Hīrahaḍagaḷḷi copper plates, time of Śiva-Skandavarman, year 8

Editor: Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPallava00003.

Summary: Confirmation of the grant, with exemptions, of a garden in Cillarekakoḍuṁka to 24 Brahmins, and further grant of lands, seemingly in Āpiṭṭī.

Languages: Prakrit, Sanskrit.

Repository: Pallava (tfa-pallava-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-10-29 23:21 (731357b), last modified 2024-05-12 16:25 (f952d12).

Seal

⟨1⟩ [śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ]

Plates

⟨Page 1r⟩ ⟨1⟩ diṭhaṁ

⟨Page 1v⟩⟨left: siddhaM ||⟩

⟨1v1=1⟩ k¿o?⟨ā⟩ṁcīpurā Aggiṭ¿th?⟨ṭh⟩oma-vājapeyassamedha-yājī dhamma-mahā⟨1v2=2⟩rājādhirājo bhāraddāyo pallavāṇ¿a?⟨ā⟩⟨ṁ⟩ sivakhaṁdavamo ⟨1v3=3⟩ Amhaṁ visaye savattha rājakumāra-senāpati ⟨Page 2r⟩ ⟨2r1=4⟩ raṭṭh(i)ka-māḍabi(ka)-desādhikatādīke gāmāgāmabhojake ⟨2r2=5⟩ vallave govallave Amacce Ārakhādhikate gumike tūthike ⟨2r3=6⟩ neyike Anne vi ca Amha-pesa(ṇa)-ppayutte saṁcaraṁtaka ⟨2r4=7⟩ bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa[3×]

parihāraṁ vitarāma Ettha dāṇi ⟨Page 2v⟩ ⟨2v1=8⟩ Āpiṭṭ(i/ī)-vatthavāṇa cillareka-koḍuṁka-bhojaka-bamhaṇān¿a?⟨ā⟩ṁ Appa⟨2v2=9⟩ṇa kula-gottasa dhamāyu-bala-yaso-vadhanike vijaya-vejayīke ⟨2v3=10⟩ ca kātūṇam Appatihata-sāsaṇassa Aneka-hirogo-koḍi⟨2v4=11⟩go-hala-sata-sahassa-ppadāyino mahārāja-bappa-sāmīhi ⟨Page 3r⟩⟨left: 3⟩ ⟨3r1=12⟩ vāṭaka cillareka-koḍuṁke puvvadattaṁ golasamajasa patībhāgo 1 ⟨3r2=13⟩ Ātteya-sagottasa Agisamajassa patībhāgā 4 ⟨3r3=14⟩ māḍharasa patībhāgā be 2 jāmātukasa Agillasa patī⟨3r4=15⟩bhāgo 1 hārita-sagotasa kālasamasa pat{t}ībhāgā 3 ⟨Page 3v⟩ ⟨3v1=16⟩ bhāradāya-sagottassa kumārasamasa patībhāgā 2 kosik¿ā?⟨a⟩⟨3v2=17⟩sagotasa kumāranaṁdi-kumārasama-koṭṭasama-sattissa ca ⟨3v3=18⟩ catuṇhaṁ bhātukāṇa cattāri pat{t}ībhāgā 4 kasava-sagotta⟨3v4=19⟩sa bhaṭisa patībhāgo 1 bhāradāyasa khaṁdakoṁḍisa ⟨Page 4r⟩⟨left: 4⟩ ⟨4r1=20⟩ (pa)tībhāgā be 2 khaṁdaḍhasa patībhago 1 bappasa ⟨4r2=21⟩ pat{t}ībhāgo 1 dattajasa patībhāgā be 2 naṁdijasa ⟨4r3=22⟩ patībhāgā 3 vatsa-sagotasa rudasamasa patī⟨4r4=23⟩bhāgo 1 dāmajasa patībhāgo 1 sālasamaja(sa) patī ⟨4r5=24⟩ bhāgo 1 ⟨Page 4v⟩ ⟨4v1=25⟩ parimitasa patībhāgo 1 nāga-naṁdisa patibhāgo 1 golisa ⟨4v2=26⟩ patībhāgo 1 khaṁdasamasa patībhāgo 1 sāmijasa patībhāgo 1

⟨4v3=27⟩ Etesi bamhaṇāṇ(ā)ṁ Agisamaja-pamukhāṇaṁ sātāhaniraṭṭhe ⟨4v4=28⟩ gāme cillarekakoḍuṁke dakhiṇasīmaṁ puvvadattaṁ ⟨Page 5r⟩⟨left: 5⟩ ⟨5r1=29⟩ Amhehi vi Ā-canda-tāra-kālika kātūṇaṁ Udakādiṁ saṁpa⟨5r2=30⟩datto

Etaṁ bamhaṇāṇaṁ cil⟨l⟩erekakoḍuṁka-vāṭakam ⟨5r3=31⟩ Akūra-yollaka-vinesi-khaṭṭā-vāsaṁ A-dūdha-dadhi-gahaṇaṁ ⟨5r4=32⟩ A-raṭṭha-saṁvinayikaṁ A-loṇa-(gu)la-cchobhaṁ A-kara-veṭṭhī ⟨Page 5v⟩ ⟨5v1=33⟩ koṁjallaṁ A-paraṁpara-balivadda-gahaṇaṁ A-taṇa-kaṭṭha-gaha⟨5v2=34⟩ṇaṁ A-haritaka-sāka-pupha-gahaṇaṁ Evamādīkehi Aṭṭhā⟨5v3=35⟩rasa-jāti-parihārehi visaya-vāsīhi Api⟨5v4=36⟩ṭṭī-vāsīhi cillerekakoḍuṁka-vāsīhi ca pariharitavaṁ ⟨Page 6r⟩⟨left: 6⟩ ⟨6r1=37⟩ parihāpetavva ca tti

Api ca Āpiṭṭīyaṁ Agisamaja ⟨6r2=38⟩ pamukhāṇa bamhaṇāṇaṁ khalasa nivataṇaṁ gharassa nivata⟨6r3=39⟩ṇaṁ Addhikā cāttāri 4 kolikā be tti 2

Eva nātūṇaṁ ⟨6r4=40⟩ Atha koci vallabhamadena pīlā bādhā kareyya kāravejo ⟨Page 6v⟩ ⟨6v1=41⟩ vā tasa khu Amhe nigaha{ṁ}vāraṇa kareyyāma ti

bhūyo ca ⟨6v2=42⟩ varisa-sata-sahassātireka-samakāle Amhaṁ pallava ⟨6v3=43⟩ kalamahaṁtte bhavissabhaḍe Anne ca no ⟨Page 7r⟩⟨left: 7⟩ ⟨7r1=44⟩ vasudhādhipataye Abhatthemi jo sakakāle Upari ⟨7r2=45⟩ likhita-majātāye Aṇuvaṭṭhāveti tasa ⟨7r4=46⟩ vo sammo ti yo ca si vigghe vaṭṭeja ⟨Page 7v⟩ ⟨7v1=47⟩ sa ca khu pañca-mahāpātaka-saṁjutto narādhamo ⟨7v2=48⟩ hoja ti

dat⟨t⟩ā paṭṭikā vāsa-satasahassāya

⟨7v3=49⟩ saṁva 8 vāsa 6 diva 5

sayam āṇataṁ

⟨Page 8r⟩⟨left: 8⟩ ⟨8r1=50⟩ kolivāla-bhojakasa rahasādhikata-bhaṭṭisa⟨8r2=51⟩mmasa sa-hattha-likhiteṇa paṭṭikā kaḍa tti

⟨8r3=52⟩ svasti go-brāhmaṇa-lekhaka-vācaka-śrotṛbhya Iti

⟨Page 8v⟩

Seal

⟨1⟩ [śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ]

Plates

⟨Page 1r⟩

⟨1⟩ diṭhaṁ

⟨Page 1v⟩ left: siddhaM ||

⟨1v1=1⟩ k¿o?⟨ā⟩ṁcīpurā Aggiṭ¿th?⟨ṭh⟩oma-vājapeyassamedha-yājī dhamma-mahā-

⟨1v2=2⟩ rājādhirājo bhāraddāyo pallavāṇ¿a?⟨ā⟩⟨ṁ⟩ sivakhaṁdavamo

⟨1v3=3⟩ Amhaṁ visaye savattha rājakumāra-senāpati _

⟨Page 2r⟩

⟨2r1=4⟩ raṭṭh(i)ka-māḍabi(ka)-desādhikatādīke gāmāgāmabhojake

⟨2r2=5⟩ vallave govallave Amacce Ārakhādhikate gumike tūthike

⟨2r3=6⟩ neyike Anne vi ca Amha-pesa(ṇa)-ppayutte saṁcaraṁtaka

⟨2r4=7⟩ bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa[***] parihāraṁ vitarāma Ettha dāṇi

⟨Page 2v⟩

⟨2v1=8⟩ Āpiṭṭ(i/ī)-vatthavāṇa cillareka-koḍuṁka-bhojaka-bamhaṇān¿a?⟨ā⟩ṁ Appa-

⟨2v2=9⟩ ṇa kula-gottasa dhamāyu-bala-yaso-vadhanike vijaya-vejayīke

⟨2v3=10⟩ ca kātūṇam Appatihata-sāsaṇassa Aneka-hirogo-koḍi-

⟨2v4=11⟩ go-hala-sata-sahassa-ppadāyino mahārāja-bappa-sāmīhi

⟨Page 3r⟩ left: 3

⟨3r1=12⟩ vāṭaka cillareka-koḍuṁke puvvadattaṁ golasamajasa patībhāgo 1

⟨3r2=13⟩ Ātteya-sagottasa Agisamajassa patībhāgā 4

⟨3r3=14⟩ māḍharasa patībhāgā be 2 jāmātukasa Agillasa patī-

⟨3r4=15⟩ bhāgo 1 hārita-sagotasa kālasamasa pat{t}ībhāgā 3

⟨Page 3v⟩

⟨3v1=16⟩ bhāradāya-sagottassa kumārasamasa patībhāgā 2 kosik¿ā?⟨a⟩-

⟨3v2=17⟩ sagotasa kumāranaṁdi-kumārasama-koṭṭasama-sattissa ca

⟨3v3=18⟩ catuṇhaṁ bhātukāṇa cattāri pat{t}ībhāgā 4 kasava-sagotta-

⟨3v4=19⟩ sa bhaṭisa patībhāgo 1 bhāradāyasa khaṁdakoṁḍisa

⟨Page 4r⟩ left: 4

⟨4r1=20⟩ (pa)tībhāgā be 2 khaṁdaḍhasa patībhago 1 bappasa

⟨4r2=21⟩ pat{t}ībhāgo 1 dattajasa patībhāgā be 2 naṁdijasa

⟨4r3=22⟩ patībhāgā 3 vatsa-sagotasa rudasamasa patī-

⟨4r4=23⟩ bhāgo 1 dāmajasa patībhāgo 1 sālasamaja(sa) patī

⟨4r5=24⟩ bhāgo 1

⟨Page 4v⟩

⟨4v1=25⟩ parimitasa patībhāgo 1 nāga-naṁdisa patibhāgo 1 golisa

⟨4v2=26⟩ patībhāgo 1 khaṁdasamasa patībhāgo 1 sāmijasa patībhāgo 1

⟨4v3=27⟩ Etesi bamhaṇāṇ(ā)ṁ Agisamaja-pamukhāṇaṁ sātāhaniraṭṭhe

⟨4v4=28⟩ gāme cillarekakoḍuṁke dakhiṇasīmaṁ puvvadattaṁ _

⟨Page 5r⟩ left: 5

⟨5r1=29⟩ Amhehi vi Ā-canda-tāra-kālika kātūṇaṁ Udakādiṁ saṁpa-

⟨5r2=30⟩ datto Etaṁ bamhaṇāṇaṁ cil⟨l⟩erekakoḍuṁka-vāṭakam

⟨5r3=31⟩ Akūra-yollaka-vinesi-khaṭṭā-vāsaṁ A-dūdha-dadhi-gahaṇaṁ

⟨5r4=32⟩ A-raṭṭha-saṁvinayikaṁ A-loṇa-(gu)la-cchobhaṁ A-kara-veṭṭhī

⟨Page 5v⟩

⟨5v1=33⟩ koṁjallaṁ A-paraṁpara-balivadda-gahaṇaṁ A-taṇa-kaṭṭha-gaha-

⟨5v2=34⟩ ṇaṁ A-haritaka-sāka-pupha-gahaṇaṁ Evamādīkehi Aṭṭhā-

⟨5v3=35⟩ rasa-jāti-parihārehi visaya-vāsīhi Api-

⟨5v4=36⟩ ṭṭī-vāsīhi cillerekakoḍuṁka-vāsīhi ca pariharitavaṁ

⟨Page 6r⟩ left: 6

⟨6r1=37⟩ parihāpetavva ca tti Api ca Āpiṭṭīyaṁ Agisamaja

⟨6r2=38⟩ pamukhāṇa bamhaṇāṇaṁ khalasa nivataṇaṁ gharassa nivata-

⟨6r3=39⟩ ṇaṁ Addhikā cāttāri 4 kolikā be tti 2 Eva nātūṇaṁ

⟨6r4=40⟩ Atha koci vallabhamadena pīlā bādhā kareyya kāravejo

⟨Page 6v⟩

⟨6v1=41⟩ vā tasa khu Amhe nigaha{ṁ}vāraṇa kareyyāma ti bhūyo ca

⟨6v2=42⟩ varisa-sata-sahassātireka-samakāle Amhaṁ pallava

⟨6v3=43⟩ kalamahaṁtte bhavissabhaḍe Anne ca no

⟨Page 7r⟩ left: 7

⟨7r1=44⟩ vasudhādhipataye Abhatthemi jo sakakāle Upari

⟨7r2=45⟩ likhita-majātāye Aṇuvaṭṭhāveti tasa

⟨7r4=46⟩ vo sammo ti yo ca si vigghe vaṭṭeja

⟨Page 7v⟩

⟨7v1=47⟩ sa ca khu pañca-mahāpātaka-saṁjutto narādhamo

⟨7v2=48⟩ hoja ti dat⟨t⟩ā paṭṭikā vāsa-satasahassāya

⟨7v3=49⟩ saṁva 8 vāsa 6 diva 5 sayam āṇataṁ

⟨Page 8r⟩ left: 8

⟨8r1=50⟩ kolivāla-bhojakasa rahasādhikata-bhaṭṭisa-

⟨8r2=51⟩ mmasa sa-hattha-likhiteṇa paṭṭikā kaḍa tti

⟨8r3=52⟩ svasti go-brāhmaṇa-lekhaka-vācaka-śrotṛbhya Iti

⟨Page 8v⟩

Seal

⟨1⟩ [śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ]

Plates

⟨Page 1r⟩ ⟨1⟩ diṭhaṁ

⟨Page 1v⟩⟨left: siddhaM ||⟩

⟨1v1=1⟩ k¿o?⟨ā⟩ṁcīpurā Aggiṭ¿th?⟨ṭh⟩oma-vājapeyassamedha-yājī dhamma-mahā⟨1v2=2⟩rājādhirājo bhāraddāyo pallavāṇ¿a?⟨ā⟩⟨ṁ⟩ sivakhaṁdavamo ⟨1v3=3⟩ Amhaṁ visaye savattha rājakumāra-senāpati _ ⟨Page 2r⟩ ⟨2r1=4⟩ raṭṭh(i)ka-māḍabi(ka)-desādhikatādīke gāmāgāmabhojake ⟨2r2=5⟩ vallave govallave Amacce Ārakhādhikate gumike tūthike ⟨2r3=6⟩ neyike Anne vi ca Amha-pesa(ṇa)-ppayutte saṁcaraṁtaka ⟨2r4=7⟩ bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa[3×]

⟨4v3=27⟩ Etesi bamhaṇāṇ(ā)ṁ Agisamaja-pamukhāṇaṁ sātāhaniraṭṭhe ⟨4v4=28⟩ gāme cillarekakoḍuṁke dakhiṇasīmaṁ puvvadattaṁ _ ⟨Page 5r⟩⟨left: 5⟩ ⟨5r1=29⟩ Amhehi vi Ā-canda-tāra-kālika kātūṇaṁ Udakādiṁ saṁpa⟨5r2=30⟩datto

Api ca Āpiṭṭīyaṁ Agisamaja ⟨6r2=38⟩ pamukhāṇa bamhaṇāṇaṁ khalasa nivataṇaṁ gharassa nivata⟨6r3=39⟩ṇaṁ Addhikā cāttāri 4 kolikā be tti 2

Eva nātūṇaṁ ⟨6r4=40⟩ Atha koci vallabhamadena pīlā bādhā kareyya kāravejo ⟨Page 6v⟩ ⟨6v1=41⟩ vā tasa khu Amhe nigaha{ṁ}vāraṇa kareyyāma ti

dat⟨t⟩ā paṭṭikā vāsa-satasahassāya

⟨7v3=49⟩ saṁva 8 vāsa 6 diva 5

sayam āṇataṁ

⟨Page 8r⟩⟨left: 8⟩ ⟨8r1=50⟩ kolivāla-bhojakasa rahasādhikata-bhaṭṭisa⟨8r2=51⟩mmasa sa-hattha-likhiteṇa paṭṭikā kaḍa tti

⟨8r3=52⟩ svasti go-brāhmaṇa-lekhaka-vācaka-śrotṛbhya Iti

⟨Page 8v⟩

Apparatus

Seal

⟨1⟩ [śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ] ⬦ śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ GB1892 • This is GB1892 reading (page 9), but nothing is legible on the seal now kept with the plates in the Chennai Government Museum (2008). The same legend is found on the seal of another Pallava plate (DHARMA_INSPallava00002).

Plates

⟨1⟩ k¿o?⟨ā⟩ṁcīpurā ⬦ kāṁcīpurā GB1892; koṁcīpurā DCS • Alternatively, one can follow GB1892, considering that what is taken as the left component of medial o is just a defect on the plate. — ⟨1⟩ Aggiṭ¿th?⟨ṭh⟩oma° ⬦ Aggitthoma° GB1892; Aggiṭthoma° EL; Aggiṭthoma° GB1894; Aggiṭṭhoma° DCS • The original reading is ṭtha, as indicated by the dot inside the tha of this ligature.

⟨2⟩ pallavāṇ¿a?⟨ā⟩⟨ṁ⟩ ⬦ pallavāṇa GB1892 DCS.

⟨4⟩ raṭṭh(i)ka° ⬦ raṭṭhika° GB1892; raṭṭh¿a?⟨i⟩ka° DCS • GB1892 notes that “[t]he i of raṭṭhika is very faint”. This medial i is not clear on the published estampage, but is more visible on the photos (2011). — ⟨4⟩ °māḍabi(ka)° ⬦ °mā⟨ṁ⟩ḍabi¿nu?⟨ka⟩° GB1892; °mā⟨ṁ⟩ḍabika° EL; °mā⟨ṁ⟩ḍabi¿nu?⟨ka⟩° GB1894; °māḍabi(ka)° DCS • The letter ka looks indeed like nu, since the left part of its horizontal crossbar is missing. GB1894 notes that the emendation māḍambika is possible, but doubtful, given that is attested attested only in Jainz literature.

⟨5⟩ Ārakhādhikate ⬦ ¿Ā?⟨a⟩raṇādhikate GB1892; Āra⟨k⟩khādhikate EL GB1894; Ārakhādhikate DCS • The initial Ā is clear on the photos (2011), where a little hook is visible on its right side of letter)

⟨7⟩ bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa[3×] ⬦ bhaḍamaṇusāṇa (kaḍh)[.](o) GB1892; bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa(kaḍhaso) DCS • GB1892 notes that his suggested reading (kaḍh)[.](o) is “very doubtful, with the exception of the last vowel”. DCS suggets to read bhaḍamanuṣe āṇaveti. A verbal predicate is indeed expected here to complete this first sentence. — ⟨7⟩ parihāraṁ ⬦ pārihāraṁ GB1892; parihāraṁ DCS.

⟨8⟩ Āpiṭṭ(i/ī)° ⬦ Āpiṭṭi° GB1892; (Ā)piṭṭi° DCS.

⟨37⟩ Āpiṭṭīyaṁ ⬦ Āpiṭṭīyaṁ GB1892 DCS • The ī in ṭṭi is not clear on the published estampage, but well visible on the photos (2011).

⟨40⟩ bādhā ⬦ bādhā GB1892 DCS • The ā in dhā is not clear on the published estampage, but well visible on the photos (2011).

⟨7⟩ Ettha ⬦ cattha GB1892; Ettha EL GB1894 DCS.

⟨51⟩ kaḍa ⬦ kada GB1892; kaḍa DCS • GB1892 notes: “Perhaps kaḍa is to be read.”

Translation by Bühler 1892

(1–7) Success!¹ From Kāṁcīpura—the righteous² supreme king of great kings of the Pallavas Sivakhaṁdavama (Śivaskandavarman), a Bhāraddāya³ (Bhāradvāja) an offerer of Agniṣṭoma, Vājapeya and Aśvamedha (sacrifices) [issues the following orders]:

(7–26) “In our whole territory [we send greetings]⁴ to the royal princes, generals, rulers of districts, custom-house officers,⁵ prefects of countries and others, to the freeholders of various villages,⁶ to herdsmen, cowherds, ministers, foresters, gumikas, tūthikas, neyikas,⁷ and all others employed in our service, to roaming [spies] and warriors, ⁸ and we grant here an immunity [viz.] the garden in Cillarekakoḍuṁka, which was formerly given by the great king, the lord Bappa,⁹ a giver of many krors of gold and of one hundred thousand ox-ploughs,¹⁰—while he made [the gift] a means of the increase of the merit, longevity, power and fame of [his] own family and race—to the Brāhmans, free-holders of Cillarekakoḍuṁka [and] inhabitants of Āpiṭṭi, [viz.] to Golasamaja (Golaśarmārya) one share of the produce, ¹¹ to Agisamaja (Agniśarmārya) of the Ātteya (Ātreya) gotra four shares of the produce, to Māḍhara (Māṭhara) two shares of the produce, to (his) son-in-law (?) Agilla (Agnila) one share of the produce, to Kālasama (Kālaśarman) of the Hārita gotra two (?) shares of the produce, to Kumārasama (Kumāraśarman) of the Bhāradāya (Bhāradvāja) gotra two shares of the produce, to the four brothers Kumāranaṁdi (Kumāranandin), Kumārasama (Kumāraśarman), Koṭṭasama (Koṭṭaśarman) and Satti (Śakti) of the Kosika (Kauśika) gotra four (4) shares of the produce, to Bhaṭi (Bhaṭṭi) of the Kassava (Kāśyapa) gotra one share of the produce, to Khaṁdakoṁḍi (Skandakoṭi?) the Bhāradāya (Bhāradvāja) two shares of the produce, to Khaṁdaḍha (Skanda-ṛddha) one share of the produce, to Bappa one share of the produce, to Dattaja (Dattārya) two shares of the produce, to Naṁdija (Nandyārya) three shares of the produce, to Rudasama (Rudraśarman) of the Vātsya gotra one share of the produce, to Dāmaja (Dāmārya) one share of the produce, to Sālasama (Śyālaśarman?) one share of the produce, to Parimita¹² (?) one share of the produce, to Nāganaṁdi one share of the produce, to Goli (?) one share of the produce, to Khaṁdasama (Skandaśarman) one share of the produce, to Sāmija (Svāmyārya) one share of the produce.”

(27–30) “By Us also the formerly-given [garden]¹³ [situated] on the southern sīm, in the village of Cillarekakoḍuṁka [and] in the province (raṭṭha) of Sātāhani, has been granted to the above-mentioned Brāhmans, chief among whom is Agisamaja (Agniśarmārya), [the gift] being confirmed by a libation of water and being made [valid] as long as the moon and stars endure.”

(30–37) “This garden in Cillarekakoḍuṁka, which belongs to the Brāhmans, [is to be] free from taxes ... ... ..., free from the taking of sweet and sour milk,¹⁴ ... ... ... ...¹⁵ free from troubles about salt and sugar,¹⁶ free from taxes, forced labour ... ... ... , free from the taking of the oxen in succession,¹⁷ free from the taking of grass and wood, free from the taking of vegetables and flowers; with these and other immunities of the eighteen kinds it must he exempted and caused to be exempted by the inhabitants of the province, by the inhabitants of Āpiṭṭī and by the inhabitants of Chillerekakoḍuṁka.”

(37–39) “Moreover, in Āpiṭṭī [one] nivartana [has been given] to the Brāhmans, chief among whom is Agisamaja (Agniśarmarya), for a threshing-floor, [one] nivartana for a house, four labourers¹⁸ receiving half the produce (addhikā), two Kolikas.¹⁹”

(39–52) “Now [if] anybody, knowing this, proud of [being] a favourite [of the king], should cause or cause to be caused a small obstacle [to the donees] him, forsooth, we shall restrain by punishment. And further I pray both the future great warriors of our Pallava race, [who may rule] within a period exceeding one hundred thousand years, as well as kings, differing from us [in descent], saying [unto them]: ’To him among you blessings, who in his time makes [the people] act according to the rule, written above.²⁰ But he who acts contrary to it shall be the lowest of men, loaded with [the guilt of] the five mortal sins.’ A charter [valid] for one hundred thousand years has been given on the fifth day, in the sixth [fortnight] of the rainy season, in the year eight. [My] own order. ’The charter has been prepared in his own handwriting by the privy councillor Bhaṭṭisama (Bhaṭṭiśarman), the Kolivāla freeholder.’ ’Welfare to cows, Brāhmans, the writer, the readers and the hearers.’”

Translation into French by Emmanuel Francis

Seal

⟨Order⟩ of Śivaskava[davarman].

Plates

Vu²¹.

Perfection !

(1–7) De Kāñcīpuram ...

(7–26) Nous accordons ...

à Golasamaja (Golaśarmārya): 1 part
à Agisamaja (Agniśarmārya) de l’Ātreyagotra: 4 parts
...

(27–30) ...

(30–37) ...

(37–39) ...

(39–41) ...

(41–48) ...

(48) ...

(50–51) ...

(52) “Prospérité au vaches, aux brahmanes, aux scribes, aux récitateurs et aux auditeurs :”

Commentary

For a description of the Prakrit language of this grant, see Bühler 1892 (EI 1, no. 1, p. 2-4), Mehendale 1948, Pischel 1965.

About the seal, see Bühler 1892, p. 9: “The plates are still held together by a single ring to which a nearly circular, somewhat battered, seal about an inch in diameter is attached. This seal shows as emblem an animal, facing the proper right, which may be intended for a deer or a horse. Below there stands the word Śivaskandavarmaṇaḥ, the last three akṣaras of which are much defaced and doubtful. The first four akṣara are perfectly plain and leave no doubt thut this part of the grant was in Sanskrit, just like the maṅgala at the end.”

Bibliography

Edited in Bühler 1892 (EI 1, no. 1) with facsimile and English translation; corrections in Leumann 1894 (EI 2, no. 40); corrections in Bühler 1894 (EI 2, no. 40); text and sanskritised text in Sircar 1965, pp. 461–466 with facsimile; text and summary in Mahalingam 1988 (IP 3); re-edited here by Emmanuel Francis (2023), based on published estampages and photos of the original plates in the Chennai Government Museum (2008).

Primary

[GB1892] Bühler, Johann Georg. 1892. “A Prâkrit grant of the Pallava king Śivaskandavarman.” EI 1, pp. 2–10 + 479 (errata and corrigenda).

[EL] Leumann, Ernst. 1894. “A note on the Prâkrit grant of the Pallava king Śivaskandavarman.” EI 2, pp. 483–485.

[GB1894] Bühler, Johann Georg. 1894. “Some further notes on the grant of Śivaskandavarman.” EI 2, pp. 485–486.

[DCS] Sircar, Dines Chandra. 1965. Select inscriptions bearing on Indian history and civilization. Volume I: from the sixth century B.C. to the sixth century A.D. 2nd edition revised and enlarged. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. Pages 457–461.

[IP] Mahalingam, T. V. 1988. Inscriptions of the Pallavas. New Delhi; Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research; Agam Prakashan. Pages 35–39, item 3.

Secondary

Francis, Emmanuel. 2013. Le discours royal dans l'Inde du Sud ancienne : inscriptions et monuments Pallava, IV^ème-IX^ème siècles. Tome I : Introduction et sources. Publications de l'Institut orientaliste de Louvain 64. Louvain-la-Neuve; Paris: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste; Peeters. Item IR 3.

Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Historical grammar of inscriptional Prakrits. Poona: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute. Pages xvi, 107.

Pischel, R. 1965. Comparative grammar of the Prākr̥it languages. 2nd revised edition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Page 8.

Notes

1. Errata and corrigenda (EI 1, p. 479) taken into account.
2. Compare Mr. Fleet’s grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 155, line 17 of the transcript.
3. Compare Mr. Fleet’s grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 51, line 15 of the transcript, and ibidem, page 155, line 14 of the transcript, as well as vol. IX, p. 101, line 2 of the transcript, where bhāraddāyassa has to be read for bhāraṭṭāyaṇa.
4. Two verbs have been left out, one in the third person singular after sivakhaṁdavamo, and one in the first person plural, or in the absolutive at the end of the list of officials. For the pronoun amhaṁ ’our’ shows that a new sentence begins with line 3, and the words vitarāma cattha dāṇi prove that it must have stood in the first person plural or in the absolutive. The first verb was probably āṇaveti or some equivalent. The second may either have been a word expressing command, or, what I consider more likely, some expression implying greeting, such as are found in many other inscriptions.
5. I consider the correction māṇḍabika as certain and take the word maṇḍaba or maṇḍapa, from which it has been derived, in the sense of the māṇḍavī, ’custom house’—see Molesworth, Marāṭhī Dictionary, sub voce. The śaulkikas are frequently mentioned in Sanskrit inscriptions.
6. That bhojaka does not mean’ temple priest,’ but ’ināmdār,’ or ’freeholder,’ seems to follow from its use in line 8, where the donees are called cillarekakoḍumkabhojakas, who lived in Āpiṭṭī, and in line 50, where the privy councillor Bhaṭṭisama receives the title kolivālabhojake. Such a despised personage as a temple priest could hardly become a minister. Professor Fausböll points out to me that gāmāgāmabhojaka may be rendered as above, as repetitions of the same word with a lengthening of the final vowel of the first are commonly used in Pāli in order to indicate the vīpsā.
7. The first of the three words left untranslated corresponds to Sanskrit gaulmika. As gulma means both ’a thicket’ and ’a picket of soldiers,’ the derivative may denote either a kind of forest official or the leader of a gulma of warriors. Tūthika may be connected with Prākrit tūha ’a Tīrtha,’ and means ’overseers of fords’ or ’of bathing places.’ With neyika compare naiyokāḥ in Mr. Fleet and Elliot’s grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 62, line 28 of the text. Mr. Fleet changes it to niyuktāh, which now seems a rather doubtful emendation. I suspect that naiyokāḥ is a mistake for naiyikāḥ, which would exactly correspond to neyika, and that both words are corruptions of Sanskrit nāyaka, commonly pronounced nāick. If this is correct, the term denotes a military officer of the rank of a corporal or a sergeant.
8. Saṁcarantaka occurs also in Mr. Fleet’s grant, loc. cit., line 29 of the text, and Mr. Fleet has translated it by ’travellers.’ I believe that royal servants are meant, and that the word refers to the spies whom the Indian kings sent into the provinces to explore the behaviour of their officials,—see Manu, VII, 122.
9. The great king Bappa is probably the donor’s father,—see Mr. Fleet’s article, Indian Antiquary, vol. XV, p. 272ff.
10. This may, of course, mean also ’one hundred thousand cows and [the same number] of ploughs [of land],’ Regarding the various kinds of the measure of land, called ’a plough,’ see Kullūka on Manu, VII, 119.
11. Pattī, patti, patī, and pati I take to be the representatives of Sanskrit prāpti, which means āya, ’produce,’ or ’income.’ It is of course possible that the garden was let and the rent divided among the donees.
12. This name does not seem to be correct; perhaps it should be Harimita, i.e, Harimitra.
13. The word vāṭakam has been left out by mistake.
14. Milk, grass, firewood, vegetable, and so forth had to be furnished gratis by the villagers to royal officers and their servants. The custom still prevails in many native states.
15. I do not venture to translate araṭṭhasaṁvinayikaṁ. The phrase is, of course, identical with that used in the Andhra inscriptions (Archaeological Report, West. Ind., vol. IV, pp. 104-106, Nos. 13, 14)—araṭhasarinayika, my former explanation of which cannot stand.
16. In Sanskrit alavaṇaguḍakṣobham. Digging for salt was a royal monopoly.
17. I suppose this refers to the obligation of furnishing by turns draught-cattle for the progress of the royal officers.
18. The addhikā i.e., ardhikāḥ, appear to have been slaves,—see also Āpastamba’s Dharmaśūtra, II, 28, 1.
19. Kolikā corresponds to Sanskrit kaulikāḥ, and may mean ’weavers.’ But it is also possible to think of the well-known tribe of the Kolīs, who were slaves.
20. I transliterate and complete this,— yaḥ svakakāla uparilikhitamaryādayā (janān) anuvartaye tasya vaḥ śarmeti.
21. C’est-à-dire "Vérifié".

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parihāraṁ vitarāma Ettha dāṇi

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<lb n="2v4=11" break="no"/>go-hala-sata-sahassa-ppadāyino mahārāja-bappa-sāmīhi

<lb n="3r1=12"/>vāṭaka cillareka-koḍuṁke puvvadattaṁ golasamajasa patībhāgo 1

<lb n="3r2=13"/>Ātteya-sagottasa Agisamajassa patībhāgā 4

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Api ca Āpiṭṭīyaṁ Agisamaja

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Eva nātūṇaṁ

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bhūyo ca

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<lb n="7v2=48"/>hoja ti

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dat<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>ā paṭṭikā vāsa-satasahassāya

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<lb n="7v3=49"/>saṁva 8 vāsa 6 diva 5

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sayam āṇataṁ

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<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">śivaskandavarmmaṇaḥ</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">koṁcīpurā</rdg>

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<rdg source="bib:Leumann1894_01">Aggiṭthoma°</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1894_05">Aggiṭthoma°</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">Aggiṭṭhoma°</rdg>

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<lem>raṭṭh<unclear>i</unclear>ka°</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">raṭṭhika°</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">raṭṭh<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>ka°</rdg>

<note><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/> notes that <quote>[t]he <foreign>i</foreign> of <foreign>raṭṭhika</foreign> is very faint</quote>. This medial <foreign>i</foreign> is not clear on the published estampage, but is more visible on the photos (2011).</note>

</app>

<lem>°māḍabi<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">ka</unclear>°</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Leumann1894_01">°mā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>ḍabika°</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">°māḍabi<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">ka</unclear>°</rdg>

<note>The letter <foreign>ka</foreign> looks indeed like <foreign>nu</foreign>, since the left part of its horizontal crossbar is missing. <ptr target="bib:Buehler1894_05"/> notes that the emendation <foreign>māḍambika</foreign> is possible, but doubtful, given that is attested attested only in Jainz literature.</note>

</app>

<lem>Ārakhādhikate</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01"><choice><sic>Ā</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>raṇādhikate </rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Leumann1894_01 bib:Buehler1894_05">Āra<supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied>khādhikate </rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">Ārakhādhikate</rdg>

<note>The initial <foreign>Ā</foreign> is clear on the photos (2011), where a little hook is visible on its right side of letter)</note>

</app>

<lem>bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa<gap quantity="3" unit="character" reason="illegible"/></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">bhaḍamaṇusāṇa <unclear>kaḍh</unclear><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg><unclear>o</unclear></seg></rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">bhaḍamaṇusā ṇa<unclear>kaḍhaso</unclear></rdg>

<note><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/> notes that his suggested reading <foreign><unclear>kaḍh</unclear><seg type="aksara"><seg type="component" subtype="body"><gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="component"/></seg><unclear>o</unclear></seg></foreign> is <quote>very doubtful, with the exception of the last vowel</quote>. <ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_02"/> suggets to read <foreign>bhaḍamanuṣe āṇaveti</foreign>. A verbal predicate is indeed expected here to complete this first sentence.</note>

</app>

<lem>parihāraṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">pārihāraṁ</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02">parihāraṁ</rdg>

</app>

<lem>Āpiṭṭ<choice><unclear>i</unclear><unclear>ī</unclear></choice>°</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">Āpiṭṭi°</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sircar1965_02"><unclear>Ā</unclear>piṭṭi°</rdg>

</app>

<lem>Āpiṭṭīyaṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01 bib:Sircar1965_02">Āpiṭṭīyaṁ</rdg>

<note>The <foreign>ī</foreign> in <foreign>ṭṭi</foreign> is not clear on the published estampage, but well visible on the photos (2011).</note>

</app>

<lem>bādhā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01 bib:Sircar1965_02">bādhā</rdg>

<note>The <foreign>ā</foreign> in <foreign>dhā</foreign> is not clear on the published estampage, but well visible on the photos (2011).</note>

</app>

<!--<app loc="0">

</app>-->

<lem>Ettha</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Buehler1892_01">cattha</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Leumann1894_01 bib:Buehler1894_05 bib:Sircar1965_02">Ettha</rdg>

</app>

<note><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/> notes: <quote>Perhaps <foreign>kaḍa</foreign> is to be read.</quote></note>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

<p n="1-7">Success!<note resp="part:emfr">Errata and corrigenda (EI 1, p. 479) taken into account.</note> From Kāṁcīpura—the righteous<note>Compare Mr. Fleet's grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 155, line 17 of the transcript.</note> supreme king of great kings of the Pallavas Sivakhaṁdavama <supplied reason="explanation">Śivaskandavarman</supplied>, a Bhāraddāya<note>Compare Mr. Fleet's grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 51, line 15 of the transcript, and <foreign>ibidem</foreign>, page 155, line 14 of the transcript, as well as vol. IX, p. 101, line 2 of the transcript, where <foreign>bhāraddāyassa</foreign> has to be read for <foreign>bhāraṭṭāyaṇa</foreign>.</note> <supplied reason="explanation">Bhāradvāja</supplied> an offerer of Agniṣṭoma, Vājapeya and Aśvamedha <supplied reason="explanation">sacrifices</supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">issues the following orders</supplied>:</p>

<p n="7-26"><quote>In our whole territory <supplied reason="subaudible">we send greetings</supplied><note>Two verbs have been left out, one in the third person singular after <foreign>sivakhaṁdavamo</foreign>, and one in the first person plural, or in the absolutive at the end of the list of officials. For the pronoun <foreign>amhaṁ</foreign> 'our' shows that a new sentence begins with line 3, and the words <foreign>vitarāma cattha dāṇi</foreign> prove that it must have stood in the first person plural or in the absolutive. The first verb was probably <foreign>āṇaveti</foreign> or some equivalent. The second may either have been a word expressing command, or, what I consider more likely, some expression implying greeting, such as are found in many other inscriptions.</note> to the royal princes, generals, rulers of districts, custom-house officers,<note>I consider the correction <foreign>māṇḍabika</foreign> as certain and take the word <foreign>maṇḍaba</foreign> or <foreign>maṇḍapa</foreign>, from which it has been derived, in the sense of the <foreign>māṇḍavī</foreign>, 'custom house'—see Molesworth, Marāṭhī Dictionary, sub voce. The <foreign>śaulkika</foreign>s are frequently mentioned in Sanskrit inscriptions.</note> prefects of countries and others, to the freeholders of various villages,<note>That <foreign>bhojaka</foreign> does not mean' temple priest,' but 'ināmdār,' or 'freeholder,' seems to follow from its use in line 8, where the donees are called <foreign>cillarekakoḍumkabhojaka</foreign>s, who lived in Āpiṭṭī, and in line 50, where the privy councillor Bhaṭṭisama receives the title <foreign>kolivālabhojake</foreign>. Such a despised personage as a temple priest could hardly become a minister. Professor Fausböll points out to me that <foreign>gāmāgāmabhojaka</foreign> may be rendered as above, as repetitions of the same word with a lengthening of the final vowel of the first are commonly used in Pāli in order to indicate the <foreign>vīpsā</foreign>.</note> to herdsmen, cowherds, ministers, foresters, <foreign>gumika</foreign>s, <foreign>tūthika</foreign>s, <foreign>neyika</foreign>s,<note>The first of the three words left untranslated corresponds to Sanskrit <foreign>gaulmika</foreign>. As <foreign>gulma</foreign> means both 'a thicket' and 'a picket of soldiers,' the derivative may denote either a kind of forest official or the leader of a <foreign>gulma</foreign> of warriors. <foreign>Tūthika</foreign> may be connected with Prākrit <foreign>tūha</foreign> 'a Tīrtha,' and means 'overseers of fords' or 'of bathing places.' With <foreign>neyika</foreign> compare <foreign>naiyokāḥ</foreign> in Mr. Fleet and Elliot's grant, Indian Antiquary, vol. V, p. 62, line 28 of the text. Mr. Fleet changes it to <foreign>niyuktāh</foreign>, which now seems a rather doubtful emendation. I suspect that <foreign>naiyokāḥ</foreign> is a mistake for <foreign>naiyikāḥ</foreign>, which would exactly correspond to <foreign>neyika</foreign>, and that both words are corruptions of Sanskrit <foreign>nāyaka</foreign>, commonly pronounced <foreign>nāick</foreign>. If this is correct, the term denotes a military officer of the rank of a corporal or a sergeant.</note> and all others employed in our service, to roaming <supplied reason="subaudible">spies</supplied> and warriors, <note><foreign>Saṁcarantaka</foreign> occurs also in Mr. Fleet's grant, loc. cit., line 29 of the text, and Mr. Fleet has translated it by 'travellers.' I believe that royal servants are meant, and that the word refers to the spies whom the Indian kings sent into the provinces to explore the behaviour of their officials,—see Manu, VII, 122.</note> and we grant here an immunity <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>viz.</foreign></supplied> the garden in Cillarekakoḍuṁka, which was formerly given by the great king, the lord Bappa,<note>The great king Bappa is probably the donor's father,—see Mr. Fleet's article, Indian Antiquary, vol. XV, p. 272ff.</note> a giver of many <foreign>kror</foreign>s of gold and of one hundred thousand ox-ploughs,<note>This may, of course, mean also 'one hundred thousand cows and <supplied reason="subaudible">the same number</supplied> of ploughs <supplied reason="subaudible">of land</supplied>,' Regarding the various kinds of the measure of land, called 'a plough,' see Kullūka on Manu, VII, 119.</note>—while he made <supplied reason="subaudible">the gift</supplied> a means of the increase of the merit, longevity, power and fame of <supplied reason="subaudible">his</supplied> own family and race—to the Brāhmans, free-holders of Cillarekakoḍuṁka <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> inhabitants of Āpiṭṭi, <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>viz.</foreign></supplied> to Golasamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Golaśarmārya</supplied> one share of the produce, <note><foreign>Pattī</foreign>, <foreign>patti</foreign>, <foreign>patī</foreign>, and <foreign>pati</foreign> I take to be the representatives of Sanskrit <foreign>prāpti</foreign>, which means <foreign>āya</foreign>, 'produce,' or 'income.' It is of course possible that the garden was let and the rent divided among the donees.</note> to Agisamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Agniśarmārya</supplied> of the Ātteya <supplied reason="explanation">Ātreya</supplied> gotra four shares of the produce, to Māḍhara <supplied reason="explanation">Māṭhara</supplied> two shares of the produce, to <supplied reason="explanation">his</supplied> son-in-law (?) Agilla <supplied reason="explanation">Agnila</supplied> one share of the produce, to Kālasama <supplied reason="explanation">Kālaśarman</supplied> of the Hārita gotra two (?) shares of the produce, to Kumārasama <supplied reason="explanation">Kumāraśarman</supplied> of the Bhāradāya <supplied reason="explanation">Bhāradvāja</supplied> gotra two shares of the produce, to the four brothers Kumāranaṁdi <supplied reason="explanation">Kumāranandin</supplied>, Kumārasama <supplied reason="explanation">Kumāraśarman</supplied>, Koṭṭasama <supplied reason="explanation">Koṭṭaśarman</supplied> and Satti <supplied reason="explanation">Śakti</supplied> of the Kosika <supplied reason="explanation">Kauśika</supplied> gotra four (4) shares of the produce, to Bhaṭi <supplied reason="explanation">Bhaṭṭi</supplied> of the Kassava <supplied reason="explanation">Kāśyapa</supplied> gotra one share of the produce, to Khaṁdakoṁḍi <supplied reason="explanation">Skandakoṭi?</supplied> the Bhāradāya <supplied reason="explanation">Bhāradvāja</supplied> two shares of the produce, to Khaṁdaḍha <supplied reason="explanation">Skanda-ṛddha</supplied> one share of the produce, to Bappa one share of the produce, to Dattaja <supplied reason="explanation">Dattārya</supplied> two shares of the produce, to Naṁdija <supplied reason="explanation">Nandyārya</supplied> three shares of the produce, to Rudasama <supplied reason="explanation">Rudraśarman</supplied> of the Vātsya gotra one share of the produce, to Dāmaja <supplied reason="explanation">Dāmārya</supplied> one share of the produce, to Sālasama <supplied reason="explanation">Śyālaśarman?</supplied> one share of the produce, to Parimita<note>This name does not seem to be correct; perhaps it should be Harimita, i.e, Harimitra.</note> (?) one share of the produce, to Nāganaṁdi one share of the produce, to Goli (?) one share of the produce, to Khaṁdasama <supplied reason="explanation">Skandaśarman</supplied> one share of the produce, to Sāmija <supplied reason="explanation">Svāmyārya</supplied> one share of the produce.</quote></p>

<p n="27-30"><quote>By Us also the formerly-given <supplied reason="subaudible">garden</supplied><note>The word <foreign>vāṭakam</foreign> has been left out by mistake.</note> <supplied reason="subaudible">situated</supplied> on the southern <foreign>sīm</foreign>, in the village of Cillarekakoḍuṁka <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> in the province <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>raṭṭha</foreign></supplied> of Sātāhani, has been granted to the above-mentioned Brāhmans, chief among whom is Agisamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Agniśarmārya</supplied>, <supplied reason="subaudible">the gift</supplied> being confirmed by a libation of water and being made <supplied reason="subaudible">valid</supplied> as long as the moon and stars endure.</quote>

</p>

<p n="30-37"><quote>This garden in Cillarekakoḍuṁka, which belongs to the Brāhmans, <supplied reason="subaudible">is to be</supplied> free from taxes ... ... ..., free from the taking of sweet and sour milk,<note>Milk, grass, firewood, vegetable, and so forth had to be furnished gratis by the villagers to royal officers and their servants. The custom still prevails in many native states.</note> ... ... ... ...<note>I do not venture to translate <foreign>araṭṭhasaṁvinayikaṁ</foreign>. The phrase is, of course, identical with that used in the Andhra inscriptions (Archaeological Report, West. Ind., vol. IV, pp. 104-106, Nos. 13, 14)—<foreign>araṭhasarinayika</foreign>, my former explanation of which cannot stand.</note> free from troubles about salt and sugar,<note>In Sanskrit <foreign>alavaṇaguḍakṣobham</foreign>. Digging for salt was a royal monopoly.</note> free from taxes, forced labour ... ... ... , free from the taking of the oxen in succession,<note>I suppose this refers to the obligation of furnishing by turns draught-cattle for the progress of the royal officers.</note> free from the taking of grass and wood, free from the taking of vegetables and flowers; with these and other immunities of the eighteen kinds it must he exempted and caused to be exempted by the inhabitants of the province, by the inhabitants of Āpiṭṭī and by the inhabitants of Chillerekakoḍuṁka.</quote></p>

<p n="37-39"><quote>Moreover, in Āpiṭṭī <supplied reason="subaudible">one</supplied> <foreign>nivartana</foreign> <supplied reason="subaudible">has been given</supplied> to the Brāhmans, chief among whom is Agisamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Agniśarmarya</supplied>, for a threshing-floor, <supplied reason="subaudible">one</supplied> <foreign>nivartana</foreign> for a house, four labourers<note>The <foreign>addhikā</foreign> i.e., <foreign>ardhikāḥ</foreign>, appear to have been slaves,—see also Āpastamba's Dharmaśūtra, II, 28, 1.</note> receiving half the produce <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>addhikā</foreign></supplied>, two Kolikas.<note><foreign>Kolikā</foreign> corresponds to Sanskrit <foreign>kaulikāḥ</foreign>, and may mean 'weavers.' But it is also possible to think of the well-known tribe of the Kolīs, who were slaves.</note></quote></p>

<p n="39-52"><quote>Now <supplied reason="subaudible">if</supplied> anybody, knowing this, proud of <supplied reason="subaudible">being</supplied> a favourite <supplied reason="subaudible">of the king</supplied>, should cause or cause to be caused a small obstacle <supplied reason="subaudible">to the donees</supplied> him, forsooth, we shall restrain by punishment. And further I pray both the future great warriors of our Pallava race, <supplied reason="subaudible">who may rule</supplied> within a period exceeding one hundred thousand years, as well as kings, differing from us <supplied reason="subaudible">in descent</supplied>, saying <supplied reason="subaudible">unto them</supplied>: 'To him among you blessings, who in his time makes <supplied reason="subaudible">the people</supplied> act according to the rule, written above.<note>I transliterate and complete this,— <foreign>yaḥ svakakāla uparilikhitamaryādayā (janān) anuvartaye tasya vaḥ śarmeti</foreign>.</note> But he who acts contrary to it shall be the lowest of men, loaded with <supplied reason="subaudible">the guilt of</supplied> the five mortal sins.' A charter <supplied reason="subaudible">valid</supplied> for one hundred thousand years has been given on the fifth day, in the sixth <supplied reason="subaudible">fortnight</supplied> of the rainy season, in the year eight. <supplied reason="subaudible">My</supplied> own order. 'The charter has been prepared in his own handwriting by the privy councillor Bhaṭṭisama <supplied reason="explanation">Bhaṭṭiśarman</supplied>, the Kolivāla freeholder.' 'Welfare to cows, Brāhmans, the writer, the readers and the hearers.'</quote></p>

</div>

<ab>

<supplied reason="subaudible">Order</supplied> of Śivaskava<supplied reason="lost">davarman</supplied>.

</ab>

</div>

<head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>

<ab>Vu<note>C'est-à-dire "Vérifié".</note>.</ab>

<ab>Perfection !</ab>

<p n="1-7">De Kāñcīpuram ...</p>

<p n="7-26">Nous accordons ...

<list>

<item>à Golasamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Golaśarmārya</supplied>: 1 part</item>

<item>à Agisamaja <supplied reason="explanation">Agniśarmārya</supplied> de l'Ātreyagotra: 4 parts</item>

</list>

</p>

<p n="52"><quote>Prospérité au vaches, aux brahmanes, aux scribes, aux récitateurs et aux auditeurs :</quote></p>

</div>

<p>For a description of the Prakrit language of this grant, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/></bibl> (EI 1, no. 1, p. 2-4), <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mehendale1948_01"/></bibl>, <bibl><ptr target="bib:Pischel1965_01"/></bibl>.</p>

<p>About the seal, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/><citedRange unit="page">9</citedRange></bibl>: <quote>The plates are still held together by a single ring to which a nearly circular, somewhat battered, seal about an inch in diameter is attached. This seal shows as emblem an animal, facing the proper right, which may be intended for a deer or a horse. Below there stands the word Śivaskandavarmaṇaḥ, the last three <foreign>akṣara</foreign>s of which are much defaced and doubtful. The first four <foreign>akṣara</foreign> are perfectly plain and leave no doubt thut this part of the grant was in Sanskrit, just like the <foreign>maṅgala</foreign> at the end.</quote></p>

</div>

<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Buehler1892_01"/></bibl> (EI 1, no. 1) with facsimile and English translation; corrections in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Leumann1894_01"/></bibl> (EI 2, no. 40); corrections in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Buehler1894_05"/></bibl> (EI 2, no. 40); text and sanskritised text in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_02"/><citedRange unit="page">461-466</citedRange></bibl> with facsimile; text and summary in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1988_01"/></bibl> (IP 3); re-edited here by Emmanuel Francis (2023), based on published estampages and photos of the original plates in the Chennai Government Museum (2008).

</p>

</bibl>

</bibl>

</bibl>

</bibl>

</bibl>

</listBibl>

<bibl>

</bibl>

<bibl>

</bibl>

<bibl>

</bibl>

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>