Wuru Tunggal (833 Śaka)

Editor: Arlo Griffiths.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKWuruTunggal.

Language: Old Javanese.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-10-30 00:40 (b42d535), last modified 2024-08-16 05:05 (abc3b82).

Edition

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⟨Page 1r⟩

⟨1r1⟩ śaka 833 phālgu¡ṇ!⟨n⟩a-māsa dvitīyă kr̥ṣṇa-pakṣa, ma, ⟨1r2⟩ va‚ Ā, vāra‚ kālani ḍaṁ navī sumahur hutaṁ saṁ bapa I mpu guru ⟨1r3⟩ ḍayā‚ panahurnya mas· su 16 mā 10 ku 2 ha 5 tumaṅga⟨1r4⟩pp ikaṁ mas· pu latī bapani bayal anag vanva I vuru tuṅgal· ⟨1r5⟩ tutuganniṁ taṇḍa muAṁ pu vijaḥ bapani bhūmi Anag vanva I vuru tu⟨1r6⟩ṅgal·‚ śuddha hutaṁni ḍaṁ navĭ I mpu guru ḍayā,

tatra sākṣī saṁ tgu⟨1r7⟩hān anag vanva I pilaṁ vatak paṅgil hyaṁ‚ saṁ ta[2×] Anag va⟨Page 1v⟩⟨1v1⟩nva I valaka¡ś!⟨s⟩ vatak valakas saṁ bhāskara Anag vanva I valeṁ ⟨1v2⟩ vatak valeṁ‚ saṁ pakambaṅan· Anag vanva I taṅga vatak hino ⟨1v3⟩ saṁ ra tira Anag vanva I limo vatak pagar vsi‚ likhitapātra ⟨1v4⟩ rake pilaṁ

Apparatus

⟨1r2⟩ ḍaṁ navī ? ⬦ banavī B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, p. 176.

⟨1r3⟩ ḍayā ? ⬦ dhayā B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, p. 365.

⟨1r6⟩ ḍaṁ navĭ ? ⬦ banavī B • I adopt the reading (with short i!) recorded by Damais 1970, p. 176. — ⟨1r6⟩ ḍayā ? ⬦ dhayā B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, p. 365. — ⟨1r6⟩ tgu⟨1r7⟩hān ? ⬦ tguhhan B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, p. 455.

⟨1r7⟩ ta[2×] ? ⬦ [ca. 2×] B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, p. 669.

⟨1v3⟩ saṁ ra tira ? ⬦ saṁ ratiraṁ B • I adopt the reading recorded by Damais 1970, pp. 404, 727.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths

(1r1–6) Śaka 833, month of Phālguna, second (tithi) of the waning fortnight, Mavulu, Vagai‚ Sunday. [That] was the time that ḍaṅ Navī repaid the debt of his/her father (bapa)¹ to Master (mpu guru) Ḍayā. The repayment for it was 16 suvarṇa, 10 māṣa, 2 kupaṅ, and 5 hatak. Pu Latī, father of Bayal, resident of the village of Vuru Tuṅgal, tutuganniṅ taṇḍa,² together with pu Vijah, father of Bhūmi, (also) resident of the village of Vuru Tuṅgal, received the gold. The debt of ḍaṅ Navī to Master Ḍayā was cleared (śuddha).

(1r6–1v3) The witnesses to it were: saṅ Təguhan, resident of the village of Pilaṅ, vatak of Paṅgil Hyaṅ; saṅ Ta[…], resident of the village of Valakas, vatak of Valakas; saṅ Bhāskara, resident of the village of Valaiṅ, vatak of Valaiṅ;³ saṅ Pakambaṅan, resident of the village of Taṅga, vatak of Hino; saṅ Ra Tira, resident of the village of Limo, vatak of Pagar Vəsi.⁴ The document was written by the Lord of Pilaṅ.

Bibliography

First edited by J. L. A. Brandes 1913, apparently based on autopsy of the plate; readings of small segments of text containing proper names and toponyms by L.-Ch. Damais (1970) based on a mediocre eye-copy that he had been able to consult at the Archaeological Service; reproduction of Brandes’ edition, to which is added a translation into English, by H. B. Sarkar (1971–1972). The text is re-edited by Arlo Griffiths without inspection of any reproduction, taking Brandes’ edition as base-text, with reinterpretation of the transliteration system and adoption of new readings proposed by Damais.

Primary

[B] Brandes, Jan Laurens Andries and Nicolaas Johannes Krom. 1913. Oud-Javaansche Oorkonden: Nagelaten transcripties. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 60 (parts 1 and 2). Batavia; 's-Hage: Albrecht; Nijhoff. [URL]. Page 262, item CXXX.

[S] Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1971–1972. Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus inscriptionum Javanicarum), up to 928 A. D. 2 vols. Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyay. Volume 2, pages 135–137, item 81.

Secondary

NBG 1896. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel XXXIV — 1896. Batavia: Albrecht & Co., 1897. Page 53, item 3.

ROD 1915. Rapporten van den Oudheidkundigen Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië 1915: Inventaris der Hindoe-oudheden op den grondslag van Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek's Oudheden van Java samengesteld op het Oudheidkundig Bureau — Tweede deel. Edited by Frederik David Kan Bosch. Weltevreden; 's Gravenhage: Albrecht; Nijhoff, 1918. Page 5.

Bosch, Frederik David Kan. 1926. “Oudheden in particulier bezit: De voormalige collectie Dieduksman.” OV (Bijlage C), pp. 61–76. Page 65.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 50–51, part A, item 91.

[D] Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Pages 49–50.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1964. “Études sino-indonésiennes, III: La transcription chinoise 訶陵 Ho-ling comme désignation de Java.” BEFEO 52, pp. 93–141. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1964.1591. [URL]. Page 123.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1970. Répertoire onomastique de l'épigraphie javanaise (jusqu'à Pu Siṇḍok Śrī Īśānawikrama Dharmmotuṅgadewa): Étude d'épigraphie indonésienne. Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 66. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. Page 52, item 149.

Nakada, Kōzō. 1982. An inventory of the dated inscriptions in Java. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 40. Tokyo: Toyo Bunko. Pages 96–97, part 1, item 105.

Wisseman Christie, Jan. 2009. “Preliminary notes on debt and credit in early Island Southeast Asia.” In: Credit and debt in Indonesia, 860-1930: from peonage to pawnshop, from kongsi to cooperative. Edited by David Henley and Peter Boomgaard. Singapore; Leiden: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies; KITLV Press, pp. 41–60. Page 45.

Wisseman Christie, Jan. 2009. “Appendix: references to debt and debt bondage in the epigraphic record from early Island Southeast Asia.” In: Credit and debt in Indonesia, 860-1930: from peonage to pawnshop, from kongsi to cooperative. Edited by David Henley and Peter Boomgaard. Singapore; Leiden: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies; KITLV Press, pp. 178–190. Page 180.

Notes

1. The use of bapa instead of the common rāma to denote father throughout this charter is peculiar. See also 1r4, 1r5.
2. On the expression tutuganniṅ taṇḍa, see Griffiths [2023] 2021–2022, pp. 198–199, n. 139. The translation “who signed [the document]” offered by Wisseman Christie 2009, p. 180, connecting the expression to the name of a person, is unlikely to be correct, as the expression is normally associated with toponyms.
3. The toponym here spelt valeṁ is obviously the same as the Valaiṅ found in several other Central Javanese inscriptions. See the elaborate discussion in Damais 1964, pp. 121–126 and Griffiths 2011. It is also mentioned in other inscriptions in the Daksa corpus, viz. in Wintang Mas and Tulang Er, though in the latter it figures in the spelling baleṁ.
4. Pagar Vəsi already appears as the name a vatak since 798 Śaka (Jurungan) and the last occurrence is in 841 Śaka (Lintakan). From this list, we can reconstitute some villages that belong to Pagar Vəsi. Those are Juruṅan (Jurungan 1v2, Lintakan 1r12), Kalaṅkyaṅ (Kayu Ara Hiwang A17), Kukap (Rongkab 1r5), Watu-watu (Kasugihan 1r3), Limo (Wuru Tunggal 1v3), Kahuripan (Lintakan 2r3) and Pakalaṅkyaṅan (Panggumulan 2v1, Lintakan 3r8). Here, the last village mentioned seems to refer to the same place as the which is mentioned in the Kayu Ara Hiwang inscription as Kalaṅkyaṅ. For cross reference to this toponym, see the note for 1.23 in Taji Gunung.

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This is an original single copper plate which is engraved on its both sides. Seven lines stand on the <foreign>recto, </foreign>four lines on the <foreign>verso</foreign>, bringing the total lines to eleven. The provenance of this plate is unidentified, yet it might come from the Yogyakarta area since it was J.A. Dieduksman, a Dutch official who was residing in Jogja, who donated this plate to BG and asked Brandes to decipher it. Its current whereabouts is unknown, possibly it has been lost. A facsimile of this plate is said to be kept in the Puslit Arkenas, which nowadays is reorganized as Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN). Alas, it is in a poor condition according to Damais. The measurements of this plate have never been recorded anywhere.

NBG 1896: 53, Brandes 1913: 37 (no. XXIX).

Damais 1952: 51, n.8 (no. A. 91), Damais 1955: 49, n.3.

The first edition of this plate was made by Brandes which later was published in OJO (1913). Later, it was re-edited by Sarkar (1971–72, vol. II) in which he provided the first translation in English. Wisseman Christie in her 1996 article provided a partial English translation which she declared is a bit different from what Sarkar had provided. Edhie Wurjantoro (2018) published the Indonesian translation as well as the transcription without mentioning which edition he uses. Recently, the inscription has been restudied by Arlo Griffiths as part of the DHARMA project using Brandes' transcription as well as Damais’ readings that can be inferred from citations of passages in his onomastic repertory (1970). The edition presented here is solely based on Griffiths’ reading, complemented with comments by Tyassanti Kusumo Dewanti.

Brandes 1913: 36 (no. XXIX).

Sarkar 1971–72, vol. II: 135–37 (no. LXXXI).

Wisseman Christie 1996: 282, appendix 6.

Edhie Wurjantoro 2018: 243–44.

Apart from the studies made for establishing a reading, this charter is also integrated in the inventories compiled by Damais (1952) and Nakada (1982). The study of the date was carried out by Damais (1955), resulting in the CE date 8 March 912.

Damais 1952: 50–51 (no. A. 91), Nakada 1982: 96–97 (no. I. 105).

Damais 1955: 49–50.

This charter records a clearance of a debt made by the father of <foreign>ḍaṅ </foreign>Navi to Master (<foreign>mpu guru</foreign>)<foreign> </foreign>Daya.

-->

<pb n="1r"/><p><lb n="1r1"/>śaka <num value="833">833</num> phālgu<choice><orig>ṇ</orig><reg>n</reg></choice>a-māsa dvitīyă kr̥ṣṇa-pakṣa, <abbr>ma</abbr>,

<lb n="1r2"/><abbr>va</abbr>‚ <abbr>Ā</abbr>, vāra‚ kālani ḍaṁ navī sumahur hutaṁ saṁ bapa I mpu guru

<lb n="1r3"/>ḍayā‚ panahurnya mas· <abbr>su</abbr> <num value="16">16</num> <abbr>mā</abbr> <num value="10">10</num> <abbr>ku</abbr> <num value="2">2</num> <abbr>ha</abbr> <num value="5">5</num> tumaṅga<lb n="1r4" break="no"/>pp ikaṁ mas· pu latī bapani bayal anag vanva I vuru tuṅgal·

<lb n="1r5"/>tutuganniṁ taṇḍa muAṁ pu vijaḥ bapani bhūmi Anag vanva I vuru tu<lb n="1r6" break="no"/>ṅgal·‚ śuddha hutaṁni ḍaṁ navĭ I mpu guru ḍayā,</p> <p>tatra sākṣī saṁ tgu<lb n="1r7" break="no"/>hān anag vanva I pilaṁ vatak paṅgil hyaṁ‚ saṁ ta<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/> Anag va<pb n="1v" break="no"/><lb n="1v1" break="no"/>nva I valaka<choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice> vatak valakas saṁ bhāskara Anag vanva I valeṁ

<lb n="1v2"/>vatak valeṁ‚ saṁ pakambaṅan· Anag vanva I taṅga vatak hino

<lb n="1v3"/>saṁ ra tira Anag vanva I limo vatak pagar vsi‚ likhitapātra

<lb n="1v4"/>rake pilaṁ</p>

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<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">banavī</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">176</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">dhayā</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">365</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">banavī</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading (with short <foreign>i</foreign>!) recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">176</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">dhayā</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">365</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">tguhhan</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">455</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">669</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Brandes1913_01">saṁ ratiraṁ</rdg>

<note>I adopt the reading recorded by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/><citedRange unit="page">404, 727</citedRange></bibl>.</note>

</app>

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<p n="1r1-6">Śaka 833, month of Phālguna, second <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tithi</foreign></supplied> of the waning fortnight, Mavulu, Vagai‚ Sunday. <supplied reason="subaudible">That</supplied> was the time that <foreign>ḍaṅ</foreign> Navī repaid the debt of his/her father <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bapa</foreign></supplied><note>The use of <foreign>bapa </foreign>instead of the common <foreign>rāma</foreign> to denote <abbr>father</abbr> throughout this charter is peculiar. See also 1r4, 1r5.</note> to Master <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mpu guru</foreign></supplied> Ḍayā. The repayment for it was 16 <foreign>suvarṇa</foreign>, 10 <foreign>māṣa</foreign>, 2 <foreign>kupaṅ</foreign>, and 5 <foreign>hatak</foreign>. <foreign>Pu</foreign> Latī, father of Bayal, resident of the village of Vuru Tuṅgal, <foreign>tutuganniṅ taṇḍa</foreign>,<note>On the expression <foreign>tutuganniṅ taṇḍa</foreign>, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2021-2022_01"/><citedRange unit="page">198-199</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">139</citedRange></bibl>. The translation <q>who signed <supplied reason="subaudible">the document</supplied></q> offered by <bibl><ptr target="bib:WissemanChristie2009_02"/><citedRange unit="page">180</citedRange></bibl>, connecting the expression to the name of a person, is unlikely to be correct, as the expression is normally associated with toponyms.</note> together with <foreign>pu</foreign> Vijah, father of Bhūmi, <supplied reason="explanation">also</supplied> resident of the village of Vuru Tuṅgal, received the gold. The debt of <foreign>ḍaṅ</foreign> Navī to Master Ḍayā was cleared <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śuddha</foreign></supplied>.</p>

<p n="1r6-1v3">The witnesses to it were: <foreign>saṅ</foreign> Təguhan, resident of the village of Pilaṅ, <foreign>vatak</foreign> of Paṅgil Hyaṅ; <foreign>saṅ</foreign> Ta<gap reason="lost"/>, resident of the village of Valakas, <foreign>vatak</foreign> of Valakas; <foreign>saṅ</foreign> Bhāskara, resident of the village of Valaiṅ, <foreign>vatak</foreign> of Valaiṅ;<note>The toponym here spelt <foreign>valeṁ</foreign> is obviously the same as the Valaiṅ found in several other Central Javanese inscriptions. See the elaborate discussion in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1964_01"/><citedRange>121-126</citedRange></bibl> and <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2011_02"/></bibl>. It is also mentioned in other inscriptions in the Daksa corpus, viz. in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKWintangMas">Wintang Mas</ref> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKTulangEr">Tulang Er</ref>, though in the latter it figures in the spelling <foreign>baleṁ</foreign>.</note> <foreign>saṅ</foreign> Pakambaṅan, resident of the village of Taṅga, <foreign>vatak</foreign> of Hino; <foreign>saṅ</foreign> Ra Tira, resident of the village of Limo, <foreign>vatak</foreign> of Pagar Vəsi.<note>Pagar Vəsi already appears as the name a <foreign>vatak</foreign> since 798 Śaka (<ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKJurungan">Jurungan</ref>) and the last occurrence is in 841 Śaka (<ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKLintakan">Lintakan</ref>). <seg rend="check">From this list, we can reconstitute some villages that belong to Pagar Vəsi. Those are Juruṅan (Jurungan 1v2, Lintakan 1r12), Kalaṅkyaṅ (Kayu Ara Hiwang A17), Kukap (Rongkab 1r5), Watu-watu (Kasugihan 1r3), Limo (Wuru Tunggal 1v3), Kahuripan (Lintakan 2r3) and Pakalaṅkyaṅan (Panggumulan 2v1, Lintakan 3r8). Here, the last village mentioned seems to refer to the same place as the which is mentioned in the Kayu Ara Hiwang inscription as Kalaṅkyaṅ. For cross reference to this toponym, see the note for 1.23 in Taji Gunung.</seg></note> The document was written by the Lord of Pilaṅ.</p>

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De Casparis, loc. cit. wrongly claims that the text contains the term śuddhapatra, although it does contain the terms śuddha and likhitapatra.

Bulai, line 9: śuddhapātra Iṁ tāmraśāsana

INI I (1940), pp 29 sqq.

See also śuddhapariśuddha in Pu Mamruk

Occurrences of śuddhapariśuddha in OJO XXIII and XLVIII.

-->

<p>First edited by J. L. A. Brandes <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Brandes1913_01"/></bibl>, apparently based on autopsy of the plate; readings of small segments of text containing proper names and toponyms by L.-Ch. Damais (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Damais1970_01"/></bibl>) based on a mediocre eye-copy that he had been able to consult at the Archaeological Service; reproduction of Brandes’ edition, to which is added a translation into English, by H. B. Sarkar (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01"/></bibl>). The text is re-edited by Arlo Griffiths without inspection of any reproduction, taking Brandes’ edition as base-text, with reinterpretation of the transliteration system and adoption of new readings proposed by Damais.</p>

</bibl>

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<bibl><ptr target="bib:Nakada1982_01"/><citedRange unit="page">96-97</citedRange><citedRange unit="part">1</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">105</citedRange><note>Nakada refers to <bibl><ptr target="bib:NBG38_1900"/><citedRange unit="page">108</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">2</citedRange></bibl>, but the paragraph in question concerns another item from the Dieduksman collection; Nakada’s reference to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Krom1911_01"/><citedRange unit="page">245</citedRange></bibl> is likewise a red herring, as the <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGuntur.xml">Guntur</ref> inscription is intended there.</note></bibl>

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