The Pakis Wetan Charter of Kertanagara (1188 Śaka)

Editors: Arlo Griffiths, Eko Bastiawan.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKPakisWetan.

Hand description:

Script typical of the charters of the Singasari period. The vowel marker on 1v3 yoga and 1v4 loka involves a tarung extending over the top of the akṣara that is not seen in 1v1 trayodaśī, 1v3 śobhana, 1v8 Umisor, and other instances of vowel o.

Languages: Old Javanese, Sanskrit.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-04-17 04:18 (2cd45fd), last modified 2025-02-18 08:42 (53ebe7f).

⟨Page 1r⟩

⟨Page 1v⟩ ⟨1v1⟩ ||◯|| Om̐ namaś śivāya ||

svasti śaka-varṣātĭta, 1188, māgha-māsa, tīthi, trayodaśī śu⟨1v2⟩kla-pakṣa, vā, va, Aṁ, vāra, mahatal·, dakṣiṇastha-grahacāra, puṣ¿pā?⟨ya⟩-nakṣatra, jīva-devatā, Ā⌈⟨1v3⟩gneya-maṇḍala, śobhana-yauga, baruṇa-muhūrtta, Agni-parvveśa, tetila-k¡ā!⟨a⟩raṇa, kumbha-rāśi,

I⟨1v4⟩rika divaśany ājñā śrī mahārāja, śrī-lauka-vijaya, praś¡ā!⟨a⟩sta-jagad-īśvarānindita-parăkramānivā⟨1v5⟩ryya-vĭryyālaṅghanĭya, kr̥tanagara nāma rājābhiṣeka, makamaṅgalyājñā śrī sakala-rājāśra⌇⟨1v6⟩ya, samast¡ā!⟨a⟩-kṣatriya-cūḍāmaṇi-patita-caraṇāravinda, bhaṭāra jaya śrī viṣṇuvarddhana nāma devā⟨1v7⟩bhiṣeka, tinaḍaḥ de rakryan mahāmantrī hiṇo, rakryan mahāmantrī sirikan·, rakryan mahāmantrī halu ⟨1v8⟩ , Umisor i para taṇḍa rakryan riṁ pakira-kirān· makabehan·, rakryan mapatiḥ, rakryan dəmuṁ, rakrya⟨1v9⟩n kanuruhan saṁ mantrī nayavid iṅgitajñā, mapasəṅgahan saṁ rāmapati, tan kavuntat· saṁ pamgət i tirvan· ⟨1v10⟩ , saṁ pamgət iṅ kaṇḍamuhi, saṁ pamgət i maṁhuri, I pisorny ājñā śrī mahārāja, An makamaṅgalyājñā bha

Apparatus

⟨1v2⟩ puṣ¿pā?⟨ya⟩- ⬦ puṣpā- K D B.

⟨1v3⟩ -yauga ⬦ -yoga K D B.

⟨1v4⟩ lauka- ⬦ loka- K D B.

⟨1v6⟩ samast¡ā!⟨a⟩kṣatriya- ⬦ samastākṣatriya° K; samastākṣakriya- D B • The required meaning is samasta-kṣatriya-.

⟨1v7⟩ hiṇo ⬦ hino K D B.

⟨1v8⟩ Umisor ⬦ Umiṅsor K D B.

⟨1v9⟩ nayavid iṅgitajña K B • Cf. Kakavin Rāmāyaṇa 6.9 mahāprajña rikaṅ nayeṅgita; 11.49 kapīndra sugrīva vəruh riṅ iṅgita. See also Adan-Adan 5r2 suśīlendikajña-sarvvanayāniti-dakṣa (perhaps requiring correction to correct suśīleṅgitajña-) and Manah i Manuk 3r1 saṁ mantrīṅgitājñāprajālaṅkărā.

⟨1v10⟩ bha • The word broken off here was bhaṭāra, and the ensuing words were most probably jaya śrī viṣṇuvarddhana.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths

(1v1) Om! Homage to Śiva!¹

(1v1–1v3) Hail! In the elapsed Śaka year 1188, month of Māgha, thirteenth tithi of the waxing fortnight, Vās, Vagai, Tuesday, (wuku) Mahatal; grahacāra in the South; lunar mansion Puṣya; deity Jīva; maṇḍala in the Southeast; conjunction Śobhana; muhūrta Varuṇa; regent of the astronomical node Agni; karaṇa Tetila; zodiac sign Aquarius.

(1v3–1v9) That was when the command of the great king — the “conqueror of the world”, “insurmountable due to his heroism which is uncontainable [even] by the irreproachable courage of a lauded world-ruler” — whose royal consecration-name (nāma rājābhiṣeka) is Śrī Kr̥tanagara, under the auspices of the command of “the refuge of all kings”, “whose lotus feet had been descended upon by the crest jewels of all noblemen”, the Lord (bhaṭāra) whose deity-consecration name (nāma devābhiṣeka) is Jaya Śrī Viṣṇuvardhana,² was received by the lord great minister of Hino; the lord great minister of Sirikan; the lord great minister of Halu. It came down to all the high officers (taṇḍa rakryan) of the council: the mapatih lord(s); the lord of Dəmuṅ; the lord of Kanuruhan; the secretary knowledgeable in politics and expert in covert matters, bearing the title Rāmapati. Not left behind were: the official of Tiruan, the official of Kaṇḍamuhi, the official of Maṅhuri. At the descending of the command of his majesty the great king, which was under the auspices of a command of [Lord Jaya Śrī Viṣṇuvardhana]

Commentary

Bibliography

First edited by Krom (1911); re-edited by Damais (1955); edited again by Boechari (1985–1986); re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from the photo OD 2155 and a photo of the estampage E.47 in the Kern Institute collection, Leiden University Library.

Primary

[K] Krom, Nicolaas Johannes. 1911. “Inscriptie van Kertanegara van 1188.” ROC (Bijlage 61), pp. 117–123. Appendix 61, pages 117–123.

[D] Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Page 78, item A.172.

[B] Boechari. 1985–1986. Prasasti koleksi Museum Nasional, Jilid I. Jakarta: Proyek Pengembangan Museum Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. [URL]. Pages 109–110, item E.47.

Secondary

NBG 1911. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel XLIX — 1911. Batavia; 's-Gravenhage: Kolff & Co.; Nijhoff, 1911. Volume 49, page 121.

NBG 1912. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel L — 1912. Batavia; 's-Gravenhage: Kolff & Co.; Nijhoff, 1913. Volume 50, page 77.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 72–73, item A.172.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1962. “Études javanaises, II: Le nom de la déité tantrique de 1214 Śaka.” BEFEO 50 (2), pp. 407–416. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1962.1539. [URL]. Page 414, note 6.

Muhammad Yamin. 1962. Tatanegara Madjapahit jaitu risalah sapta parwa berisi 7 parwa hasil penelitian ketatanegaraan Indonésia tentang dasar dan bentuk negara Nusantara bernama Madjapahit, 1293-1525. Parwa I. Djakarta: Prapantja. Pages 173–175.

Nurhadi Magetsari, A.S. Wibowo, Hasan Djafar, I Gusti Agung Ayu Ratnadi, Ayu Ratnadi, Siti Kusparyanti Budhiono, Sumarti Nurhadi and Ayatrohaedi. 1979. Kamus Arkeologi Indonesia 2. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Page 183.

Eade, J. C. and Lars Gislén. 2000. Early Javanese inscriptions: A new dating method. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 3. Abt., Südostasien 10. Leiden: Brill. Pages 99–100.

Notes

1. See respectively the invocation and conclusion of the Mula-Malurung and Sarwadharma charters, and the use same Sanskrit phrase when reference is made to Ken Angrok in Mula-Malurung 9r7.
2. Since the stated names are both royal consecration names, it remains unclear what difference was intended between the two type of nāma.

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<p n="1v1-1v3">Hail! In the elapsed Śaka year 1188, month of Māgha, thirteenth <foreign>tithi</foreign> of the waxing fortnight, Vās, Vagai, Tuesday, <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>wuku</foreign></supplied> Mahatal; <foreign>grahacāra</foreign> in the South; lunar mansion Puṣya; deity Jīva; <foreign>maṇḍala</foreign> in the Southeast; conjunction Śobhana; <foreign>muhūrta</foreign> Varuṇa; regent of the astronomical node Agni; <foreign>karaṇa</foreign> Tetila; zodiac sign Aquarius.</p>

<p n="1v3-1v9">That was when the command of the great king — the <q>conqueror of the world</q>, <q>insurmountable due to his heroism which is uncontainable <supplied reason="subaudible">even</supplied> by the irreproachable courage of a lauded world-ruler</q> — whose royal consecration-name <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nāma rājābhiṣeka</foreign></supplied> is Śrī Kr̥tanagara, under the auspices of the command of <q>the refuge of all kings</q>, <q>whose lotus feet had been descended upon by the crest jewels of all noblemen</q>, the Lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhaṭāra</foreign></supplied> whose deity-consecration name <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nāma devābhiṣeka</foreign></supplied> is Jaya Śrī Viṣṇuvardhana,<note>Since the stated names are both royal consecration names, it remains unclear what difference was intended between the two type of <foreign>nāma</foreign>.</note> was received by the lord great minister of Hino; the lord great minister of Sirikan; the lord great minister of Halu. It came down to all the high officers <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṇḍa rakryan</foreign></supplied> of the council: the <seg rend="check"><foreign>mapatih</foreign> lord(s)</seg>; the lord of Dəmuṅ; the lord of Kanuruhan; the <seg rend="check">secretary</seg> knowledgeable in politics and expert in covert matters, bearing the title Rāmapati. Not left behind were: the official of Tiruan, the official of Kaṇḍamuhi, the official of Maṅhuri. At the descending of the command of his majesty the great king, which was under the auspices of a command of <supplied reason="lost">Lord Jaya Śrī Viṣṇuvardhana</supplied>

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