The Maribong Charter of Wisnuwardhana (1170 Śaka)

Editors: Arlo Griffiths, Eko Bastiawan.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKMaribong.

Hand description:

Script and spelling typical of the charters of the late Majapahit period. Difference is made between ḍ (1v2 Uttarāṣāḍa) and dh (1v4 madhu).

Languages: Old Javanese, Sanskrit.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-03-05 05:49 (493a065), last modified 2025-02-18 06:27 (c0117bf).

⟨Page 1r⟩

⟨Page 1v⟩ ⟨1v1⟩ || Avighnam astu,|| svasti śrī śaka-varṣātīta, 1170, Aśuji-māsa, tithi, pañcamī śukla-pakṣa, vā, ⟨1v2⟩ ka, vr̥, vāra, laṅkir·, Uttarāṣāḍa-nakṣatra, viśva-devatā, māhendra-maṇḍala, gaṇḍa-yoga, vairā⟨1v3⟩jya-muhūrtta, baruṇa-parvveśa, valava-karaṇa, mr̥ccika-rāśī,

Irika divasany ājñā śrī sakala-¿kha?⟨la⟩lană⟨1v4⟩-kula-madhu-¿mārdda?⟨marda⟩na-kamalekṣaṇa, nāmābhiṣeka śrī jaya viṣṇuvarddhana, saṁ mapañji sminiṅ rāt·, sva-pi⟨1v5⟩tāmahā-stavanābhinnāśrănta-loka-pālaka, kumonakən Irikaṁ vanva I mariboṁ, vatək atagan· jipaṁ, ⟨1v6⟩ pagavayakna saṁ hyaṅ ājñā haji praśāsti, mataṇḍa śrī-jaya-viṣṇuvarddhana-lāñcana, Umuṅgve salaḥ sikiniṁ tāmra ri

Apparatus

⟨1v6⟩ ri • The word broken off here was ripta. For the full formula, see Air Asih a3, Parablyan a2, Sukhamerta 10b4, Canggu 3v5–6.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths

Let there be no obstacle! Hail! Fortune! In the elapsed Śaka year 1170, month of Asuji, fifth tithi of the waxing fortnight, Vās, Kalivon, Thursday, (wuku) Laṅkir; lunar mansion Uttarāṣāḍha; deity Viśva; maṇḍala in the East; conjunction Gaṇḍa; muhūrta Vairājya; regent of the astronomical node Varuṇa; karaṇa Valava; zodiac sign Scorpio.

That was when the command of the “illustrious (śrī) lotus-eyed destroyer (mardana) of Madhu (Śrī Kr̥ṣṇa) for all womenfolk (lalanā-kula)”, whose consecration name is Śrī Jaya Viṣṇuvardhana, the one with the byname Sminiṅ Rāt (“Seed of the World”), “untiring world protector not different from the eulogy of his own grandfather”,¹ ordered with regard to the village Mariboṅ, belonging to the conscription (vatək atagan) of Jipaṅ,² that a holy royal decree charter be made for them (pa-gavay-akna) with the emblem of Śrī Jaya Viṣṇuvardhana, to remain on one or the other of (the possible materials, viz.) copper, [palm-leaf]

Commentary

This is the first and only preserved plate of a reissue produced during the late Majapahit period, showing several signs of adaptation to the habits of that time, and ostensibly reproducing a charter from the reign of Wisnuwardhana. One indication that the text of the original issue has been manipulated at least to some extent is the form pagavayakna, which does not occur elsewhere epigraphically except in the Canggu charter (3v5–6): muṅgv i caṅgu, pagavayakna saṅ hyaṅ ājñā haji praśāsti, rājasanagaralāñcaṇa, muṅgve salah sikiniṅ tāmra, riptopala. Moreover, the date seems to have been manipulated too, as it is not convertible with certainty. Damais 1955 discussed the problems, the possible solutions, none of which very convincing, and opted hesitantly for 1264-08-28, which implies emending the inscribed year 1170 to 1186. Eade and Gislén 2000 showed first that their software situates 1264-08-28 in the month Bhādrapada, not in Aśvajit, and that the other pañcāṅga elements would also be off if Damais’ proposal were correct. The alternative they propose does not seem much more convincing, because even though they suggest it would be “an emendation that involves only one element”, in fact it involves two emendations (1171 for the year, aṣṭamī for the tithi) and requires accepting different values for nakṣatra, karaṇa and yoga than those stated in the text.

The toponyms Mariboṅ and Jipaṅ also co-occur in the Canggu charter (5v1): I maR̥bo, I turan, I jipaṁ.

Bibliography

First edited, apparently by Bosch, in OV 1918; re-edited by Damais (1955); edited again by Boechari (1985–1986); re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from a photo of the rubbing kept in Leiden.

Primary

[B] Bosch, Frederik David Kan. 1918. “Oorkonden van Trawoelan, II-VI.” OV (Bijlage Q), pp. 169–174.

[D] Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Pages 197–199, item A.171.

[B] Boechari. 1985–1986. Prasasti koleksi Museum Nasional, Jilid I. Jakarta: Proyek Pengembangan Museum Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. [URL]. Page 170, item E.55.

Secondary

NBG 1919. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel LVII — 1919. Weltevreden; 's-Gravenhage: Kolff & Co.; Nijhoff, 1919–1920. Page 196, item E 55.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 72–73, item A.171.

Nurhadi Magetsari, A.S. Wibowo, Hasan Djafar, I Gusti Agung Ayu Ratnadi, Ayu Ratnadi, Siti Kusparyanti Budhiono, Sumarti Nurhadi and Ayatrohaedi. 1979. Kamus Arkeologi Indonesia 2. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Page 161.

Eade, J. C. and Lars Gislén. 2000. Early Javanese inscriptions: A new dating method. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 3. Abt., Südostasien 10. Leiden: Brill. Pages 97–99.

Notes

1. The meaning of this epithet is not quite clear. If the reading stavanā- is correct, then there is perhaps a parallel to be found in Warunggahan 6v1 tan kadi kastavān· śrī mahārāja. On the other hand, an emendation sthāpanā- is easily conceivable, and in that case we may have an echo of Wurare, st. IX pitrādi-sthāpanāya.
2. The expression vatak atagan occurs also in the charters Kancana, Maribong, Tuhanyaru, and Katatwan.

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<lb n="1v1"/><g type="ddandaOrnate"/> Avighnam astu,<g type="ddandaOrnate"/> svasti śrī śaka-varṣātīta, <num value="1170">1170</num>, Aśuji-māsa, tithi, pañcamī śukla-pakṣa, <abbr>vā</abbr>,

<lb n="1v2"/><abbr>ka</abbr>, <abbr>vr̥</abbr>, vāra, laṅkir·, Uttarāṣāḍa-nakṣatra, viśva-devatā, māhendra-maṇḍala, gaṇḍa-yoga, vairā<lb n="1v3" break="no"/>jya-muhūrtta, baruṇa-parvveśa, valava-karaṇa, mr̥ccika-rāśī,</p>

<p part="I">Irika divasany ājñā <foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">śrī sakala-<choice><sic>kha</sic><corr>la</corr></choice>lană<lb n="1v4" break="no"/>-kula-madhu-<choice><sic>mārdda</sic><corr>marda</corr></choice>na-kamalekṣaṇa</foreign>, nāmābhiṣeka śrī jaya viṣṇuvarddhana, saṁ mapañji sminiṅ rāt·,

<foreign xml:lang="san-Latn">sva-pi<lb n="1v5" break="no"/>tāmahā-stavanābhinnāśrănta-loka-pālaka</foreign>, kumonakən Irikaṁ vanva I mariboṁ, vatək atagan· jipaṁ,

<lb n="1v6"/>pagavayakna saṁ hyaṅ ājñā haji praśāsti, mataṇḍa śrī-jaya-viṣṇuvarddhana-lāñcana, Umuṅgve salaḥ sikiniṁ tāmra ri</p>

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<p>Let there be no obstacle! Hail! Fortune! In the elapsed Śaka year 1170, month of Asuji, fifth <foreign>tithi</foreign> of the waxing fortnight, Vās, Kalivon, Thursday, <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>wuku</foreign></supplied> Laṅkir; lunar mansion Uttarāṣāḍha; deity Viśva; <foreign>maṇḍala</foreign> in the East; conjunction Gaṇḍa; <foreign>muhūrta</foreign> Vairājya; regent of the astronomical node Varuṇa; <foreign>karaṇa</foreign> Valava; zodiac sign Scorpio.</p>

<p>That was when the command of the <q>illustrious <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī</foreign></supplied> lotus-eyed destroyer <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mardana</foreign></supplied> of Madhu <supplied reason="explanation">Śrī Kr̥ṣṇa</supplied> for all womenfolk <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>lalanā-kula</foreign></supplied></q>, whose consecration name is Śrī Jaya Viṣṇuvardhana, the one with the byname Sminiṅ Rāt <supplied reason="explanation"><q>Seed of the World</q></supplied>, <q>untiring world protector not different from the eulogy<!-- or read sthāpana, with Wurare st. IX? pitrādi-sthāpanāya ca? but Warunggahan kastavaniṁ candrodaya, Āpan· riṁ rātrī juga Ikān pamaṅun· hr̥dāyanandana, ta(6v2)n kadi kastavān· śrī mahārāja,

--> of his own grandfather</q>,<note>The meaning of this epithet is not quite clear. If the reading <foreign>stavanā-</foreign> is correct, then there is perhaps a parallel to be found in <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKWarunggahan.xml">Warunggahan</ref> 6v1 <foreign>tan kadi kastavān· śrī mahārāja</foreign>. On the other hand, an emendation <foreign>sthāpanā-</foreign> is easily conceivable, and in that case we may have an echo of <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKWurare.xml">Wurare</ref>, st. IX <foreign>pitrādi-sthāpanāya</foreign>.</note> ordered with regard to the village Mariboṅ, belonging to the conscription <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vatək atagan</foreign></supplied> of Jipaṅ,<note>The expression <foreign>vatak atagan</foreign> occurs also in the charters Kancana, Maribong, Tuhanyaru, and Katatwan.</note> that a holy royal decree charter be made for them <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pa-gavay-akna</foreign></supplied> with the emblem of Śrī Jaya Viṣṇuvardhana, to remain on one or the other of <supplied reason="explanation">the possible materials, viz.</supplied> copper, <supplied reason="lost">palm-leaf</supplied></p>

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<p>This is the first and only preserved plate of a reissue produced during the late Majapahit period, showing several signs of adaptation to the habits of that time, and ostensibly reproducing a charter from the reign of Wisnuwardhana. One indication that the text of the original issue has been manipulated at least to some extent is the form <foreign>pagavayakna</foreign>, which does not occur elsewhere epigraphically except in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKCanggu.xml">Canggu charter</ref> (3v5–6): <foreign>muṅgv i caṅgu, pagavayakna saṅ hyaṅ ājñā haji praśāsti, rājasanagaralāñcaṇa, muṅgve salah sikiniṅ tāmra, riptopala</foreign>. Moreover, the date seems to have been manipulated too, as it is not convertible with certainty. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Damais1955_01"/></bibl> discussed the problems, the possible solutions, none of which very convincing, and opted hesitantly for 1264-08-28, which implies emending the inscribed year 1170 to 1186. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Eade+Gislen2000_01"/></bibl> showed first that their software situates 1264-08-28 in the month Bhādrapada, not in Aśvajit, and that the other <foreign>pañcāṅga</foreign> elements would also be off if Damais’ proposal were correct. The alternative they propose does not seem much more convincing, because even though they suggest it would be <q>an emendation that involves only one element</q>, in fact it involves two emendations (1171 for the year, <foreign>aṣṭamī</foreign> for the <foreign>tithi</foreign>) and requires accepting different values for <foreign>nakṣatra</foreign>, <foreign>karaṇa</foreign> and <foreign>yoga</foreign> than those stated in the text.</p>

<p>The toponyms Mariboṅ and Jipaṅ also co-occur in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSIDENKCanggu.xml">Canggu</ref> charter (5v1): <foreign>I maR̥bo, I turan, I jipaṁ</foreign>.</p>

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<p>First edited, apparently by Bosch, in <bibl><ptr target="bib:OV1918_01"/></bibl>; re-edited by Damais (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Damais1955_01"/></bibl>); edited again by Boechari (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Boechari1985-1986_01"/></bibl>); re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from <ref target="http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:1915155">a photo of the rubbing kept in Leiden</ref>.</p>

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