus. Looking at the remaining case of ruṁ in 016a, I am not certain there is an anusvāra, as the dot is large compared to the anusvāra and visarga dots of the preceding paṁḥ and might be the result of damage. Incidentally I wonder if there is an akṣara between ru and Sanskrit te: caṁ, perhaps, with an ṁ smaller than the dot atop ru?-->
<!-- AG2MM: NB, our rtf did no record any variant readings, but previous readings, partial or whole, do exist. Variant readings to be recorded in xml. -->
<!-- MM2AG: will record variant readings later. -->
</ab>
</div>
<div type="apparatus">
<listApp/>
</div>
<div type="translation" xml:lang="eng">
<p><!--english translation here--></p>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p><viṃṁkhno> may represent the Sanskrit name
Viṣṇu complementing <jatra> in the next line
which may be from Candrā. However, <khno> could also be the same word as <knoṄ> in PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00001">1</ref>, l. 1, or even <kno> in <kno> in PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00020">20</ref>,
l. 3, if the aspiration of <k> is not phonemic (as in Khmer in which /kn/ is phonetically [kʰn]).</p>
<!-- MM2AG: why did you think jatra could be from feminine candrā rather than masculine candraḥ? BTW, I originally thought khno in 017 was the same word as khnoṅ· in 001, as I couldn't imagine why Viṣṇu would be borrowed with -kh- instead of -s- since Pyu does have sn- as in sniḥ 'year'. Just checked and found Pyu snuḥ in 006 and 020. Is there any Middle Indic form like vikhṇu < vikṣṇu? Turner's dictionary lists the unspecified Prakrit forms viṇhu and veṇhu. -->
<!-- AG2MM: pronunciation of written <ṣ> as /kh/ is common in certain parts of India (see e.g. <http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/frontmatter/introduction.html>). This presumably also reflects some historical developments in the local NIA languages, but I don't know the linguistic facts. jatra presumably represent Candrā because the person is indicated to be a queen (mahādevī). -->
<p><ṅiṁ kda> appears to match <ṅiTṁ kdaṄ> in PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00016">16</ref>,
PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00020">20</ref>, PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00027">27</ref> and PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00032">32</ref></p>
</div>
<div type="bibliography">
<!--ASI 1929-30, 152, 182. — PPPB I, 66, 75 n. 28, 149. — PR, 22.-->
<!--[Todo: markup citedRange elements if necessary]-->
<p>First reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ASI"/><citedRange>1929-30: 152, 182</citedRange></bibl>, where it was reported found near 001, with 8 lines of Pyu. <bibl><ptr target="bib:ThaMyat1963_01"/><citedRange>22</citedRange></bibl> is an eye drawing and transliteration based on the ASI photograph. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Luce1985_01"/><citedRange>I, 66, 75 n. 28, 149</citedRange></bibl>, provides an overview of earlier work and notes the name of a queen, <mahadevi sri jatra>, in lines 3-4. <bibl><ptr target="bib:SeinWin2016_01"/><citedRange>18-21</citedRange></bibl> gives eye drawings, a new reading and a glossary. Re-edited here from published photographs and from our team’s RTIs.</p>
<!-- <listBibl type="secondary-bibliography">
</listBibl> -->
<listBibl type="primary"><bibl><ptr target="bib:CPI2018_01"/><citedRange unit="item">DHARMA_INSPYU00017</citedRange></bibl></listBibl></div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
Commentary
<viṃṁkhno> may represent the Sanskrit name Viṣṇu complementing <jatra> in the next line which may be from Candrā. However, <khno> could also be the same word as <knoṄ> in PYU 1, l. 1, or even <kno> in <kno> in PYU 20, l. 3, if the aspiration of <k> is not phonemic (as in Khmer in which /kn/ is phonetically [kʰn]).
<ṅiṁ kda> appears to match <ṅiTṁ kdaṄ> in PYU 16, PYU 20, PYU 27 and PYU 32