PYU 46. Maunggan Gold Leaves

Authors of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr), D. Christian Lammerts (dcla).

Palaeographic description: Southeast Asian Brāhmī typical of the Pali inscriptions of the Pyu civilization.

Language: Pali (pli) [Southeast Asian Brāhmī (unspecified) (brāhmī_southeast_asian_unspecified)].

Repository: Pyu (tfc-pyu-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPYU00046.

File path: DHARMA_INSPYU00046.xml.

Version: 2026-09-09 14:27 (899538b), last modified 2026-09-09 14:27 (899538b).

Edition

⟨Page 1r: First leaf (Or5340A)⟩

⟨1r1⟩ /⫶/ ye dhammā hetupabhavā _ tesaṁ hetu⟨ṁ⟩ tathāgato _ Āha tesañ ca yo nirodho _ Evaṁvādi mahāsamano ti ∥ cattāro Iddhipādā

⟨2⟩ cattāro sammappadhānā _ cattāro satipaṭṭhānā _ cattāri Ariyasaccāni _ catuves⟨ā⟩rajjāni _ pañcindriyāni _ pañcacakkhūni _ cha-

⟨3⟩ Asaddhāraṇ(ā)ni _ sattabojjhaṅgā _ Ariyo Aṭṭhiṅgiko maggo _ navalokuttarā dhammā _ dasabal⟨ā⟩ni _ cundasa buddhaññāni Aṭṭhārasabuddhadhammāni

⟨Page 2r: Second leaf (Or5340B)⟩

⟨1⟩ ∥ ye dhammā hetupabhavā _ tesa⟨ṁ⟩ hetu⟨ṁ⟩ tathāgato Āha _ tesañ ca yo nirodho _ Evaṁvādi mahāsama(n)o ti _ Iti pi so bhagavā Arahaṁ

⟨2⟩ sammāsaṁbuddho _ vijjācaraṇasappanno _ sugato lokavidu _ Anuttaro purisadammasārathī _ satthā devamanussānaṁ _ buddho bhagavā ti

⟨3⟩ svākhyāto bhagavatā dhammo _ sandiṭṭhiko _ Akāl⟨i⟩ko _ Ehipassiko _ [O]paṇāyiko _ paccattaṁ veditavvo _ viññūhī ti /⫶/

Apparatus

⟨1r1⟩ /⫶/ ⬦ ∥ TN • The opening mark stands in the margin; the same sign is repeated atthe end of leaf 2. It is a simpler version of the one seen at the end of PYU 44. — ⟨1r1⟩ tesañ ca • There is a rightward curl at the top of the vertical element in <ñ>, that could possibly be interpreted as <-ā>, but we assume it is a somewhat overdone serif. — ⟨1r1⟩ Evaṁvādi mahāsamano • The expected form would be Evaṁvādī mahāsamaṇo. Same irregularities in leaf 2.

⟨1r2⟩ satipaṭṭhānā ⬦ satipaṭṭhāuā TN • (misprint) — ⟨1r2⟩ Ariyasaccāni ⬦ Ariyasacohāni TN • (misprint)

⟨1r3⟩ Asaddhāraṇ(ā)ni • Tun Nyein corrects Asādhāraṇāni in note. — ⟨1r3⟩ Aṭṭhiṅgiko • Tun Nyein corrects Aṭṭhaṅgiko in note. — ⟨1r3⟩ dasabal⟨ā⟩ni • Tun Nyein silently corrects dasabalāni. — ⟨1r3⟩ cundasa • Tun Nyein silently corrects cuddasa. — ⟨1r3⟩ buddhaññāni ⬦ buddhakoni TN • correcting buddhayonī in note; emend buddhañāṇāni.

⟨2r1⟩ ∥ • The two bars are connected by a small cross-bar. — ⟨2r1⟩ Evaṁvādi mahāsamano • The expected form would be Evaṁvādī mahāsamaṇo. Same irregularities in leaf 1.

⟨2r2⟩ -sappanno • Tun Nyein corrects -sampanno in note. — ⟨2r2⟩ -sārathī ⬦ -sārathi TN.

⟨2r3⟩ Akāl⟨i⟩ko ⬦ Akāliko TN • Silent correction. — ⟨2r3⟩ [O]paṇāyiko • Tun Nyein corrects Opanayiko in note. Editions of the canon show either Opaneyyika or Opanāyiko. — ⟨2r3⟩ /⫶/ ⬦ || TN • The closing sign here corresponds to the opening sign of leaf 1, and reveals that the two leaves form one whole.

Bibliography

First edited by Tun Nyein (1898–1899); published again — with some improvements offset by a number of inaccuracies — by Finot (1912).

Based on published reproductions and photographs furnished by the British Library, the inscription was re-edited and published on our experimental website. The XML source code underlying the latter (Griffiths et al. 2018–03–26) was adapted for this database by Arlo Griffiths in 2026.

Primary

[TN] Tun Nyein. 1898–1899. “Maunggun Gold Plates.” EI 5, pp. 101–102.

[F] Finot, Louis. 1912. “Un nouveau document sur le bouddhisme birman.” JA 20, pp. 121–136. Pages 130–132.

Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2018–03–26. “Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.” Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1207290. [URL]. Item PYU046.

Secondary

ARASI 1907–08. Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report 1907–8. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1911. Page 41.

Taw Sein Ko. 1914. “Excavations at Hmawza near Prome.” Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1909-10, pp. 113–123. Page 115.

Mon Bo Kay [mvan bui ke]. 1961. “ye dhammā hetuppabhavā nhaṅ. rheḥ hoṅḥ paccaññḥ myāḥ [Ye dhammā hetuppabhavā and ancient artefacts].” yañ kyeḥ mhu maggajaṅḥ [Culture Magazine] 3 (9), pp. 105–123. Pages 112, 115.

Tha Myat [sā mrat]. 1963. pyū phat cā: pyū akkharā samuiṅḥ [Pyu Reader: a History of the Pyu Alphabet]. Yangon: uḥ lha daṅ [U Hla Din]. Pages 44–56.

Luce, Gordon H. 1985. Phases of pre-Pagán Burma: languages and history. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Volume I, 61, 73 n. 2, 175, volume II, plates 98b i, ii.

Griffiths, Arlo, Bob Hudson, Marc Miyake & Julian Wheatley. 2017. “Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus.” BEFEO 103, pp. 43–205. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.2017.6247. [URL]. Pages 166–167, item PYU 46.

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dhammā

hetupabhavā

tesaṁ

hetu<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>

tathāgato

Āha

tesañ

nirodho

Evaṁvādi

mahāsamano

cattāro

Iddhipādā

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sammappadhānā

cattāro

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Ariyasaccāni

catuves<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied>rajjāni

pañcindriyāni

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cha<lb n="3" break="no"/>Asaddhāraṇ<unclear>ā</unclear>ni

sattabojjhaṅgā

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navalokuttarā

dhammā

dasabal<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied>ni

cundasa

buddhaññāni

Aṭṭhārasabuddhadhammāni

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dhammā

hetupabhavā

tesa<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>

hetu<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>

tathāgato

Āha

tesañ

nirodho

Evaṁvādi

mahāsama<unclear>n</unclear>o

Iti

bhagavā

Arahaṁ

sammāsaṁbuddho

vijjācaraṇasappanno

sugato

lokavidu

Anuttaro

purisadammasārathī

satthā

devamanussānaṁ

buddho

bhagavā

svākhyāto

bhagavatā

dhammo

sandiṭṭhiko

Akāl<supplied reason="omitted">i</supplied>ko

Ehipassiko

<supplied reason="lost">O</supplied>paṇāyiko

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veditavvo

viññūhī

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<lem>tesañ ca</lem>

<note>There is a rightward curl at the top of the vertical element in <ñ>, that could possibly be interpreted as <-ā>, but we assume it is a somewhat overdone serif.</note>

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<lem>Evaṁvādi mahāsamano</lem>

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<lem>satipaṭṭhānā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:TunNyein1898-99_01">satipaṭṭhāuā</rdg>

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<lem>Ariyasaccāni</lem>

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<note>(misprint)</note>

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<lem>Asaddhāraṇ<unclear>ā</unclear>ni</lem>

<note>Tun Nyein corrects <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">Asādhāraṇāni </foreign> in note.</note>

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<lem>dasabal<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied>ni</lem>

<note>Tun Nyein silently corrects <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">dasabalāni</foreign>.</note>

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<lem>cundasa</lem>

<note>Tun Nyein silently corrects <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">cuddasa</foreign>.</note>

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<lem>buddhaññāni</lem>

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<note>correcting <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">buddhayonī</foreign> in note; emend <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">buddhañāṇāni</foreign>.</note>

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<note>The two bars are connected by a small cross-bar.</note>

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<lem>Evaṁvādi mahāsamano</lem>

<note>The expected form would be <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">Evaṁvādī mahāsamaṇo</foreign>. Same irregularities in leaf 1.</note>

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<lem>-sappanno</lem>

<note>Tun Nyein corrects <foreign xml:lang="pli-Latn">-sampanno</foreign> in note.</note>

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<lem>-sārathī</lem>

<rdg source="bib:TunNyein1898-99_01">-sārathi</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:TunNyein1898-99_01">Akāliko</rdg>

<note>Silent correction.</note>

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<lem><supplied reason="lost">O</supplied>paṇāyiko</lem>

<note>Tun Nyein corrects <foreign>Opanayiko</foreign> in note. Editions of the canon show either <foreign>Opaneyyika</foreign> or <foreign>Opanāyiko</foreign>.</note>

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<note>The closing sign here corresponds to the opening sign of leaf 1, and reveals that the two leaves form one whole.</note>

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