Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Parakesarivarman, year 12

Editors: Valérie Gillet, Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00514.

Summary: Middle inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade of the shrine. Regnal year 12 of Kōpparakesarivarman = probably Uttamacōḻa (circa 983 CE).

Hand description:

Language: Tamil.

Repository: Tamil Nadu (varia) (tfa-tamilnadu-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-07-16 14:38 (945c2a7), last modified 2025-07-02 14:16 (a3f25cb).

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

kō-p-pa(ra-kē)sari-panma⟨r⟩kku y(ā)ṇṭu 10 2-Āvatu

vaṭa-karai-brahmadeyam periya śrī-vāṉavan⟨2⟩-mahā-devi-catuvvedi-(ma)ṅkalattu śrī-vijaiya-maṅkalattu mahā-devaṟkku It-tiru-k-kaṟaḷi ceyvitta ⟨3⟩ Am¿m?⟨p⟩alavaṉ paḻuvūr nakkaṉ-āṉa śrī-vi(k)kirama-cōḻa-mārāyaṉ cantrādittavaṟ vaitta noṉtā-viḷakku 4 ⟨4⟩ nālum

Oru viḷakkukku nicatam Uḻakku (ne)ykku Āṭu toṇṇūṟ’ āṟ’ āka nālu viḷakkukku ney nicata⟨5⟩m nāḻikku Āṭu muṉ-ṉūṟṟu Eṇpattu nālu cantrādittavaṟ vaitta cāvā mūvā-p pēr-āṭu

Ivai ⟨6⟩ panmāheśvara-rakṣai ⁋

Apparatus

⟨3⟩ Am¿m?⟨p⟩alavaṉ G ⬦ Am⟨pa⟩lavaṉ SII19 SII19.

Translation by Gillet 2023

(1) Fortune! Prosperity!

(1) [This is the] 12th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

(1–4) For Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam of big Śrī Vāṉavan-mahādevi-catturvedimaṅgalam, a brahmadeya on the northern bank, Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias Śrī Vikramacōḻa Mārāyaṉ, who made (ceyvitta) this holy stone temple (ittirukkaṟṟaḷi), gave [for] 4, four, perpetual lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure.

(4–5) At the rate of ninety-six goats for one uḻakku of ghee every day for one lamp, three hundred and eighty-four goats for one nāḻi of ghee every day for four lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure, [he] gave [those 384] non dying non ageing great goats.

(5–6) Those are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-1929 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/169).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao et al. 1967 (SII 19.314), in Swaminathan 2012 (SII 32, part 2, no. 103). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.

Primary

[SII19] Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar and G.S. Gai. 1967. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Page 157, item 314.

[SII32] Swaminathan, S. 2012. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XXXII: inscriptions of the early Chola kings upto Uttama Chola. South Indian Inscriptions 32. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director General). Pages 217–218, item 103.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power: Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha and Uthara Suvrathan. London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. [URL]. Page 75, item 4.

Secondary

ARIE 1928-1929. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, [1930]. Page TBC, appendixes B/1928-1929, item 169.

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<summary><p>Middle inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade of the shrine. Regnal year 12 of Kōpparakesarivarman = probably Uttamacōḻa (<foreign>circa</foreign> 983 CE).</p>

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<lb n="1"/><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi>

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kō-p-pa<unclear>ra-kē</unclear><hi rend="grantha">sa</hi>ri-<hi rend="grantha">panma</hi><reg>r</reg>kku y<unclear>ā</unclear>ṇṭu <num value="12"><g type="numeral">10</g> 2</num>-Āvatu

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vaṭa-karai-<hi rend="grantha">brahmade</hi>yam periya śrī-vāṉavan

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Oru viḷakkukku nicatam Uḻakku <unclear>ne</unclear>ykku Āṭu toṇṇūṟ' āṟ' āka nālu viḷakkukku ney nicata

<lb n="5" break="no"/>m nāḻikku Āṭu muṉ-ṉūṟṟu Eṇpattu nālu ca<hi rend="grantha">ntrādi</hi>ttavaṟ vaitta cāvā mūvā-p pēr-āṭu

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Ivai

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Fortune! Prosperity!

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<supplied reason="subaudible">This is the</supplied> 12th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

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For Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam of big Śrī Vāṉavan-mahādevi-catturvedimaṅgalam, a <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> on the northern bank, Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias Śrī Vikramacōḻa Mārāyaṉ, who made <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ceyvitta</foreign></supplied> this holy stone temple <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ittirukkaṟṟaḷi</foreign></supplied>, gave <supplied reason="subaudible">for</supplied> 4, four, perpetual lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure.

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At the rate of ninety-six goats for one <foreign>uḻakku</foreign> of <foreign>ghee</foreign> every day for one lamp, three hundred and eighty-four goats for one <foreign>nāḻi</foreign> of <foreign>ghee</foreign> every day for four lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure, <supplied reason="subaudible">he</supplied> gave <supplied reason="subaudible">those 384</supplied> non dying non ageing great goats.

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Those are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.</p>

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<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1928-1929"/></bibl> (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/169).</p>

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<p>This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.</p>

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