Junagadh Rock Inscription 2 of the Time of Skandagupta

Author of digital edition: Dániel Balogh (daba).

Language: Sanskrit (san) [Southern Brāhmī (unspecified) (brāhmī_southern_unspecified)].

Repository: SIDDHAM (siddham).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSSiddham00033.

File path: XML-Provisional/DHARMA_INSSiddham00033.xml.

Version: 2026-09-16 10:40 (3083d2d), last modified 2026-09-16 09:24 (c200993).

Edition

⟨1⟩ dr̥pt-āri-darpa-praṇudaḥ pr̥thu-śriyaḥ sva-va¿ṅ?śa-ketoḥ sakal-āvanī-pateḥ| rājādhirājy-ādbhuta-puṇya-(karmaṇaḥ) [⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏑⏓] [||] [⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] dvīpasya goptā mahatāṁ ca netā daṇḍa-(dvi?) [–] nāṁ
⟨2⟩ dviṣatāṁ damāya| tasyātmajenātma-guṇānvitena govinda-pādārpita-jīvitena| [⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [⏓–⏑––⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–] gdhaṁ viṣṇoś ca pāda-kamale samavāpya tatra| Artha-vyayena
⟨3⟩ mahatā mahatā ca kālen ātma-prabhāva-nata-paura-janena tena| cakraṁ bibharti ripu [–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] tasya sva-taṁtra-vidhi-kāraṇa-mānuṣaṣya|
⟨4⟩ kāritam avakra-matinā cakrabhr̥taḥ cakrapālitena gr̥haṁ| varṣa-śate ṣṭātriṁśe guptānāṁ kāla [****] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [–] (ā)rtham utthitam ivorjayato calasya
⟨5⟩ kurvat prabhutvam iva bhāti purasya mūrdhni|| anyac ca mūrddhani su [–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓] [––⏑–⏑⏑⏑]
⟨6⟩ ruddha-vihaṁga-mārgaṁ vibhrājate [⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏑–⏑–⏓]

Bibliography

First reported in Prinsep 1838. See INSSiddham00032 for further references, as the two inscriptions were viewed as one by most scholars.

Originally encoded for Siddham in the project Beyond Boundaries (Grant Agreement No. 609823) by Dániel Balogh (2019, № IN00033). Encoding updated to DHARMA conventions by Dániel Balogh.

Secondary

Fleet, John Faithfull. 1888. Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors. First edition. Vol. 3. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. Item 14.

Bhandarkar, Devadatta Ramakrishna, Bahadur Chand Chhabra & Govind Swamirao Gai. 1981. Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings. Corpus inscriptionum indicarum 3, revised edition. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India. Item 28.

Bhandarkar, Devadatta Ramakrishna. 1927–1936. A list of the inscriptions of northern India in Brahmi and its derivative scripts, from about 200 A. C.: Appendix to Epigraphia Indica and record of the Archaeological Survey of India, volumes XIX to XXIII. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India. [URL]. Item 1276.

Sircar, Dines Chandra. 1965. Select inscriptions bearing on Indian history and civilization. Volume I: from the sixth century B.C. to the sixth century A.D. 2nd edition revised and enlarged. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. Book III, item 25.

Agrawala, Prithvi Kumar. 1983. Imperial Gupta Epigraphs (गुप्ताधिराजलेखमण्डल). Ancient Indian Epigraphical Sources (प्रत्नाभिलेखसंहिता) 10, pt. 1 / 2. Varanasi: Books Asia, Distributed by Prithvi Prakashan. Item 32.

Goyal, Śrīrām. 1993. गुप्तकालीन अभिलेख/Guptakālīna Abhilekha (Inscriptions of the Gupta Age). Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Prakashan. Items 248-251.

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<lg n="1" met="vaṁśamālā"><!--

Bhandarkar notes that the metre is faulty in the first and third pādas, where the first syllable should be short. I disagree and see the stanza as a 12-syllable (jagatī-type) upajāti (for which I use the name vaṁśamālā) rather than a vaṁśastha. (Agrawala simply lists it as an upajāti, which is a bit misleading since one would think of triṣṭubh upajāti, but his consideration is probably the same as mine.)

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<l n="a"><lb n="1"/>dr̥pt-āri-darpa-praṇudaḥ pr̥thu-śriyaḥ</l>

<l n="b">sva-va<sic>ṅ</sic>śa-ketoḥ sakal-āvanī-pateḥ|</l>

<l n="c">rājādhirājy-ādbhuta-puṇya-<unclear>karmaṇaḥ</unclear></l>

<l n="d"><seg met="=+-++--+-+-="><gap reason="illegible" quantity="12" unit="character"/></seg> <supplied reason="lost">||</supplied></l>

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<l n="c">dvīpasya goptā mahatāṁ ca netā</l>

<l n="d">daṇḍa-<unclear cert="low">dvi</unclear> <seg met="+"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/></seg> nāṁ <lb n="2"/>dviṣatāṁ damāya|</l>

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<l n="a">tasyātmajenātma-guṇānvitena</l>

<l n="b">govinda-pādārpita-jīvitena|</l>

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<l n="a"><seg met="++-+---+--+-+"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="13" unit="character"/></seg> gdhaṁ</l>

<l n="b">viṣṇoś ca pāda-kamale samavāpya tatra|</l>

<l n="c">Artha-vyayena <lb n="3"/>mahatā mahatā ca kālen</l><!--

Note the vowel saṁdhi between pādas c and d - not quite sure if and how this should be marked up.

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<l n="d">ātma-prabhāva-nata-paura-janena tena|<!--

Note alternative segmentation as ātma-prabhā*avanata

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<l n="a">cakraṁ bibharti ripu <seg met="+--+-+="><gap reason="illegible" quantity="7" unit="character"/></seg></l>

<l n="d">tasya sva-taṁtra-vidhi-kāraṇa-mānuṣaṣya|</l>

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<l n="ab"><lb n="4"/>kāritam avakra-matinā cakrabhr̥taḥ cakrapālitena gr̥haṁ|</l>

<l n="cd">varṣa-śate ṣṭātriṁśe guptānāṁ kāla <gap reason="illegible" precision="low" quantity="4" unit="character"/><!--

The stanza may in fact be a gīti rather than āryā, which is probably why Agrawala puts a query next to the metre name. Bhandarkar just marks it up as āryā. The length of the lacuna is my estimate based on the assumption that it's āryā (and on the fact that Bhandarkar prints 8 dots for it). The actual physical extent of the damage may be a clue to whether we have an āryā or a gīti here. Sircar conjectures krama-gaṇite for the lacuna, which seems unmetrical to me unless we go by the assumption that kr does not count as a double consonant. Bühler 1891:222 suggests restoring vigaṇanayā.

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<l n="c"><seg met="+"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/></seg> <unclear>ā</unclear>rtham utthitam ivorjayato calasya<!--

Bhandarkar offers no conjecture for the beginning of this pāda and reads (a) as the first vowel. Agrawala proposes spardhārtham and cites Sircar as proposing sārthartham, which seems unlikely.

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<l n="d"><lb n="5"/>kurvat prabhutvam iva bhāti purasya mūrdhni||</l>

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<l n="a">anyac ca mūrddhani su <seg met="+--+-+="><gap reason="illegible" quantity="7" unit="character"/></seg></l>

<l n="c"><seg met="++-+---"><gap reason="illegible" quantity="7" unit="character"/></seg> <lb n="6"/>ruddha-vihaṁga-mārgaṁ</l>

<l n="d">vibhrājate <seg met="---+--+-+="><gap reason="illegible" quantity="10" unit="character"/></seg> </l>

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<p>First reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Prinsep1838_02"/></bibl>. See <ref target="DHARMA_INSSiddham00032.xml">INSSiddham00032</ref> for further references, as the two inscriptions were viewed as one by most scholars.</p>

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