Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Parakesarivarman, year (14)

Authors of digital edition: Valérie Gillet (vagi), Emmanuel Francis (emfr).

Summary: Upper inscription on the eastern wall section of the southern façade. Regnal year 14 of Kōpparakesarivarman = probably Uttamacōḻa (circa 985 CE).

Language: Tamil (tam) [Grantha (grantha), Tamil (tamil)].

Repository: Tamil Nadu (varia) (tfa-tamilnadu-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00515.

File path: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00515.xml.

Version: 2026-04-19 18:45 (60992d9), last modified 2025-09-24 17:36 (bd2b08c).

Edition

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī kō-p-para-kēsari-panma⟨r⟩kku yā(ṇṭu) (10 4)-Āvatu vaṭa-ka-
⟨2⟩ rai-(brahma)(tē)yam periya śrī-vāṉavan-mah(ā)devi-catu⟨r⟩vveti-maṅ-
⟨3⟩ kalattu śrī-kōyil{lu} U(ṭai)y(ān) (kā)(śya)¡v!an ¿(ś)?(antra-śe)(karan mu)-
⟨4⟩ -v-āyiratt-(ē)ḻu-(ṉū)ṟṟuva-bha(ṭṭa)¡n!-ēṉ I-śrī-vijaya-maṅkala-deva(r)
⟨5⟩ k(ō)yil śrī-vimāna⟨m⟩ kallā⟨l⟩ Eḻu(nt-a)ruḷḷuvitta kuvaḷālaiya¡mm!-uṭai-
⟨6⟩ yān Ampalava¡n! paḻuvū(r) (nak)kaṉ-ā¡n!a vikrama-cōḻa-mahā-rājar ka⟨r⟩(mmi) (ve)-
⟨7⟩ (ṇṇam)(pi)kku I-(srī)-kōyil kaṇa-(p)-(pe)ru-makkaḷ v(i)ravall(i)-t t(i)ru-n¡(i)!la-(kaṇṭa)-(kramavi)-
⟨8⟩ tta⟨ṉ⟩ Iva¡n! sabhaiyār kaṇkāṇi-y-āka p(o)¡n! n¡i!kki piṭi¡ll!ikai-vāri ¡(k)!(raha)(ṇa)-saṃkrā(n=ti)-vi-
⟨9⟩ ṣum Uḷḷiṭṭu U⟨c⟩cam-pōtu tiru-nā-nāḻi(yu)m A⟨r⟩¡tth!ayāma⟨m⟩ nā-nāḻi I¿y(u)?paripārkaḷu⟨m⟩ Eṭṭu(ku)
⟨10⟩ (A)(n)tiyam pōt(u) sa(n=ti)-vi(ḷakku Ē)⟨ṟṟa⟩ (kaṭa)vē¡n! (Uḷ) mu(nṟu) san=ti(y)i¿y? pōtu Ai⟨ñ⟩cu (viḷa)kk(u) (Ē)⟨ṟ⟩(ṟa ka)(ṭavē)-
⟨11⟩ {(nākavai)}¡n! ā⟨ka⟩vum śrī-pa¿ll?(i pō)tu Iraṇṭu vi(ḷa)kku (Eṟṟa kaṭavē)¡(n)! (tiru-v-a)mutukku n(icatam Uḻakku ney)
⟨12⟩ Amutil paṭaikka (ka)⟨ṭa⟩vē¡nn! (ākavu)⟨m⟩ (nicata)m Iru-nāḻi Uḻak=ku (vi)[ḷa](k=ku)⟨k⟩k’ eṇṇai Amu(tu)k=ku Uḻak=ku ne¡yi!y(u)m Ā⟨ka⟩ Iru-nā-
⟨13⟩ (ṟu)ṭi ne¡yi! Eṇṇai Ip-pi(ṭi)¡ll!ikai-vāri ko{(ṇ)}(ṇ)ṭu māṇi [*] (ra)ṇṭu Iṭṭu paṇi ce¡y!a kaṭavē¡nn! ākav¿ū?⟨m⟩ nicatam iru-⟨nā⟩-
⟨14⟩ (ṟu)ṭi nel{l}lāl kaṟi-y-amutu I[ṭa] kaṭav(ē)¡nn! ākavu⟨m⟩ I(v-i)raṇṭu sa(n=)ti pōtu Aiñcu pāk=ku Āka pattu Aṭaikkāy amu⟨tu⟩
⟨15⟩ pattu Ivaiccuk=ku vēṇṭu veṟṟi(l)lai Amutu Iccu⟨ṭ⟩(ṭa)pa⟨ṭ⟩ṭa I⟨t⟩taṉaiyum A¡n!ṟāṭu kaṇkāṇi-y-oṭu I⟨p⟩paṭi
⟨16⟩ c(e)¡y!a kaṭavē¡n! nā¡n!ē

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

kō-p-para-kēsari-panma⟨r⟩kku yā(ṇṭu) (10 4)-Āvatu

vaṭa-ka⟨2⟩rai-(brahma)(tē)yam periya śrī-vāṉavan-mah(ā)devi-catu⟨r⟩vveti-maṅ⟨3⟩kalattu śrī-kōyil{lu} U(ṭai)y(ān) (kā)(śya)⟨p⟩an ⟨c⟩(antra-śe)(karan mu)⟨4⟩-v-āyiratt-(ē)ḻu-(ṉū)ṟṟuva-bha(ṭṭa)⟨ṉ⟩-ēṉ I-śrī-vijaya-maṅkala-deva(r) ⟨5⟩ k(ō)yil śrī-vimāna⟨m⟩ kallā⟨l⟩ Eḻu(nt-a)ruḷḷuvitta kuvaḷālaiya⟨m⟩-uṭai⟨6⟩yān Ampalava⟨ṉ⟩ paḻuvū(r) (nak)kaṉ-ā⟨ṉ⟩a vikrama-cōḻa-mahā-rājar ka⟨r⟩(mmi) (ve)⟨7⟩(ṇṇam)(pi)kku I-(srī)-kōyil kaṇa-(p)-(pe)ru-makkaḷ v(i)ravall(i)-t t(i)ru-n⟨ī⟩la-(kaṇṭa)-(kramavi)⟨8⟩tta⟨ṉ⟩ Iva⟨ṉ⟩ sabhaiyār kaṇkāṇi-y-āka p(o)⟨ṉ⟩ n⟨ī⟩kki piṭi⟨l⟩ikai-vāri ⟨g⟩(raha)(ṇa)-saṃkrā(n=ti)-vi⟨9⟩ṣum Uḷḷiṭṭu U⟨c⟩cam-pōtu tiru-nā-nāḻi(yu)m A⟨r⟩⟨ddh⟩ayāma⟨m⟩ nā-nāḻi I⟨p⟩paripārkaḷu⟨m⟩ Eṭṭu(ku)

⟨10⟩ (A)(n)tiyam pōt(u) sa(n=ti)-vi(ḷakku Ē)⟨ṟṟa⟩ (kaṭa)vē⟨ṉ⟩ (Uḷ) mu(nṟu) san=ti(y)i⟨l⟩ pōtu Ai⟨ñ⟩cu (viḷa)kk(u) (Ē)⟨ṟ⟩(ṟa ka)(ṭavē)⟨11⟩{(nākavai)}⟨ṉ⟩ ā⟨ka⟩vum

śrī-pa⟨l⟩(i pō)tu Iraṇṭu vi(ḷa)kku (Eṟṟa kaṭavē)⟨ṉ⟩ (tiru-v-a)mutukku n(icatam Uḻakku ney) ⟨12⟩ Amutil paṭaikka (ka)⟨ṭa⟩vē⟨ṉ⟩ (ākavu)⟨m⟩

(nicata)m Iru-nāḻi Uḻak=ku (vi)[ḷa](k=ku)⟨k⟩k’ eṇṇai Amu(tu)k=ku Uḻak=ku ne⟨y⟩y(u)m Ā⟨ka⟩ Iru-nā⟨13⟩(ṟu)ṭi ne⟨y⟩ Eṇṇai Ip-pi(ṭi)⟨l⟩ikai-vāri ko{(ṇ)}(ṇ)ṭu māṇi [1+] (ra)ṇṭu Iṭṭu paṇi ce⟨yy⟩a kaṭavē⟨ṉ⟩ ākav⟨u⟩⟨m⟩

nicatam iru-⟨nā⟩⟨14⟩(ṟu)ṭi nel{l}lāl kaṟi-y-amutu I[ṭa] kaṭav(ē)⟨ṉ⟩ ākavu⟨m⟩

I(v-i)raṇṭu sa(n=)ti pōtu Aiñcu pāk=ku Āka pattu Aṭaikkāy amu⟨tu⟩ ⟨15⟩ pattu Ivaiccuk=ku vēṇṭu veṟṟi(l)lai Amutu Iccu⟨ṭ⟩(ṭa)pa⟨ṭ⟩ṭa I⟨t⟩taṉaiyum A⟨ṉ⟩ṟāṭu kaṇkāṇi-y-oṭu I⟨p⟩paṭi ⟨16⟩ c(e)⟨yy⟩a kaṭavē⟨ṉ⟩ nā⟨ṉ⟩ē

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

kō-p-para-kēsari-panma⟨r⟩kku yā(ṇṭu) (10 4)-Āvatu

vaṭa-ka⟨2⟩rai-(brahma)(tē)yam periya śrī-vāṉavan-mah(ā)devi-catu⟨r⟩vveti-maṅ⟨3⟩kalattu śrī-kōyil{lu} U(ṭai)y(ān) (kā)(śya)¡v!⟨p⟩an ¿(ś)?⟨c⟩(antra-śe)(karan mu)⟨4⟩-v-āyiratt-(ē)ḻu-(ṉū)ṟṟuva-bha(ṭṭa)¡n!⟨ṉ⟩-ēṉ I-śrī-vijaya-maṅkala-deva(r) ⟨5⟩ k(ō)yil śrī-vimāna⟨m⟩ kallā⟨l⟩ Eḻu(nt-a)ruḷḷuvitta kuvaḷālaiya¡mm!⟨m⟩-uṭai⟨6⟩yān Ampalava¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ paḻuvū(r) (nak)kaṉ-ā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a vikrama-cōḻa-mahā-rājar ka⟨r⟩(mmi) (ve)⟨7⟩(ṇṇam)(pi)kku I-(srī)-kōyil kaṇa-(p)-(pe)ru-makkaḷ v(i)ravall(i)-t t(i)ru-n¡(i)!⟨ī⟩la-(kaṇṭa)-(kramavi)⟨8⟩tta⟨ṉ⟩ Iva¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ sabhaiyār kaṇkāṇi-y-āka p(o)¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ n¡i!⟨ī⟩kki piṭi¡ll!⟨l⟩ikai-vāri ¡(k)!⟨g⟩(raha)(ṇa)-saṃkrā(n=ti)-vi⟨9⟩ṣum Uḷḷiṭṭu U⟨c⟩cam-pōtu tiru-nā-nāḻi(yu)m A⟨r⟩¡tth!⟨ddh⟩ayāma⟨m⟩ nā-nāḻi I¿y(u)?⟨p⟩paripārkaḷu⟨m⟩ Eṭṭu(ku)

⟨10⟩ (A)(n)tiyam pōt(u) sa(n=ti)-vi(ḷakku Ē)⟨ṟṟa⟩ (kaṭa)vē¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ (Uḷ) mu(nṟu) san=ti(y)i¿y?⟨l⟩ pōtu Ai⟨ñ⟩cu (viḷa)kk(u) (Ē)⟨ṟ⟩(ṟa ka)(ṭavē)⟨11⟩{(nākavai)}¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ā⟨ka⟩vum

śrī-pa¿ll?⟨l⟩(i pō)tu Iraṇṭu vi(ḷa)kku (Eṟṟa kaṭavē)¡(n)!⟨ṉ⟩ (tiru-v-a)mutukku n(icatam Uḻakku ney) ⟨12⟩ Amutil paṭaikka (ka)⟨ṭa⟩vē¡nn!⟨ṉ⟩ (ākavu)⟨m⟩

(nicata)m Iru-nāḻi Uḻak=ku (vi)[ḷa](k=ku)⟨k⟩k’ eṇṇai Amu(tu)k=ku Uḻak=ku ne¡yi!⟨y⟩y(u)m Ā⟨ka⟩ Iru-nā⟨13⟩(ṟu)ṭi ne¡yi!⟨y⟩ Eṇṇai Ip-pi(ṭi)¡ll!⟨l⟩ikai-vāri ko{(ṇ)}(ṇ)ṭu māṇi [1+] (ra)ṇṭu Iṭṭu paṇi ce¡y!⟨yy⟩a kaṭavē¡nn!⟨ṉ⟩ ākav¿ū?⟨u⟩⟨m⟩

nicatam iru-⟨nā⟩⟨14⟩(ṟu)ṭi nel{l}lāl kaṟi-y-amutu I[ṭa] kaṭav(ē)¡nn!⟨ṉ⟩ ākavu⟨m⟩

I(v-i)raṇṭu sa(n=)ti pōtu Aiñcu pāk=ku Āka pattu Aṭaikkāy amu⟨tu⟩ ⟨15⟩ pattu Ivaiccuk=ku vēṇṭu veṟṟi(l)lai Amutu Iccu⟨ṭ⟩(ṭa)pa⟨ṭ⟩ṭa I⟨t⟩taṉaiyum A¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟāṭu kaṇkāṇi-y-oṭu I⟨p⟩paṭi ⟨16⟩ c(e)¡y!⟨yy⟩a kaṭavē¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ nā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ē

Apparatus

⟨9⟩ Iy(u)paripārkaḷu⟨m⟩ ⬦ Iy paricārakaṉ SII; Iy(u)paripārkaḷu G.

⟨10⟩ san=ti(y)i¿y?⟨l⟩ ⬦ san=tiyil SII; (san)ti(y)iy G.

⟨12⟩ (vi)[ḷa](k=ku)⟨k⟩keṇṇai ⬦ vaḷakkeṇṇe⟨y⟩ SII; (vi)[ḷak]eṇṇai G. — ⟨12⟩ ne¡yi!⟨y⟩y(u)m ⬦ neyyum SII; neyiyam G.

⟨13⟩ ko{(ṇ)}(ṇ)ṭu māṇi [1+] (ra)ṇṭu ⬦ koṇ{ṇa}ṭu māṇi yiraṇṭu SII; ko(ṇṇṭu) māṇi(ra)ṇṭu G.

⟨14⟩ Iṭa ⬦ Iṭak SII; I [1+] G.

⟨15⟩ Aṭaikkāy amu⟨tu⟩ ⟨15⟩ pattu ⬦ Aṭaikkayamu⟨15⟩tu pattu SII; Aṭaikkaya mu⟨15⟩pattu G. — ⟨15⟩ Iccu⟨ṭ⟩(ṭa)pa⟨ṭ⟩ṭa ⬦ Iccuṭṭa(p)pa⟨ṭ⟩ṭa SII; Iccu(ṭṭa)paṭa G. — ⟨15⟩ I⟨t⟩taṉaiyum ⬦ It⟨ta⟩ṉaiyum SII; Itaḷaiyum G. — ⟨15⟩ A¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟāṭu ⬦ Anṟāṭṭu SII; An(ṟā)ṭ(ṭu) G.

Translation

⟨1⟩ Prosperity! Fortune!

⟨1⟩ 14th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

⟨1–9⟩ I, Kāśyapa Candraśekhara Bhaṭṭa, ⟨one among⟩ the three thousand seven hundred (mu-v-āyiratt-ēḻu-ṉūṟṟuva-bhaṭṭaṉ), lord of the shrine (śrī-kōyil-uṭaiyān¹) of big Śrī-Vāṉavan-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgala, a brahmadeya of the northern bank, to Veṇṇampi, the officer (karmmi, that is, kaṉmi) of Vikramacōḻa Mahārāja alias Ampalavam Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ, lord (uṭaiyāṉ) of Kuvaḷālaiyam, who caused to raise (eḻuntaruḷḷuvitta) in stone (kallāl) the holy shrine (śrī-vimānam) in the temple (kōyil) of the god (devar) of this Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam, ⟨it is agreed that⟩ Viravalli Tirunīlakaṇṭa Kramavittaṉ, ⟨one among⟩ the great people (kaṇapperumakkal) of this glorious temple, he (ivan), under the supervision (kaṇkāṇi-y-āka) of the members of the Sabhā (sabhaiyār), after excluding (nīkki) the gold (poṉ), ⟨as⟩ piṭilikaivāri², ⟨will provide⟩, four holy nāḻis at midday time (uccam-pōtu) including ⟨at the time of⟩ eclipses (grahaṇa), saṃkrāntis and viṣus, and four nāḻis at midnight (atthayāma, that is, arddhayāma), ⟨that is,⟩ for this eight ... (I¿y(u)?⟨p⟩paripārkaḷu⟨m⟩³) ⟨the provisions will be as followed⟩.

⟨10–11⟩ I have to light (ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ⁴) one evening lamp for one time in the evening twilight (antiyam); I have to light (ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ) five lamps for three times at the juctures of the days.

⟨11–12⟩ I have to light (ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ) two lamps ⟨for⟩ one time of holy offering (śrī-palli, that is, pali); I have to offer (paṭaikka) one uḻakku of ghee food offering (ney amutil) for holy food offerings.

⟨12–13⟩ I have to do services (pāṇi ceyya kaṭavēṉ) with (koṇṭu) this piṭilikaivāri putting ⟨for⟩ two times two nāḻis (nāṟuṭi, that is, nāḻi?) of ghee and oil at the rate of one uḻakku of ghee for food offering (amutukku) and lamp oil (viḷakkeṇṇai) for one uḻakku and two nāḻis everyday.

⟨13–14⟩ I have to put daily vegetable food offering (kaṟiyamutu) with two nāḻis of paddy.

⟨14–16⟩ ⟨For⟩ the food offering of ten arecanuts (aṭaikkāy), so that there be ⟨āka⟩ five arecanuts (pākku) at the time of the two junctures, ⟨and for⟩ the food offering of betel leaves (veṟṟilai) needed (vēṇṭu) ⟨for⟩ those (ivai) dry ginger (cukku), I, myself, have to do⁵ in that manner (ippaṭi ceyya kaṭavēṉ nāṉē) that much (ittaṉaiyum) designated (iccuṭṭappaṭṭa), daily (aṉṟāṭu), along with the supervisors (kaṇkāṇiyōṭu).

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-29 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/172).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao et al. 1967 (SII 19.358). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This revised edition and translation by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis. Letters legible in SII 19.358 are marked here unclear but not recorded in the apparatus.

Primary

[SII] Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar and G.S. Gai. 1967. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Pages 186–187, item 358.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power: Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha and Uthara Suvrathan. London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. DOI: 10.4324/9781003097709-6. [URL]. Pages 75–76, item 5.

Secondary

ARIE 1928-29. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, 1930. Page TBC, appendixes B/1928-1929, item 172.

Notes

1. That is, in fact, a servant of the temple.
2. A temple officer.
3. Pace Gillet 2023: “for these eight Brahmins (iy⟨u⟩paripārkaḷu eṭṭukku).”
4. Pace Gillet 2023: “ekaṭavēṉ, that is, erikaṭavēn.”
5. That is, provide.

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<summary><p>Upper inscription on the eastern wall section of the southern façade. Regnal year 14 of Kōpparakesarivarman = probably Uttamacōḻa (<foreign>circa</foreign> 985 CE).</p>

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<lb n="1"/><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi>

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vaṭa-ka

<lb n="2" break="no"/>rai-<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>brahma</unclear></hi><unclear>tē</unclear>yam periya <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vāṉavan-<hi rend="grantha">mah</hi><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>ā</unclear></hi><hi rend="grantha">devi-ca</hi>tu<hi rend="grantha"><reg>r</reg>vve</hi>ti-maṅ

<lb n="3" break="no"/>kalattu <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-kōyil<surplus>lu</surplus> U<unclear>ṭai</unclear>y<unclear>ān</unclear> <unclear>kā</unclear><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>śya</unclear></hi><choice><orig>v</orig><reg>p</reg></choice>an <hi rend="grantha"><choice><sic><unclear>ś</unclear></sic><corr>c</corr></choice><unclear>antra-śe</unclear></hi><unclear>karan mu</unclear>

<lb n="4" break="no"/>-v-āyiratt-<unclear>ē</unclear>ḻu-<unclear>ṉū</unclear>ṟṟuva-<hi rend="grantha">bha</hi><unclear>ṭṭa</unclear><choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>-ēṉ I-<hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vi<hi rend="grantha">ja</hi>ya-maṅkala-<hi rend="grantha">de</hi>va<unclear>r</unclear>

<lb n="5"/>k<unclear>ō</unclear>yil <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vimāna<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied> kallā<supplied reason="omitted">l</supplied> Eḻu<unclear>nt-a</unclear>ruḷḷuvitta kuvaḷālaiya<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice>-uṭai

<lb n="6" break="no"/>yān Ampalava<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> paḻuvū<unclear>r</unclear> <unclear>nak</unclear>kaṉ-ā<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>a vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>-cōḻa-<hi rend="grantha">mahā</hi>-rā<hi rend="grantha">ja</hi>r ka<reg>r</reg><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>mmi</unclear></hi> <unclear>ve</unclear>

<lb n="7" break="no"/><unclear>ṇṇam</unclear><unclear>pi</unclear>kku I-<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>srī</unclear></hi>-kōyil kaṇa-<unclear>p</unclear>-<unclear>pe</unclear>ru-makkaḷ v<unclear>i</unclear>ravall<unclear>i</unclear>-t t<unclear>i</unclear>ru-n<choice><orig><unclear>i</unclear></orig><reg>ī</reg></choice>la-<unclear>kaṇṭa</unclear>-<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>kramavi</unclear></hi>

<lb n="8" break="no"/>tta<supplied reason="omitted">ṉ</supplied> Iva<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> <hi rend="grantha">sabhai</hi>yār kaṇkāṇi-y-āka p<unclear>o</unclear><choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> n<choice><orig>i</orig><reg>ī</reg></choice>kki piṭi<choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>ikai-vāri <hi rend="grantha"><choice><orig><unclear>k</unclear></orig><reg>g</reg></choice><unclear>raha</unclear></hi><unclear>ṇa</unclear>-<hi rend="grantha">saṃkrā</hi><unclear>n=ti</unclear>-vi

<lb n="9" break="no"/><hi rend="grantha">ṣu</hi>m Uḷḷiṭṭu U<supplied reason="omitted">c</supplied>cam-pōtu tiru-nā-nāḻi<unclear>yu</unclear>m A<hi rend="grantha"><reg>r</reg><choice><orig>tth</orig><reg>ddh</reg></choice>a</hi>yāma<supplied reason="subaudible">m</supplied> nā-nāḻi I<choice><sic>y<unclear>u</unclear></sic><corr>p</corr></choice><seg rend="check">paripārkaḷu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied></seg> Eṭṭu<unclear>ku</unclear>

</p>

<p>

<lb n="10"/><unclear>A</unclear><unclear>n</unclear>tiyam pōt<unclear>u</unclear> <hi rend="grantha">sa</hi><unclear>n=ti</unclear>-vi<unclear>ḷakku Ē</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">ṟṟa</supplied> <unclear>kaṭa</unclear>vē<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> <unclear>Uḷ</unclear> mu<unclear>nṟu</unclear> <hi rend="grantha">sa</hi>n=ti<unclear>y</unclear>i<choice><sic>y</sic><corr>l</corr></choice> pōtu Ai<supplied reason="omitted">ñ</supplied>cu <unclear>viḷa</unclear>kk<unclear>u</unclear> <unclear>Ē</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">ṟ</supplied><unclear>ṟa ka</unclear><unclear>ṭavē</unclear>

<lb n="11" break="no"/><surplus><unclear>nākavai</unclear></surplus><choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> ā<supplied reason="omitted">ka</supplied>vum

</p>

<p>

<hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-pa<choice><sic>ll</sic><corr>l</corr></choice><unclear>i pō</unclear>tu Iraṇṭu vi<unclear>ḷa</unclear>kku <unclear>Eṟṟa kaṭavē</unclear><choice><orig><unclear>n</unclear></orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>

<unclear>tiru-v-a</unclear>mutukku n<unclear>icatam Uḻakku ney</unclear>

<lb n="12"/>Amutil paṭaikka <unclear>ka</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">ṭa</supplied>vē<choice><orig>nn</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> <unclear>ākavu</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied>

</p>

<p>

<unclear>nicata</unclear>m Iru-nāḻi Uḻak=ku <unclear>vi</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ḷa</supplied><unclear>k=ku</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied>k' eṇṇai Amu<unclear>tu</unclear>k=ku Uḻak=ku ne<choice><orig>yi</orig><reg>y</reg></choice>y<unclear>u</unclear>m Ā<supplied reason="omitted">ka</supplied> Iru-nā

<lb n="13" break="no"/><unclear>ṟu</unclear>ṭi ne<choice><orig>yi</orig><reg>y</reg></choice> Eṇṇai Ip-pi<unclear>ṭi</unclear><choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>ikai-vāri ko<surplus><unclear>ṇ</unclear></surplus><unclear>ṇ</unclear>ṭu māṇi <gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear>ra</unclear>ṇṭu Iṭṭu paṇi ce<choice><orig>y</orig><reg>yy</reg></choice>a kaṭavē<choice><orig>nn</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> ākav<choice><sic>ū</sic><corr>u</corr></choice><supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied>

</p>

<p>

nicatam iru-<supplied reason="omitted">nā</supplied>

<lb n="14" break="no"/><unclear>ṟu</unclear>ṭi nel<surplus>l</surplus>lāl kaṟi-y-amutu I<supplied reason="lost">ṭa</supplied> kaṭav<unclear>ē</unclear><choice><orig>nn</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> ākavu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied>

</p>

<p>

I<unclear>v-i</unclear>raṇṭu <hi rend="grantha">sa</hi><unclear>n=</unclear>ti pōtu Aiñcu pāk=ku Āka pattu Aṭaikkāy amu<supplied reason="subaudible">tu</supplied>

<lb n="15"/>pattu Ivaiccuk=ku vēṇṭu veṟṟi<unclear>l</unclear>lai Amutu Iccu<supplied reason="omitted">ṭ</supplied><unclear>ṭa</unclear>pa<supplied reason="omitted">ṭ</supplied>ṭa I<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>taṉaiyum A<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>ṟāṭu kaṇkāṇi-y-oṭu I<supplied reason="omitted">p</supplied>paṭi

<lb n="16"/>c<unclear>e</unclear><choice><orig>y</orig><reg>yy</reg></choice>a kaṭavē<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> nā<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>ē

</p>

</div>

<!--<app loc="0">

</app>-->

<lem>Iy<unclear>u</unclear>paripārkaḷu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied></lem>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">Iy pari<hi rend="bold">cā</hi>rakaṉ</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01">Iy<unclear>u</unclear>paripārkaḷu</rdg>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01"><hi rend="grantha">sa</hi>n=tiyil</rdg>

</app>

<lem><unclear>vi</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ḷa</supplied><unclear>k=ku</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied>keṇṇai</lem>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">vaḷakkeṇṇe<supplied reason="omitted">y</supplied></rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01"><unclear>vi</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ḷak</supplied>eṇṇai</rdg>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">neyyum</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01">neyiyam</rdg>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">koṇ<surplus>ṇa</surplus>ṭu māṇi yiraṇṭu</rdg>

</app>

</app>

<lem>Aṭaikkāy amu<supplied reason="subaudible">tu</supplied><lb n="15"/>pattu</lem>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">Aṭaikkayamu<lb n="15" break="no"/>tu pattu</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01">Aṭaikkaya mu<lb n="15" break="no"/>pattu</rdg>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">Iccuṭṭa<unclear>p</unclear>pa<supplied reason="omitted">ṭ</supplied>ṭa</rdg>

</app>

<lem>I<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>taṉaiyum</lem>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01">It<supplied reason="omitted">ta</supplied>ṉaiyum</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01">Itaḷaiyum</rdg>

</app>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

Prosperity! Fortune!

</p>

14th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

</p>

I, Kāśyapa Candraśekhara Bhaṭṭa, <supplied reason="subaudible">one among</supplied> the three thousand seven hundred <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mu-v-āyiratt-ēḻu-ṉūṟṟuva-bhaṭṭaṉ</foreign></supplied>, lord of the shrine <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī-kōyil-uṭaiyān</foreign><note>That is, in fact, a servant of the temple.</note></supplied> of big Śrī-Vāṉavan-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgala, a <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> of the northern bank,

to Veṇṇampi, the officer <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>karmmi</foreign>, that is, <foreign>kaṉmi</foreign></supplied> of Vikramacōḻa Mahārāja alias Ampalavam Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ, lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uṭaiyāṉ</foreign></supplied> of Kuvaḷālaiyam, who caused to raise <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>eḻuntaruḷḷuvitta</foreign></supplied> in stone <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kallāl</foreign></supplied> the holy shrine <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī-vimānam</foreign></supplied> in the temple <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kōyil</foreign></supplied> of the god <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>devar</foreign></supplied> of this Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam,

<supplied reason="subaudible">it is agreed that</supplied>

Viravalli Tirunīlakaṇṭa Kramavittaṉ, <supplied reason="subaudible">one among</supplied> the great people <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṇapperumakkal</foreign></supplied> of this glorious temple,

he <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ivan</foreign></supplied>,

under the supervision <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṇkāṇi-y-āka</foreign></supplied> of the members of the Sabhā <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>sabhaiyār</foreign></supplied>,

after excluding <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nīkki</foreign></supplied> the gold <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>poṉ</foreign></supplied>,

<supplied reason="subaudible">as</supplied> <foreign>piṭilikaivāri</foreign><note>A temple officer.</note>,

<supplied reason="subaudible">will provide</supplied>,

four holy <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s at midday time <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uccam-pōtu</foreign></supplied> including <supplied reason="subaudible">at the time of</supplied> eclipses <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>grahaṇa</foreign></supplied>, <foreign>saṃkrānti</foreign>s and <foreign>viṣu</foreign>s,

and

four <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s at midnight <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>atthayāma</foreign>, that is, <foreign>arddhayāma</foreign></supplied>,

<supplied reason="subaudible">that is,</supplied> for this eight ... <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>I<choice><sic>y<unclear>u</unclear></sic><corr>p</corr></choice><seg rend="check">paripārkaḷu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied></seg></foreign><note><hi rend="italic">Pace</hi> <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>: <quote>for these eight Brahmins <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iy</foreign><supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>u</foreign></supplied><foreign>paripārkaḷu eṭṭukku</foreign></supplied>.</quote></note></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">the provisions will be as followed</supplied>.

</p>

I have to light <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ</foreign><note><hi rend="italic">Pace</hi> <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>: <quote><foreign>ekaṭavēṉ</foreign>, that is, <foreign>erikaṭavēn</foreign>.</quote></note></supplied> one evening lamp for one time in the evening twilight <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>antiyam</foreign></supplied>;

I have to light <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ</foreign></supplied> five lamps for three times at the juctures of the days.

</p>

I have to light <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ēṟṟa kaṭavēṉ</foreign></supplied> two lamps <supplied reason="subaudible">for</supplied> one time of holy offering <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī-palli</foreign>, that is, <foreign>pali</foreign></supplied>;

I have to offer <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṭaikka</foreign></supplied> one <foreign>uḻakku</foreign> of ghee food offering <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ney amutil</foreign></supplied> for holy food offerings.

</p>

I have to do services <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pāṇi ceyya kaṭavēṉ</foreign></supplied>

with <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>koṇṭu</foreign></supplied> this <foreign>piṭilikaivāri</foreign>

putting <supplied reason="subaudible">for</supplied> two times two <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nāṟuṭi</foreign>, that is, <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>?</supplied> of <foreign>ghee</foreign> and oil at the rate of one <foreign>uḻakku</foreign> of <foreign>ghee</foreign> for food offering <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>amutukku</foreign></supplied> and lamp oil <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>viḷakkeṇṇai</foreign></supplied> for one <foreign>uḻakku</foreign> and two <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s everyday.

</p>

I have to put daily vegetable food offering <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṟiyamutu</foreign></supplied> with two <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s of paddy.

</p>

the food offering of ten arecanuts <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṭaikkāy</foreign></supplied>,

so that there be <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>āka</foreign></supplied> five arecanuts <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pākku</foreign></supplied> at the time of the two junctures,

the food offering of betel leaves <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>veṟṟilai</foreign></supplied> needed <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vēṇṭu</foreign></supplied>

<seg rend="check"><supplied reason="subaudible">for</supplied> those <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ivai</foreign></supplied> dry ginger <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cukku</foreign></supplied></seg>,

I, myself, have to do<note>That is, provide.</note> in that manner <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ippaṭi ceyya kaṭavēṉ nāṉē</foreign></supplied>

that much <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ittaṉaiyum</foreign></supplied>

designated <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iccuṭṭappaṭṭa</foreign></supplied>,

daily <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṉṟāṭu</foreign></supplied>, along with the supervisors <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṇkāṇiyōṭu</foreign></supplied>.

</p>

</div>

<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1928-1929"/></bibl> (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/172).</p>

<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv19p0i0358">SII 19.358</ref>). Edited and translated in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>, based on autopsy and photographs (<ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/****">by Valérie Gillet, 2018</ref>).</p>

<p>This revised edition and translation by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis. Letters legible in SII 19.358 are marked here unclear but not recorded in the apparatus.</p>

</bibl>

</bibl>

</listBibl>

<bibl>

</bibl>

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>