Charter of Horren, ca. 975 Śaka

Editors: Eko Bastiawan, Arlo Griffiths.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKHorren.

Language: Old Javanese.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-09-10 11:45 (0daa6bf), last modified 2024-08-05 17:12 (479db84).

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⟨2r1⟩ haji, ¿māṇatha, kuṇḍa?⟨mā 10, ku 3⟩, pinupu piṁro katiga kasaṅa, padamlaknaṁ saṁ hyaṅ ājñā haji prāśastī,

sa§⟨2r2⟩mbandha, Ikaṁ ¿varaggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ I horR̥n· manəmbaḥ I Ibu pāduka śrī mahārāja, maṁhyaṁ I knohan ya⟨2r3⟩n· sumĭma thānīnya, Umagəhakna kālīlīranā deniṁ vkā-vetnya, mənne hləm· tka ri dlāhaniṁ§ ⟨2r4⟩ dlāha, ma{ṅ}kanamitt¡ā!⟨a⟩ maṅkana manastăpanikāṁ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ I horR̥n·, tan· ¿kasumbat·?⟨kasambut·⟩ svakarmmanya ⟨2r5⟩ ri kahāmbəknya, nyan· deni tan pāntara hakirim· tkani śatru, tātan· hana saṅkani paṁhuniṅā§ ⟨2r6⟩ riṁ ¿kaharaḍara?⟨kāyadhara⟩, ṅuniveh ¿an ḍadyan·?⟨sădhunyan·⟩ tumaṅga-taṅga ḍataṁnikanaṁ śatru suṇḍa,

maṅkana raṣāniṁ panəmbaḥni⟨Page 2r2⟩⟨left: 2⟩⟨2v1⟩kanaṁ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ I horR̥n·, I Ibuni pāduka śrī mahārāja, kunaṁ saṅkā ri mahăbhărani ¿kahotsă?⟨kāyotsā⟩⟨2v2⟩hanikanaṁ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ I horR̥n·, makanimittā pinakahujuṁ-karaṁ pamiṅgir·, ¿catuni?⟨vaṁklaṁni⟩ matīṅkaḥ bāba§⟨2v3⟩han· nitya lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ ¿śariniṁ?⟨śarintən·⟩ mamrīhakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahā⟨2v4⟩rāja, ri samarakăryya sari-sari ¿tumāmaha?⟨tumūtana⟩ saḍataṁni salmaḥ-vukir·nikanaṁ śatru, Ika ta kottamā⟨2v5⟩ni pamriḥnikanaṁ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ I horR̥n·, Ika maṅkana ya tikănuvuhakən· ¿m?⟨p⟩urbyaR̥ṇāsāma⟨-sama⟩ I śrī ma⟨2v6⟩hārāja, hetuni turuniṁ kāruṇya śrī mahārāja, I maṁhyaṁnikanaṁ varggaji I horR̥n·, maka

Apparatus

⟨2r1⟩ ¿māṇatha, kuṇḍa?⟨mā 10, ku 3⟩ ⬦ mānaṭha, kuṇḍa S; mānatha, kuṇda MS&S. — ⟨2r1⟩ pinupu S ⬦ minupu MS&S. — ⟨2r1⟩ padamlaknaṁ S ⬦ padamlakna MS&S. — ⟨2r1⟩ ājñā S ⬦ vānūA MS&S. — ⟨2r1⟩ prāśastī S ⬦ prāsāsti MS&S.

⟨2r2⟩ ¿varaggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ ⬦ varamgajgi S; varamgaji MS&S. — ⟨2r2⟩ pāduka MS&S ⬦ paduka S.

⟨2r3⟩ kālīlīranā MS&S ⬦ kālīlirana S. — ⟨2r3⟩ dlāhaniṁ MS&S ⬦ dlāhani S.

⟨2r4⟩ ma{ṅ}kanamitt¡ā!⟨a⟩ ⬦ maṅkanamittā S; maṅkana⟨ni⟩mitta MS&S. — ⟨2r4⟩ manastăpanikaṁ S ⬦ manastăpanikāṁ MS&S. — ⟨2r4⟩ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ ⬦ varggāji S; varggaji MS&S. — ⟨2r4⟩ ¿kasumbat·?⟨kasambut·⟩ ⬦ kasumbat· S MS&S.

⟨2r5⟩ paṁhuniṅā MS&S ⬦ paṁhuniṅa S. — ⟨2r5⟩ tan pāntara hakirim· tkani S MS&S • Cf. Garaman (1v8–2r1) tan păntaran tikanə. We are unable to propose a persuasive interpretation or emendation of hakirim· in this context; its absence in the parallel passage suggests that it might be intrusive.

⟨2r6⟩ ¿kaharaḍara?⟨kāyadhara⟩, ṅuniveh ¿an ḍadyan·?⟨sădhunyan·⟩ ⬦ kaharaḍara, ṅuniveh an ḍadyan· S; kaharaḍara ṅunivehan dhadyan· MS&S • Cf. Garaman (2r1) kāyadhara, ṅuniveḥ sădhunyan·. — ⟨2r6⟩ suṇḍa S ⬦ śuṇḍa MS&S.

⟨2v1⟩ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ ⬦ varggaji S MS&S. — ⟨2v1⟩ mahăbhărani ¿kahotsă?⟨kāyotsā⟩⟨2v2⟩hanikanaṁ ⬦ mahasarani kāhotsahānikanaṁ S; mahăbhărani kahotsăhanikanaṁ MS&S • Cf. Kusambyan (A32) mahābhārani giṇa-kāyotsāhanyan·, Garaman (2r3) mahābhărani kāyatnahanikanaṁ.

⟨2v2⟩ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ ⬦ varggajī S; varggaji MS&S. — ⟨2v2⟩ ¿catuni?⟨vaṁklaṁni⟩ ⬦ catuni S; bhatuni MS&S • Cf. Garaman (2r4). — ⟨2v2⟩ matīṅkaḥ ⬦ matiṅkaḥ S MS&S.

⟨2v3⟩ nitya lot· S MS&S • The parallel in Garaman (2r4) reads ⟨n⟩dan lot·. — ⟨2v3⟩ lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ ¿śariniṁ?⟨śarintən·⟩ mamrīhakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahā⟨2v4⟩rāja ⬦ lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ śarini paprīhakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahārāja S; lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ śariniṁ mamrihakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahārāja MS&S • The closest parallel is found in Garaman (2r4–5) lot· kahudanan kapveyan· makadadaḥ sarintənya mamrihakən· I lbuniṁ pāduka śrī mahārāja. Comparable passages are also observed in two Airlangga charters, namely Adulengen (2r2–3) lot kahudanan·, kapyayān·, An paṅekānta I pāduka śrī mahārāja and Bularut (9) [lot ka]hudan· kapvayān· kadadaḥ jĭvita [8+]n· pāduka śrĭ mahārāja.

⟨2v4⟩ ¿tumāmaha?⟨tumūtana⟩ ⬦ tumāmaha S MS&S • Cf. Garaman (2r6) bhakti mamrihakən· ri samarakăryya sari-sari, tumut· saḍataṁniṁ pamaḥ-vukirnikanaṁ śatru. — ⟨2v4⟩ kottamāni MS&S ⬦ kottamani S.

⟨2v5⟩ ¿varggaji?⟨vargga haji⟩ ⬦ varggaji S; varggāji MS&S. — ⟨2v5⟩ maṅkana MS&S ⬦ maṅkāna S. — ⟨2v5⟩ ¿m?⟨p⟩urbyaR̥ṇāsāma⟨-sama⟩ ⬦ murbyaR̥ṇasama S; purbyaR̥ṇasama MS&S.

⟨2v6⟩ iṁ MS&S ⬦ i S. — ⟨2v6⟩ maṁhyaṁ S ⬦ paṁhyaṁ MS&S. — ⟨2v6⟩ maka- MS&S ⬦ paka- S • The following plate would have started with -cihnan·. Cf. the parallel in Garaman (2r8).

Translation

(2r1–2) …royal revenue,¹ [amounting to] 10 māṣa [and] 3 kupaṅ, to be collected twice [in] the third and ninth [month],² [and] that a holy royal decree in the form of a royal edict [haji praśasti] be made.

(2r2–6) The occasion: the king’s group (varga haji) in Horren paid respect to His Majesty the Great King, begging that it would be proper to make their village into a sīma, to make it irrevocable so that it would be obtained as inheritance by their descendants now [and] hereafter up to the future’s future, for reason of the downheartedness of the king’s group in Horren whose services were not carried out as intended, namely the way in which they uninterruptedly sent (? hakirim) [contingents of their own to protect the king] against the coming of the enemy, without paying attention to their armour at all, all the more so, the virtuousness of standing firmly against the coming of the Suṇḍa enemy.

(2r6–2v2) Such was the substance of the petition of the royal inhabitants in Horren to His Majesty the Great King. Now, because of the great weight of the physical effort of the king’s group in Horren, for reason of being an outpost (hujuṅ karaṅ), a frontier zone [and] a lock for regulating the gate, constant (nitya), steadfast [despite being] exposed to rain and sun, putting their lives at stake in exerting themselves for His Majesty the Great King in the continuous war, following [the king] upon the arrival of all rank and file of the enemy. That was the eminence of the exertion of the king’s group in Horren. This being the case, it caused an incomparable (asama-sama) feeling of indebtedness (pūrva-r̥ṇa) on the part of His Majesty the Great King. [Such was] the reason that the sympathy of the Great King descended to the request of the royal inhabitants in Horren. Its visible sign (makacihna)…

Commentary

The reader should consult our notes on Garaman for discussion of terms/expressions common to the two charters.

Bibliography

Primary

[S] Stutterheim, Willem Frederik. 1933. “Een beschreven koperplaat uit Zuid-Kediri.” TBG 73, pp. 102–104. Page 104.

[MS&S] Machi Suhadi and M.M. Sukarto K. Atmodjo. 1986. Laporan penelitian epigrafi Jawa Tengah. Berita penelitian arkeologi 37. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Pages 112–115.

Notes

1. On the lost first plate, the word preceding haji must have been dravya or drabya.
2. I.e., in Asuji and Cetra (Damais 1951, p. 11). For the wording, cf. Vratiśāsana 29j§4 śavalabrahmacārī ṅa mānak marabi piṅrva piṅtiga, ndatan dadi mapaṅgih-paṅgiha yan kālaniṅ katiga, kasaṅa mvaṅ parvaṇi kunaṅ.

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<lem><choice><sic>māṇatha, kuṇḍa</sic><corr>mā <num value="10">10</num>, ku <num value="3">3</num></corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">mānaṭha, kuṇḍa</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">mānatha, kuṇda</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">pinupu</lem>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">minupu</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">padamlaknaṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">padamlakna</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">vānūA</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">prāśastī</lem>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">prāsāsti</rdg>

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<lem><choice><sic>varaggaji</sic><corr>vargga haji</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">varamgajgi</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">varamgaji</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">paduka</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">kālīlīranā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">kālīlirana</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">dlāhaniṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">dlāhani</rdg>

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<lem>ma<surplus>ṅ</surplus>kanamitt<choice><orig>ā</orig><reg>a</reg></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">maṅkanamittā</rdg>

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<lem><choice><sic>varggaji</sic><corr>vargga haji</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">varggāji</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">varggaji</rdg>

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<lem><choice><sic>kasumbat·</sic><corr>kasambut·</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">kasumbat·</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">paṁhuniṅā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">paṁhuniṅa</rdg>

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<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">tan pāntara hakirim· tkani</lem>

<note>Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (1v8–2r1) <foreign>tan păntaran tikanə</foreign>. We are unable to propose a persuasive interpretation or emendation of <foreign>hakirim·</foreign> in this context; its absence in the parallel passage suggests that it might be intrusive.</note>

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<lem><choice><sic>kaharaḍara</sic><corr>kāyadhara</corr></choice>, ṅuniveh <choice><sic>an ḍadyan·</sic><corr>sădhunyan·</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">kaharaḍara, ṅuniveh an ḍadyan·</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">kaharaḍara ṅunivehan dhadyan·</rdg>

<note>Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r1) <foreign>kāyadhara, ṅuniveḥ sădhunyan·</foreign>.</note>

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<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">suṇḍa</lem>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">śuṇḍa</rdg>

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<lem><choice><sic>varggaji</sic><corr>vargga haji</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">varggaji</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">mahasarani kāhotsahānikanaṁ</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">mahăbhărani kahotsăhanikanaṁ</rdg>

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<lem><choice><sic>varggaji</sic><corr>vargga haji</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">varggajī</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">varggaji</rdg>

</app>

<lem><choice><sic>catuni</sic><corr>vaṁklaṁni</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">catuni</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">bhatuni</rdg>

<note>Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r4).</note>

</app>

<lem>matīṅkaḥ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">matiṅkaḥ</rdg>

</app>

<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">nitya lot·</lem>

<note>The parallel in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r4) reads <foreign><supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied>dan lot·</foreign>.</note>

</app>

<lem>lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ <choice><sic>śariniṁ</sic><corr>śarintən·</corr></choice> mamrīhakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahā<lb n="2v4" break="no"/>rāja</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ śarini paprīhakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahārāja</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">lot· kahudanan· kapyeyan·, makadadaḥ śariniṁ mamrihakən· Ibuni pāduka śrī mahārāja</rdg>

<note>The closest parallel is found in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r4–5) <foreign>lot· kahudanan kapveyan· makadadaḥ sarintənya mamrihakən· I lbuniṁ pāduka śrī mahārāja</foreign>. Comparable passages are also observed in two Airlangga charters, namely <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKAdulengen.xml">Adulengen</ref> (2r2–3) <foreign>lot kahudanan·, kapyayān·, An paṅekānta I pāduka śrī mahārāja</foreign> and <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKBularut.xml">Bularut</ref> (9) <foreign><supplied reason="lost">lot ka</supplied>hudan· kapvayān· kadadaḥ jĭvita <gap reason="lost" quantity="8" unit="character"/>n· pāduka śrĭ mahārāja</foreign>.</note>

</app>

<lem><choice><sic>tumāmaha</sic><corr>tumūtana</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02 bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">tumāmaha</rdg>

<note>Cf. <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r6) <foreign>bhakti mamrihakən· ri samarakăryya sari-sari, tumut· saḍataṁniṁ pamaḥ-vukirnikanaṁ śatru</foreign>.</note>

</app>

<lem source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">kottamāni</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">kottamani</rdg>

</app>

<lem><choice><sic>varggaji</sic><corr>vargga haji</corr></choice></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">varggaji</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">varggāji</rdg>

</app>

<lem source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">maṅkana</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">maṅkāna</rdg>

</app>

<lem><choice><sic>m</sic><corr>p</corr></choice>urbyaR̥ṇāsāma<supplied reason="omitted">-sama</supplied></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">murbyaR̥ṇasama</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">purbyaR̥ṇasama</rdg>

</app>

</app>

<lem source="bib:Stutterheim1933_02">maṁhyaṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:MachiSuhadi+SukartoAtmodjo1986_01">paṁhyaṁ</rdg>

</app>

<note>The following plate would have started with <foreign>-cihnan·</foreign>. Cf. the parallel in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> (2r8).</note>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

<p n="2r1–2"><gap reason="ellipsis"/>royal revenue,<note>On the lost first plate, the word preceding <foreign>haji</foreign> must have been <foreign>dravya</foreign> or <foreign>drabya</foreign>.</note> <supplied reason="subaudible">amounting to</supplied> <num value="10">10</num> <foreign/>māṣa <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> <num value="3">3</num> <foreign>kupaṅ</foreign>, to be collected twice <supplied reason="subaudible">in</supplied> the third and ninth <supplied reason="subaudible">month</supplied>,<note>I.e., in Asuji and Cetra (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1951_01"/><citedRange unit="page">11</citedRange></bibl>). For the wording, cf. <title>Vratiśāsana</title> 29j§4 <foreign>śavalabrahmacārī ṅa mānak marabi piṅrva piṅtiga, ndatan dadi mapaṅgih-paṅgiha yan kālaniṅ katiga, kasaṅa mvaṅ parvaṇi kunaṅ</foreign>.</note> <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> that a holy royal decree in the form of a royal edict <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>haji praśasti</foreign></supplied> be made.</p>

<p n="2r2–6">The occasion: the king’s group <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>varga haji</foreign></supplied> in Horren paid respect to His Majesty the Great King, begging that it would be proper to make their village into a <foreign>sīma</foreign>, to make it irrevocable so that it would be obtained as inheritance by their descendants now <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> hereafter up to the future’s future, for reason of the downheartedness of the king’s group in Horren whose services were not carried out as intended, namely the way in which they uninterruptedly sent <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>? <foreign>hakirim</foreign></foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">contingents of their own to protect the king</supplied> against the coming of the enemy, without paying attention to their armour at all, all the more so, the virtuousness of standing firmly against the coming of the Suṇḍa enemy.</p>

<p n="2r6–2v2">Such was the substance of the petition of the royal inhabitants in Horren to His Majesty the Great King. Now, because of the great weight of the physical effort of the king’s group in Horren, for reason of being an outpost <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>hujuṅ karaṅ</foreign></supplied>, a frontier zone <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> a lock for regulating the gate, constant <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nitya</foreign></supplied>, steadfast <supplied reason="subaudible">despite being</supplied> exposed to rain and sun, putting their lives at stake in exerting themselves for His Majesty the Great King in the continuous war, following <supplied reason="subaudible">the king</supplied> upon the arrival of all rank and file of the enemy. That was the eminence of the exertion of the king’s group in Horren. This being the case, it caused an incomparable <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>asama-sama</foreign></supplied> feeling of indebtedness <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pūrva-r̥ṇa</foreign></supplied> on the part of His Majesty the Great King. <supplied reason="subaudible">Such was</supplied> the reason that the sympathy of the Great King descended to the request of the royal inhabitants in Horren. Its visible sign <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>makacihna</foreign></supplied><gap reason="ellipsis"/></p>

</div>

<p>The reader should consult our notes on <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKGaraman.xml">Garaman</ref> for discussion of terms/expressions common to the two charters.</p>

</div>

<p/>

</listBibl>

<bibl/>

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>