Small Stela from Halin

Authors of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr), Marc Miyake (mami), Julian Karl Wheatley (jukw).

Language: Pyu (pyx) [Latin (latin)].

Repository: Pyu Epigraphy (tfc-pyu-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPYU00001.

File path: DHARMA_INSPYU00001.xml.

Version: 2026-03-03 00:14 (e58a53b), last modified 2026-03-02 10:41 (c4e1250).

Edition

⟨1⟩ || ḅay·ṁḥ dak·ṃ viy·ṃṁ tim·ṁ mlik· °o saḥ tgaṃ knon· °o (p)li

⟨2⟩ ḅay·ṁḥ luṅ· ḅa hi °o lup· yaṁ <>

Apparatus

⟨1⟩ tim·ṁ • We read t rather than n here, agreeing with Blagden and Tha Myat. If so, then tgaṃ can be correct too. If so, then t in this inscription would be of the “loop” type rather than the “cup” type seen in other inscriptions. But comparison with other inscriptions cautions us that even in a single inscription one may not necessarily expect a clear pattern in the distinction between t and n.

⟨2⟩ luṅ· … lup· ⬦ (nū) … nu ASB1915; tu+°o· … tu+p Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963 • There is no contrast in this inscription between “r with leftwards stroke” which we are interpreting as rū and “r with rightwards stroke” which in other inscriptions represents ru. Note also two slightly different shapes of rū, with and without loop at bottom; the first of them attested also in PYU 6, where it was interpreted as (bhūṃ) by Blagden; perhaps lu would be a possibility for shape with loop, but reading rū for shape without loop virtually guaranteed by occurrences of apparently related sequence °o ru kleḥ yaṁ at end of several urn inscriptions.

⟨1⟩ ḅay·ṁḥ ⬦ baṁḥ ASB1915; baṁḥ Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨1⟩ viy·ṃṁ ⬦ vī ASB1915; viṃṁ Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨1⟩ tim·ṁ ⬦ ti ASB1915; tiṃṁ Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨1⟩ mlik· ⬦ ṃ(l)i ASB1915; mliṁ Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨1⟩ knon· ⬦ kño ASB1915. — ⟨1⟩ (p)li ⬦ (ch) di ASB1915.

⟨2⟩ ḅay·ṁḥ ⬦ bàḥ ASB1915; baṁḥ Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨2⟩ luṅ· ⬦ (nū) ASB1915; tu+°o· Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨2⟩ ḅa ⬦ ba ASB1915; ba Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963. — ⟨2⟩ lup· ⬦ nu ASB1915; tu+p· Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963.

Translation

Julian K. Wheatley's translation of Tha Myat [sā mrat] 1963, p. 21

The structure (tomb) of the honorable Tubahi, the son of the honorable Davintinmrin and the grandson of Nagukano.

Luce 1985, pp. I, 75 n. 27

These are the bones of the Honourable Ru-ba, deceased son of the Honourable La-wi: ni' mli (sic), grandson of Nga-kno.

Duroiselle 1912

These are the bones of the deceased, Lord Rūḅa, grandson of Nga Kno, son of Lord Davinimli.

Commentary

⟨1⟩ (p)li • Photos such as IMG_8373 favor initial p over m: pli 'grandson'.

Bibliography

Reported in ASB, which includes a reading of the opening akṣaras. Blagden 1913_–_1914, p. 127 (E) takes note of this urn, but focuses his study on the four (PYU 3, 4, 5 and 6) that share reference to the Vikrama kings. ASB provides complete readings and notes by Blagden and Sastri; in most respects, Sastri is not as compatible with our readings as Blagden. Luce, in Luce 1985, pp. I, 65, 75 n. 24, 127, provides an overview and offers a modified reading. Re-edited here from published photographs.

Primary

Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake and Julian K. Wheatley. 2018–03–26. “Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.” Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1207290. [URL]. Item DHARMA_INSPYU00001.

Secondary

ASI

Shafer, Robert. 1943. “Further Analysis of the Pyu Inscriptions.” HJAS 7 (4), pp. 313–366. DOI: 10.2307/2717831. [URL]. Page 339.

Sein Win [cin vaṅḥ]. 2016. pyū akkharā cā pe poṅḥ khyup [A collection of writings in the Pyu alphabet]. Vol. 1. Yangon: rheḥ hoṅḥ su te sa na nhaṅ. amyuiḥ sāḥ pra tuik ūḥ sīḥ ṭhāna, yañ kyeḥ mhu van krīḥ ṭhāna [Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Ministry of Culture]. Pages 14–5.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_Schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_SQF.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<title>Small Stela from Halin</title>

<resp>author of digital edition</resp>

<persName ref="part:argr"><forename>Arlo</forename><surname>Griffiths</surname></persName><persName ref="part:mami"><forename>Marc</forename><surname>Miyake</surname></persName><persName ref="part:jukw"><forename>Julian Karl</forename><surname>Wheatley</surname></persName></respStmt>

</titleStmt>

<authority>DHARMA</authority>

<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSPYU00001</idno>

<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported

Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to

Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,

California, 94041, USA.</p>

</licence>

</availability>

</publicationStmt>

<repository>DHARMAbase</repository>

</msIdentifier>

</msContents>

<!-- If you need to identify individual hands (EGD §7.5/) in addition to one or more paragraphs of general palaeographic description, wrap <summary> around the <p> or <p>s above, and, outside <summary>, create <handNote> elements for each hand as follows:

-->

</handDesc>

</physDesc>

</msDesc>

</sourceDesc>

</fileDesc>

<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>

</projectDesc>

<p>Public URIs with the prefix bib to point to a Zotero Group Library named ERC-DHARMA whose data are open to the public.</p>

</prefixDef>

<p>Internal URIs using the part prefix to point to person elements in the <ref>DHARMA_idListMembers_v01.xml</ref> file.</p>

</prefixDef>

</listPrefixDef>

</encodingDesc>

<change who="part:mime" when="2026-03-02">Conversion to DHARMA guidelines</change>

</revisionDesc>

</teiHeader>

<body>

<ab>

ḅay·ṁḥ dak·ṃ viy·ṃṁ

tim·ṁ

mlik· °o saḥ tgaṃ knon· °o <unclear reason="damage">p</unclear>li

ḅay·ṁḥ

luṅ·

ḅa hi °o lup· yaṁ <g>•|•|</g><seg type="siddham-inverted"/>

</ab>

</div>

<note>We read <seg type="graphemic">t</seg> rather than <seg type="graphemic">n</seg> here, agreeing with Blagden and Tha Myat. If so, then <seg type="graphemic">tgaṃ</seg> can be correct too. If so, then <seg type="graphemic">t</seg> in this inscription would be of the “loop” type rather than the “cup” type seen in other inscriptions. But comparison with other inscriptions cautions us that even in a single inscription one may not necessarily expect a clear pattern in the distinction between <seg type="graphemic">t</seg> and <seg type="graphemic">n</seg>.</note>

</app>

<note>There is no contrast in this inscription between “r with leftwards

stroke” which we are interpreting as <seg type="graphemic">rū</seg> and

“r with rightwards stroke” which in other inscriptions represents <seg type="graphemic">ru</seg>. Note also two slightly different shapes of <seg type="graphemic">rū</seg>, with and without loop at bottom; the first of them attested also in PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00006">6</ref>, where it was interpreted as <seg type="graphemic">(bhūṃ)</seg> by Blagden; perhaps <seg type="graphemic">lu</seg> would be a possibility for shape with loop, but reading <seg type="graphemic">rū</seg> for shape without loop virtually guaranteed by occurrences of apparently related sequence <seg type="graphemic">°o ru kleḥ yaṁ</seg> at end of several urn inscriptions.</note>

</app>

</app><app loc="1">

</app><app loc="1">

</app><app loc="1">

</app><app loc="1">

</app><app loc="1">

</app><app loc="2">

</app><app loc="2">

</app><app loc="2">

</app><app loc="2">

</app></listApp>

</div>

<p>Julian K. Wheatley's translation of <bibl><ptr target="bib:ThaMyat1963_01"/><citedRange>21</citedRange></bibl></p>

<ab>The structure (tomb) of the honorable Tubahi, the son of the honorable Davintinmrin and the grandson of Nagukano.</ab>

<ab>These are the bones of the Honourable Ru-ba, deceased son of the Honourable La-wi: ni' mli (sic), grandson of Nga-kno.</ab>

<ab>These are the bones of the deceased, Lord Rūḅa, grandson of Nga Kno, son of Lord Davinimli.</ab>

</div>

<note>Photos such as IMG_8373 favor initial <seg type="graphemic">p</seg> over <seg type="graphemic">m</seg>: <seg type="graphemic">pli</seg> 'grandson'.</note>

</app>

<note>The sequence <seg type="graphemic">ḅa hi</seg> also attested in PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00002">2</ref>.</note>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ASB"/><citedRange>1913: 14-5</citedRange></bibl>, which includes a reading of the opening akṣaras. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Blagden1913-1914_01"/><citedRange> 127 (E)</citedRange></bibl> takes note of this urn, but focuses his study on the four (PYU <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00003">3</ref>, <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00004">4</ref>, <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00005">5</ref> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSPYU00006">6</ref>) that share reference to the Vikrama kings. <bibl><ptr target="bib:ASB"/><citedRange>1915: 21-3</citedRange></bibl> provides complete readings and notes by Blagden and Sastri; in most respects, Sastri is not as compatible with our readings as Blagden. Luce, in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Luce1985_01"/><citedRange>I, 65, 75 n. 24, 127</citedRange></bibl>, provides an overview and offers a modified reading. Re-edited here from published photographs.</p>

<listBibl type="primary"><bibl><ptr target="bib:CPI2018_01"/><citedRange unit="item">DHARMA_INSPYU00001</citedRange></bibl></listBibl><listBibl type="secondary">

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>