The Polengan plates: Humanding charter (797 Śaka)

Editors: Arlo Griffiths, Mekhola Gomes.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKHumanding.

Hand description:

Language: Old Javanese.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: (2cd45fd), last modified (16c22c6).

Edition

⟨Page 1r⟩ ⟨1r1⟩ ||° || svasti śaka-varṣātīta 797 baiśākha-māsa, dvitīya śukla-pakṣa, tuṅlai pon· soma-vāra, tatkāla ra karayān· I sirikan· pu ⟨1r2⟩ rakap·, manusuk· savaḥ tampaḥ 4 I humaṇḍiṁ vatak ṣirikan·, sīmānikanaṁ prāsāda I gunuṁ hyaṁ lmaḥ I mamali, dmakan· saṅkā I śrī ma⟨1r3⟩hārāja rakai kayu vaṅi,

Anuṁ InaṁsəAn· pasak·-pasak· vyavasthaniṁ manusuk ṣīma ||

  • samgat· vadihati pu managiḥ sisim· pasada ⟨1r4⟩ voḥ 1 vrat· mā 8 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1
  • tuhān· 2 miraḥ-miraḥ si guvar·, s¿p?⟨ḍ⟩aṁ si vaḍag· sisim· pasada voḥ 2 vrat· mā 8 vḍi⟨1r5⟩han· Aṅsit· yu 2

Anuṁ kinon· miluA manusuk ṣīma,

  • kuvu si A⟨⟨ga⟩⟩ma sisim· pasada voḥ 1 vrat· mā 4 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 ⟨1r6⟩ ||
  • samgat· makudur· pu maṅiṇḍit· sisim· pasada voḥ 1 vrat· mā 8 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1
  • tuhān· 2 vatu valai si mnaṁ, puluṁ ⟨1r7⟩ si jakhara sisim· pasada voḥ 2 vrat· mā 8 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 2

Anuṁ kinon· miluA manusuk· sīma,

  • hambulu si tuhu sisi⟨1r8⟩m· pasada voḥ 1 vrat· mā 4 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1
  • maṁhuyup· mas· mā 1 vḍihan· raṅga yu 1 siṅhəl· yu 1

saji Iṁ kulumpaṁ

  • ⟨1r9⟩ mas· mā 4
  • vḍihan· raṅga yu 4
  • vaduṁ 1
  • rimvas· 1
  • patuk·-patuk· 1
  • kris· 1
  • lukai 1
  • tvak· punukan· 4
  • laṇḍuk· 1
  • liṅgi⟨1r10⟩s· 4
  • vaṅkyul· 1
  • gulumi 1
  • kurumbhāgi 1
  • nakhaccheda 1
  • dom· 1
  • tahas· 1
  • buri 1
  • padamaran· 1
  • saragi pagaṅana⟨Page 1v⟩⟨1v1⟩n· 1
  • kampil· 1 ||

vahuta I tirip· tañjuṁ si liviṁ mas· mā 2 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 ||

maṅagam kon· I humaṇḍiṁ, kalaṁ si rava, kalima ⟨1v2⟩ si botoḥ, gusti 3 si talavan·, si parasi, si kusut·, vinkas· si kahaga, parujar· 3 si bahud·, si mikar·, si puccha, hulair· 2 si ⟨1v3⟩ tira, si sḍək·, variga 2 si maddhya, si plī, matamān· si manū, mapkan· si kavit·, makajar· si vji, tuhālas· si kuḍu, hulu vras· 2 si śi⟨1v4⟩la, si havaṁ, kapuA vinaihan· mas· mā 4 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ ||

Anakbini maṅagam kon·, kalaṁ si Andalan·, kalima si pulu⟨1v5⟩t·, gusti si tili, si gutam·, si hayu, vinkas· si kavit·, parujar· si parabha, si pait·, si hli, hulair· si paḍaṁ, variga si mə:l·, si gaḍuṁ, ma⟨1v6⟩tamān· si ristī, mapkan· si sadainya, makajar· si pakulān·, tuhālas· si vaṅi, hulu vras· si gutam·, si rutuk·, kapuA vinaiha⟨1v7⟩n· mas· mā 2 kain· vlaḥ 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ ||

rāma maratā, si mbulat·, si Aṅgada, si kabos·, si bantal·, si vruha, si tuṅgū, si matəAṁ ⟨1v8⟩ si vundaṁ, si dali, si kva, si nusuk·, si citra, si glis·, si Utus·, si rumpuṁ, kapuA vinaihan· vḍihan· raṅga yu 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ ||

parta⟨1v9⟩ya si śila mas· mā 2 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 ||

vahuta I sirikan· valiṁbiṁ si kukun· mas· mā 4 vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 Anakbinya ⟨1v10⟩ si bukuṁ mas· mā 2 kain· kalamvantan· vlaḥ 1⟨,⟩ pituṁtuṁnya si Aṅga vḍihan· raṅga yu 1⟨,⟩ muvaḥ vahuta kulumpaṁ si dhanu vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1⟨,⟩ ⟨Page 2r⟩ ⟨2r1⟩ muvaḥ vahuta palumutan· si kbo vḍihan· Aṅsit· yu 1 ||

vanuA I tpi siriṁ, Iṅ guntur· gusti si gajul·, I sraṅan· gusti si vuniṁ, I tumapa⟨2r2⟩l· ⟨gusti⟩ si kaivala, I puluṅ kadaṁ gusti kaki kḍu, I supit· gusti si kaba, I pakulun· gusti si tulus·, I palalataṅan· kalaṁ si vuru, I ⟨2r3⟩ tamvlaṅan· gusti si rava, I tuluṁ moliḥ gusti si bakal·, kapuA vinaihan· vḍihan· raṅga yu 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ ||

tuha paḍahi, maṅiduṁ, ⟨2r4⟩ madāṁ, maṅla, makariṁ, mŭla, kapuA vinaihan· vḍihan· raṅga yu 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ ||

kinon· ra karayān· humarappa, Ikanaṁ susukan· sīma ⟨2r5⟩ saṁ tuhān· kabaiḥ, ra punti si sayut·, hujuṁ galuḥ si hr̥dayaśiva, paniṅgahan· si tarkka, mataṇḍa si raṅkəp·, manurat· dharmmasinta śiva⟨2r6⟩prasāda ||

Apparatus

⟨1r4⟩ s¿p?⟨ḍ⟩aṁ ⬦ spaṁ B MS&SA • The ligatures spa and sḍa are very similar yet clearly distinct in the Polengan plates. Here, the scribe has clearly written spa, although the parallels reveal that he must have intended sḍaṁ (cf. Jurungan 3r9 and 3v1; Haliwangbang 2v8 and 3v5).

⟨1r5⟩ kuvu si A⟨⟨ga⟩⟩ma B MS&SA • We follow concur with interpreting the ga-like shape above the line as a ga to be inserted between A and ma. But it is slightly disturbing that not a single other person named Agama seems to be known from the epigraphic record (Damais 1970, p. 163). The most closely similar name that we are aware of is Agam, occurring in Tru i Tepusan II (juru i variṅin si agam — De Casparis 1950: 87, 90 n. 39) and in Jurungan 2v9 (si gunuṁ ramani Agam·).

⟨1v3⟩ tuhālas· B • Misprint tuhalās in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v4⟩ sovaṁ-sovaṁ B • Dittography sovaṁ in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo. — ⟨1v4⟩ Anakbini B ⬦ Anakbi si MS&SA • Misprint or intentional change in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v6⟩ pakulān· B ⬦ pakulun· MS&SA • We see here the special form of -ā that is typically found below l, and that can easily be confused with -u. Cf. pakulun in 2r2, where the reading with-u seems secure. It seems that pakulun· might have been intended here as well, and that the variant reading by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo was intentional.

⟨1v9⟩ si kukun· mas· mā 4 MS&SA ⬦ si kukun· mas· mā 2 B.

⟨2r1⟩ tumapa⟨2r2⟩l· ⟨gusti⟩ si ⬦ tumapal· si B MS&SA.

⟨2r2⟩ pakulun· B MS&SA • See Damais 1970, p. 769, n. 1, and compare the name pakulān found in 1v6.

⟨12r4⟩ madāṁ MS&SA ⬦ madaṁ B.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths and Mekhola Gomes

(1r1–1r3) Hail! Elapsed Śaka year 797, month of Vaiśākha, second [tithi] of the waxing fortnight, Tuṅlai, Pon, Monday (i.e., on 11 April 875). That was when the Lord (ra karayān) of Sirikan, (named) pu Rakap demarcated a paddy field (measuring) 4 tampah at Humaṇḍiṅ, district (vatak) of Sirikan, as the sīma (sīmā) of the temple (prāsāda) at Gunuṅ Hyaṅ, the tract (ləmah) at Mamali, a bestowal from the Great King, Lord of (rakai) Kayu Vaṅi.

(1r3–1r5) Those who were offered customary gifts (pasak-pasak vyavastha) for demarcating the sīma:

  • the official of Vadihati (named) pu Managih [received] 1 ring of faith,1 weight 8 māṣas, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit;
  • the 2 master tradesmen (tuhān), the mirah-mirah (named) si Guvar [and] the sḍaṅ (named) si Vaḍag, [received] 2 rings of faith, weight 8 māṣas, 2 pairs of vḍihan aṅsit.

(1r5–1r7) Those who were ordered to take part in demarcating the sīma:

  • the kuvu (named) si Agama [received] 1 ring of faith, weight 4 māṣas, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit;
  • the official of Makudur (named) pu Maṅiṇḍit [received] 1 ring of faith, weight 8 māṣas, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit;
  • the 2 master tradesmen, the vatu valai (named) si Mnaṅ [and] the puluṅ (named) si Jakhara [received] 2 rings of faith, weight 8 māṣas, 2 pairs of vḍihan aṅsit.

(1r7–1r8) Those who were ordered to take part in demarcating the sīma:

  • the hambulu (named) si Tuhu (subaudible) 1 ring of faith, weight 4 māṣas, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit;
  • the adjuror (maṅhuyup) [received] 1 māṣa of gold, 1 pair of vḍihan raṅga, 1 pair of siṅhəl.

(1r8–1v1) The offerings on the kulumpaṅ (stone): 4 māṣas of gold; 4 pairs of vḍihan raṅga; 1 axe; 1 woodman’s axe (rimvas); 1 patuk-patuk (pickaxe?); 1 kris; 1 lukai (k. o. chopping knife); 4 tvak punukan (k. o. stabbing tool);2 1 laṇḍuk (hoe); 4 liṅgis (crowbars); 1 vaṅkyul (hoe); 1 gulumi (k. o. fork?); 1 kurumbhāgi (k. o. iron tool; knife?); 1 nail-cutter; 1 needle; 1 platter; 1 buri (k. o. vessel?); 1 padamaran (lamp-stand?); 1 saragi pagaṅanan (vegetable bowl); 1 kampil (pouch).

(1v1) The vahuta of Tirip Tañjuṅ (named) si Liviṅ [received] 2 māṣas of gold, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit.

(1v1–1v4) [Those who] hold office in Humaṇḍiṅ: the kalaṅ (named) si Rava; the kalima (named) si Botoh; the 3 gustis (named) si Talavan, si Parasi [and] si Kusut; the commissionee (named) si Kahaga; the 3 heralds (named) si Bahud, si Mikar [and] si Puccha; the 2 water managers (named) si Tira [and] si Sḍək; the 2 varigas (named) si Maddhya [and] si Plī; the matamān (named) si Manū; the mapəkan (named) Kavit; the makajar (named) Vji; the forest manager (named) si Kuḍu; the 2 husked rice managers (named) si Śila [and] si Havaṅ — all were given 4 māṣas of gold, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit per person.

(1v4–1v7) The wives of those who hold office: the kalaṅ [wife] (named) si Andalan; the kalima [wife] (named) si Pulut; the gusti [wives] (named) si Tili, si Gutam3 [and] si Hayu; the commissionee [wive] (named) si Kavit; the herald [wives] (named) si Parabha, si Pait [and] si Hli; the water manager [wives] (named) si Paḍaṅ [and] ⟨si⟩ […];4 the variga [wives] (named) si Mə̄l [and] si Gaḍuṅ; the matamān [wive] (named) si Ristī; the mapəkan [wive] (named) si Sadainya; the makajar [wive] (named) si Pakulān; the forest manager (named) si Vaṅi; the husked rice manager [wives] (named) si Gutam [and] si Rutuk — all were given 2 māṣas of gold, 1 pair of kain per person.

(1v7–1v8) The regular headmen (named) si Mbulat, si Aṅgada, si Kabos, si Bantal, si Vruha, si Tuṅgū, si Matəaṅ, si Vundaṅ, si Dali, si Kva, si Nusuk, si Citra, si Glis, si Utus, si Rumpuṅ — all were given 1 pair of vḍihan raṅga per person.

(1v8–1v9) The partaya (named) si Śila [received] 2 māṣas of gold, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit.

(1v9–12r1) The vahuta of Sirikan Valiṅbiṅ (named) si Kukun [received] 4 māṣas of gold, 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit. His wife (named) si Bukuṅ [received] 2 māṣas of gold, 1 piece of kain kalamvantan. Their assistant (named) si Aṅga [received] 1 pair of vḍihan raṅga. Also, the vahuta of Kulumpaṅ (named) si Dhanu [received] 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit. Also, the vahuta of Palumutan (named) si Kbo [received] 1 pair of vḍihan aṅsit.

(2r1–12r3) [Representatives of] the neighboring villages: from Guntur, the gusti (named) si Gajul; from Sraṅan, the gusti (named) si Vuniṅ; from Tumapal, [the gusti] (named) si Kaivala; from Puluṅ Kadaṅ, the gusti (named) kaki Kḍu; from Supit, the gusti (named) si Kaba; from Pakulun, the gusti (named) si Tulus; from Palalataṅan, the kalaṅ (named) si Vuru; from Tamvlaṅan, the gusti (named) si Rava; from Tuluṅ Molih, the gusti (named) si Bakal — all were given 1 pair of vḍihan raṅga per person.

(2r3–2r4) The master drummer, the singer, the maḍāṅ (k. o. cook), maṅəla (k. o. cook), makariṅ (k. o. cook), mūla (?) — all were given 1 pair of vḍihan raṅga per person.

(2r3–2r5) All master tradesmen who were ordered by the lord to attend the demarcation of the sīma: the ra punti (named) si Sayut; the hujuṅ galuh (named) si Hr̥dayaśiva; the paniṅgahan (named) si Tarka; the mataṇḍa (named) si Raṅkəp. The dharmasinta (named) Śivaprasāda wrote it.

Commentary

The first plate is engraved with 10 lines on both faces; the second plate bears 6 lines on its verso, while its verso bear the beginning of the Jurungan charter. Binding holes are pierced though all plates but nowhere interrupt the text.

Bibliography

Deciphered but not published by Boechari, a copy of whose typescript we received from Jan Wisseman Christie and use here as edition of reference (Boechari N.d.). As our apparatus entries show, a copy of the same typescript seems to have been reproduced with involuntary errors, in the first integral published edition (Machi Suhadi and Sukarto K. Atmodjo 1986). Re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths and Mekhola Gomes from photographs.

Primary

[B] Boechari. N.d. “Prasasti-prasasti Kayuwangi.” [URL].

[MS&SA] Machi Suhadi and M.M. Sukarto K. Atmodjo. 1986. Laporan penelitian epigrafi Jawa Tengah. Berita penelitian arkeologi 37. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Pages 65–72, section 2.7.2.

Secondary

van Naerssen, Frits Herman. 1939. “Een nieuwe vondst van Oud-Javaansche oorkonden.” CI 1, pp. 157–158.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1951. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, I: Méthode de réduction des dates javanaises en dates européennes.” BEFEO 45 (1), pp. 1–41. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1951.5509. [URL]. Pages 21–23.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 36–37, item A. 38.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Pages 32–33.

Boechari. 1958. “Tembaga tulis Polengan dari djaman Rakai Kajuwangi.” Skripsi Sarjana Sastra, Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. [URL]. Page 17.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1970. Répertoire onomastique de l'épigraphie javanaise (jusqu'à Pu Siṇḍok Śrī Īśānawikrama Dharmmotuṅgadewa): Étude d'épigraphie indonésienne. Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 66. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. Page 48, item 81.

Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1971–1972. Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus inscriptionum Javanicarum), up to 928 A. D. 2 vols. Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyay. Volume I, item XXXIV, page 199.

Titi Surti Nastiti, Churmatin Nasoichah, Andri Restiyadi, Hedwi Prihatmoko, Arlo Griffiths, Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan, Adeline Levivier and Tyassanti Kusumo Dewanti. 2024. Survei prasasti zaman Hindu-Buddha di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan Provinsi Jawa Tengah, tahun 2023. Jakarta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia); Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Organisasi Riset Arkeologi, Bahasa dan Sastra; École française d'Extrême-Orient. [URL]. Pages 23–24, section 2.1.2.

Notes

  1. 1. Literally “ring of faith 1 item (voh)”. The use of voh as numeral classifier is unique to the language of the Polengan archive, and more generally the use of numeral classifiers is not a pronounced feature of Old Javanese grammar.
  2. 2. The word tvak must be understood as a variant spelling of the dictionary entry the təvək, glossed as “a pointed weapon for stabbing?” (Zoetmulder 1982), with citation of Lintakan (3r15) vaduṁ patuk· rimvas· lukai təvək· punukan· gulumi. The word punukan is glossed as “a metal tool (of a special shape?)”, with allusion to the shape that might be implied by the fact that “punukan” is derived from “punuk” “hump, back, back part”. See further the list from Dalinan cited in the dictionary under tampilan “a part. kind of metal tool (cf GR tampel, a hammer used by gold- and copper-smiths)”, and the term tvak tampilan in Jurungan (3v7) and Haliwangbang (2r7, 3r10).
  3. 3. The same name reoccurs for what was presumably another individual in 1v6.
  4. 4. Since two water managers were listed above, it seems that a name has been omitted here.