Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Parakesarivarman, year 10

Editors: Valérie Gillet, Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00512.

Summary: Lowest inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade of the shrine, engraved on a single stone block. Regnal year 10 of Kōpparakesarivarman = Uttamacōḻa (circa 981 CE).

Hand description:

Language: Tamil.

Repository: Tamil Nadu (varia) (tfa-tamilnadu-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-07-16 14:38 (945c2a7), last modified 2025-07-02 14:16 (a3f25cb).

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

kō-p-para-kēcari-panma⟨r⟩kku yāṇṭu 10-Āvatu

vaṭa-karai⟨2⟩-brahmadeyam periya śrī-vāṉavaṉ-mah¿a?⟨ā⟩devi-catu⟨r⟩(vve)ti-ma⟨3⟩ṅkalattu śrī-vijaiya-maṅkala⟨t⟩tu mahā-devaṟkku It-tiru⟨4⟩-k-kaṟṟaḷi ceyvitta Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūraṉ-āṉa śrī-vikkira⟨5⟩ma-cōḻa-mā-rāyar cantrātittavaṟ nan=tā-viḷakku Oṉ⟨6⟩ṟiṉukku vaitta Āṭu toṉṉūṟṟ’ āṟu ⁋

Aṇṭā⟨7⟩ṭṭu maḻavar śrī-vijaiya-maṅkala⟨t⟩tu mahā-devaṟkku ca⟨8⟩ntrātittavaṟ n¿a?⟨o⟩n=tāviḷa-kkukk’ iraṇṭukku kuṭutta paṅ{k}[k]’ (ira)ṇṭu

Ivai pa(nma)he⟨⟨śva⟩⟩ra-rakṣai

Apparatus

⟨2⟩ catu⟨r⟩(vve)ti ⬦ catuveti G • G: “The v looks like a vu with a -e before, which is impossible. Perhaps it is intended for a vve.” The vv looks rather like a kind of vū preceded by medial e and indeed intended to be vve.

⟨8⟩ paṅ{k}[k]’ (ira)ṇṭu ⬦ paṅ{k}kiraṇṭu SII19 SII32; paṅ[.]i(ra)ṇṭu G.

Translation by Gillet 2023

(1) Fortune! Prosperity!

(1) [This is the] 10th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

(1–6) To Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam, of the big Śrī Vāṉavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvetimaṅgalam, a brahmadeya on the northern bank, Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūraṉ alias Śrī Vikkiramacōḻa Mārāyar, who has made (ceyvitta) this holy stone temple (tirukkaṟṟaḷi), for one perpetual lamp, as long as the sun and the moon endure, gave ninety-six goats.

(6–8) Aṇṭāṭṭu Maḻavar, for Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam, for two perpetual lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure, gave two shares.

(8) Those are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-1929 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/170).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao et al. 1967 (SII 19.272), in Swaminathan 2012 (SII 32, part 2, no. 84). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.

Primary

[SII19] Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar and G.S. Gai. 1967. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Page 136, item 272.

[SII32] Swaminathan, S. 2012. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XXXII: inscriptions of the early Chola kings upto Uttama Chola. South Indian Inscriptions 32. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director General). Pages 200–201, item 84.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power: Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha and Uthara Suvrathan. London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. [URL]. Page 74, item 2.

Secondary

ARIE 1928-1929. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, [1930]. Page TBC, appendixes B/1928-1929, item 170.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

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<p>Lowest inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade of the shrine, engraved on a single stone block. Regnal year 10 of Kōpparakesarivarman = Uttamacōḻa (<foreign>circa</foreign> 981 CE).</p>

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<lb n="1"/><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi>

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kō-p-para-kēcari-pa<hi rend="grantha">nma</hi><reg>r</reg>kku yāṇṭu <num value="10"><g type="numeral">10</g></num>-Āvatu

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vaṭa-karai

<lb n="2" break="no"/>-<hi rend="grantha">brahmade</hi>yam periya <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vāṉavaṉ-<hi rend="grantha">mah<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>de</hi>vi-<hi rend="grantha">ca</hi>tu<hi rend="grantha"><reg>r</reg><unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">vve</unclear></hi>ti-ma

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<lb n="4" break="no"/>-k-kaṟṟaḷi ceyvitta Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūraṉ-āṉa <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vikkira

<lb n="5" break="no"/>ma-cōḻa-mā-rāyar <hi rend="grantha">cantrā</hi>tittavaṟ nan=tā-viḷakku Oṉ

<lb n="6" break="no"/>ṟiṉukku v<hi rend="grantha">ai</hi>tta Āṭu toṉṉūṟṟ' āṟu <g type="gomutraFinal"/>

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Aṇṭā

<lb n="7" break="no"/>ṭṭu maḻavar <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vi<hi rend="grantha">jai</hi>ya-maṅkala<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>tu <hi rend="grantha">mahā-de</hi>vaṟkku <hi rend="grantha">ca</hi>

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Ivai pa<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>nma</unclear></hi><hi rend="grantha">he<add place="above">śva</add>ra-rakṣai</hi>

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<rdg source="bib:Gillet2023_01"><hi rend="grantha">catuve</hi>ti</rdg>

<note><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/>: <quote>The <foreign>v</foreign> looks like a <foreign>vu</foreign> with a -<foreign>e</foreign> before, which is impossible. Perhaps it is intended for a <foreign>vve</foreign>.</quote> The <foreign>vv</foreign> looks rather like a kind of <foreign>vū</foreign> preceded by medial <foreign>e</foreign> and indeed intended to be <foreign>vve</foreign>.</note>

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<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01 bib:Swaminathan2012_01">paṅ<surplus>k</surplus>kiraṇṭu</rdg>

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<p n="1">Fortune! Prosperity!</p>

<p n="1"><supplied reason="subaudible">This is the</supplied> 10th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.</p>

<p n="1-6">To Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam, of the big Śrī Vāṉavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvetimaṅgalam, a <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> on the northern bank, Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūraṉ alias Śrī Vikkiramacōḻa Mārāyar, who has made <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ceyvitta</foreign></supplied> this holy stone temple <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tirukkaṟṟaḷi</foreign></supplied>, for one perpetual lamp, as long as the sun and the moon endure, gave ninety-six goats.

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Aṇṭāṭṭu Maḻavar, for Mahādeva of Śrī Vijaiyamaṅgalam, for two perpetual lamps, as long as the sun and the moon endure, gave two shares.

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Those are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.</p>

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<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1928-1929"/></bibl> (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/170). </p>

<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv19p0i0272">SII 19.272</ref>), in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2012_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv32p2i0084">SII 32, part 2, no. 84</ref>). Edited and translated in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>, based on autopsy and photographs (<ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/****">by Valérie Gillet, 2018</ref>).</p>

<p>This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.</p>

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