Sangsang

Editor: Arlo Griffiths.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKSangsang.

Hand description:

Language: Old Javanese.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: (20bd983), last modified (f510d28).

Edition

⟨Page 1r⟩ ⟨1r1⟩ || svasti śaka-varṣātīta 829 baiśākha-māsa tithi caturthi kr̥ṣṇa-pakṣa mavulu, vagai soma-vāra⟨,⟩ Uttarāṣādha-nakṣatra, (ś)ukla-(yo)⟨1r2⟩ga tatkāla Anugraha śrī mahārāja rakai vatu kura dyaḥ balitu(ṁ) śrī dharmmodaya-mahāsambhu tumurun· I rakryān· mapatiḥ I (h)[i]⟨1r3⟩no pu dakṣottama-bāhu-bajra-pratipakṣ¿ā?⟨a⟩-kṣaya kumon· samgat· lamva pu layaṁ Anak vanuA I patapān· tutuganniṁ taṇḍa ⟨1r4⟩ su(musu)ka Ikanaṁ vanuA I saṁsaṁ vatak· lamva, gavai ku 2 dravya-hajinya mas· su 6 mas· kavahutān· su 2 (A)vur· hinavu-ha⟨1r5⟩vu

samvandhānya kinon· sumusuka Ikanaṁ vanuA vuAra kuṭī I hujuṅ ga(l)uḥ vatak· la(m)va (ya ta) pinuliḥ samgat· lamva pinahayunira *jina⟨1r6⟩ryyakan·nira vihāra ya samvandhānyar· Inanūgrahān· kinon· sumusuka Ikanāṁ vanuA I saṁsaṁ sĭmā pun·punnananikanaṁ vihāra gavai⟨1r7⟩nira,

kunaṁ parṇnaḥhanyan· sīmā tan· katamāna de saṁ mānak· paṅkur· ta(vā)n· tirip·, (mu)Aṁ soAraniṁ maṅilala drabya haji, kriṁ pa(ḍa)⟨1r8⟩m· pamaṇikan·, maṇiga lva malañjaṁ maṁhuri makalaṅkaṁ tapa haji Air haji tuha gośali tuha dagaṁ tuhān ⟨n⟩amvi t(u)hān· hañjama⟨1r9⟩(n·) Uṇḍahagi manimpiki paṇḍai vṣi, valya(n·) paranakan· vidu maṅiduṁ t(u)ha paḍahi varahan· sambal· sumvul· vatak· I dalam· si⟨1r10⟩ṅgaḥ pamr̥ṣi hulun· haji Ityaivamādi tan· tumamā Iri(kanaṁ) vanuA, parṇnaḥni (pa)rmmasanya tumamā I bhaṭāra I vihāra I h(u)juṅ galuḥ ⟨1r11⟩ deyanya mavaiḥ mannaṅahana Iṁ parmasan·, Iṁ kataṇḍan·, samaṅkana suka-du(ḥ)khanya, ma(ya)ṁ (ta)n· (pa?)vuAḥ ḍaṇḍa-ku⟨ḍa⟩ṇḍa (bha)ṇḍihālādi tuma⟨1r12⟩mā I (bha)ṭāra Ataḥ Ikana,

Ājñă haji, kinonnakan· I(ka)naṁ masamvyavahā(ra) hana(ṁ) ṅk(ā)na hīṁ-hīṁṅana kvaiḥhanya paṇḍai mas·, paṇḍai v(s)i, (ta)⟨1r13⟩mvaga (ga)ṅ(ś)a, tluṁ Ububan·, Iṁ sasīma, macadar· 4 maṅaraḥ lumpaṁ 3 maṅulaṁ tluṁ tuhān· Iṁ sasīma, kboAnya 20 Iṁ sat(u)hān·, sa(pi) ⟨1r14⟩ [40 vḍu]s· 80 Aṇḍaḥ vantayan· 1 parahu (A)bhaṭāra 1 mas(u)ṁhara 3 tan· patuṇḍāna, maguluṅan· tlu(ṁ) pasaṁ samaṅkana tan· ⟨Page 1v⟩ ⟨1v1⟩ (k)nā(na) [I pa]rmasan· yāpuAn· (pi)nikul· (da)gaṅanya kady aṅgāniṁ mabasana masayaṁ makacapuri kapas· vuṅkuḍu tā[mbra] gaṅsa {sobuban· I satuhā⟨1v2⟩n·,} garam· paḍa¿k?⟨t⟩· lṅa gula, saprakāraniṁ duAl· pinikul· kalima bantal· I satuhān· pikul·-pikulananya, tluṁ tuhān· Iṁ sasī⟨1v3⟩ma Ikanaṁ samaṅkana tan· knāna de saṁ maṅilala drabya haji, yāpuAn· lviḥ kvaiḥnya saṁkā Irikānaṁ paṁhīṁ-hīṁ Iriya knāna Ikana sakalviḥ⟨1v4⟩nya de saṁ maṅilala sodhāra haji,

kunaṁ Ikanaṁ mañamvul·, mañavriṁ maṅap(u)s·, maṁlākha, Uṇḍahagi⟨,⟩ mamu(b)u(t)·⟨,⟩ maṅubar·, manahab· manuk· ⟨1v5⟩ (ma)misaṇḍuṁ⟨,⟩ maṅanamm-anam·, mamukat· vuṅkuḍu manarub· maṁdyūn· maṅgula maṁhapū, Ityaivamādi kapuA ya tribhāgān· sadūman· Umarā ⟨1v6⟩ (I) bhaṭāra sadūman· Umarā I saṁ maṅilala drabya haji sadūman· Umarā I sa(ṁ) makmitan· sīma, maṅkana Ājñă haji paṁhiṁ-(hiṁ) Iri¿h?⟨k⟩āṁ ma¿p?⟨s⟩amvyavahā⟨1v7⟩ra hana ṅkāna

maṅas¿i?⟨ə⟩Akan· samgat· lamva pasamvaḥ I śrī mahārāja vḍihan· piliḥ magə:ṁ yu 1 vḍihan· ¿jagā?⟨kalyāga⟩ yu 1 mas· (s)u 1 mā 4 rakryān· mapati⟨ḥ⟩ ⟨1v8⟩ (I) hin¡au! Inaṁs¿i?⟨ə⟩An· vḍihan· kalyāga yu 1 mas· su ¿dha?⟨1⟩ ¿v?⟨r⟩akryān· I halu pu vīravīkrama Inaṁs¿i?⟨ə⟩An· vḍihan· ¿t?⟨k⟩alyāga yu 1 mas· su 1 r¿i?⟨a⟩kryā⟨1v9⟩n· vka ¿v?⟨p⟩u (ku)tak· Ina⟨ṁ⟩səAn· ¿g?⟨v⟩ḍihan· kalyāga yu 1 mas· su 1 rakryān· sirikān· pu vāriga Inaṁs¿i?⟨ə⟩An· vḍihan· kalyā¿kh?⟨g⟩a yu 1 mas· su 1 samga⟨1v10⟩t· tiruAn· pu śivăstra Inas¿i?⟨ə⟩An· vḍihan· ¿kalāy·?⟨kalyāga⟩ yu 1 mas· su 1 rakai pagar vsi pu yayak· In¿i?⟨aṁ⟩səAn· vḍihan yu 1 mas· mā 8 samgat· ⟨1v11⟩ mamrati pu Uttara I¿rasisa?⟨naṁsəA⟩n· vḍ¿a?⟨i⟩han· yu 1 mas· mā 8 samgat· va¿dh?⟨d⟩ihati pu ḍapit· makudur· pu sāmvrida paṅkur· pu rañjan· tavān· pu pañjaluAn· kapu⟨1v12⟩A vineḥ pasak·-pa¿p?⟨s⟩ak· vḍihan· yu 1 mas· mā 8 s¿e?⟨o⟩vaṁ-sovaṁ samgat· juru I (k)adaṅayan· samgat· (va)limv¿a?⟨i⟩ṅan· pu bhĭma I¿nasisa?⟨naṁsəA⟩n· vḍiha⟨1v13⟩n· kalyāga yu 1 mas· mā 8 t(u)hān· I va¿v?⟨d⟩ihati saṁ (v)inuṅkuvan· pu (A)dhikăra vinaiḥ vḍihan· yu 1 ⟨mas·⟩ mā 4 I makudur· saṁ mira-mira⟨ḥ⟩, vinaiḥ vḍiha⟨1v14⟩n· yu 1 mas· mā 6 pataṁ(hne) valimviṅan· (tanuvu)k· UAṅi kapuA vinaiḥ vḍihan· yu 1 mas· mă 3 vuhutaknam· ma(rvlaṁ) vahuta [1×] ⟨1v15⟩ (vḍi)nuA hujuṁ masipādhan· kapuA vinaiḥ vḍihan· yu 1 ¿h?⟨m⟩as· mā 2 soAṁ-sovaṁ (A/pu/R̥)vaṁ dyaḥ (U/da)dis· Anak vanuA I kilipan· vinaiḥ vḍihan· (y)u

Apparatus

⟨1r1⟩ Uttarāṣādha- D ⬦ Uttarāpāḍha- vN • There seems to be a trace of the small mark that distinguishes ṣa from pa; the last akṣara seems to be the same as the dha in dharmmodaya in the next line.

⟨1r2⟩ rakai D ⬦ raka I vN. — ⟨1r2⟩ mahāsambhu D ⬦ mahāsambu vN.

⟨1r3⟩ pratipakṣākṣaya ⬦ pratipakṣakṣaya vN D • The tarung on kṣ is clearly visible.

⟨1r4⟩ mas· su 6 D ⬦ mas· su 7 vN. — ⟨1r4⟩ (A)vur· hinavu-ha⟨1r5⟩vu ⬦ suvur· hinavu-ha⟨?⟩vu vN • The expression avur(nya) inavu-avu is found in several other inscriptions, e.g. Samalagi (1v4).

⟨1r6⟩ Inanūgrahān· ⬦ Inanugrahān· vN. — ⟨1r6⟩ Ikanāṁ ⬦ Ikanaṁ vN.

⟨1r7⟩ ta(vā)n· ⬦ tatun· vN • Van Naerssen suggests correcting tatun· to tavan·. We think it is possible simply to read tavān·. Cf. the difference of the akṣara in question from tu in tuha diagonally below in the next line.

⟨1r10⟩ pamr̥ṣi ⬦ pamr̥mi vN.

⟨1r11⟩ mannaṅa hana Iṁ ⬦ mannaṅa hanaṅ taṁ vN • Van Naerssen suggests as possible alternative reading mannaṅa hana Iṁ. We think it is indeed possible to read Iṁ instead of ṅtaṁ. — ⟨1r11⟩ (pa?)vuAḥ ⬦ mavuAḥ vN • The problematic akṣara is nearly illegible, but may equally well be read ma as pa, so grammar must decide which reading to prefer.

⟨1r13⟩ sa(pi) ⟨1r14⟩ [40 vḍu]s· ⊔ 80 Aṇḍaḥ vantayan· 1 ⬦ sapa ⟨?⟩ [1+]0 [ca. 3+]80 Aṇḍaḥ vantayan· 1 vN • We supply the lost characters by comparison with Telang (2r7) and Wukajana I (1v5). Van Naerssen had already indicated in his edition that the same characters could be supplied from Linggasuntan, where we read in A22 kbo 30 sapi 40 vḍus· 80 Aṇḍaḥ savantayan·.

⟨1r14⟩ parahu (A)bhaṭāra ⬦ parahu [1*] bhaṭāra vN • The reading is rather clear in the corresponding passage of Wukajana I (1v5).

⟨1v1⟩ (k)nā(na) [I pa]rmasan· ⬦ knā[na I para]masan· vN. — ⟨1v1⟩ Irikānaṁ ⬦ Inikānaṁ vN.

⟨1v4⟩ Uṇḍahagi mamu(b)u(t)· ⬦ daṇḍahanira mamuṅus· vN • Our reading is supported by the parallel in Wukajana I (1v9).

⟨1v6⟩ makmitan· sīma ⬦ makmit· sīma vN. — ⟨1v6⟩ Iri¿h?⟨k⟩āṁ ⬦ Irihāḥ vN • The descender of sadūman at the end of line 5 has forced the scribe to separate the anusvāra from the hā, thus leading to its misinterpretation as visarga by van Naerssen.

⟨1v7⟩ mā 4 ⬦ māra vN.

⟨1v8⟩ hin¡au! ⬦ hino vN.

⟨1v9⟩ vāriga ⬦ variga vN.

⟨1v10⟩ yayak· vN • It might be possible to read ḍayak·. Either way, the name is unknown elsewhere. In other inscriptions of this period, we tend to find that the rakai pagar vsi is called pu Vīra(vikrama).

⟨1v11⟩ ḍapit· ⬦ dhapit· vN. — ⟨1v11⟩ sāmvrida ⬦ samvr̥da vN. — ⟨1v11⟩ pañjaluAn· ⬦ pa(r)jaluAn· vN.

⟨1v12⟩ pasak·-pa¿p?⟨s⟩ak· ⬦ pasak·-pasak· vN. — ⟨1v12⟩ s¿e?⟨o⟩vaṁ-sovaṁ ⬦ savaṁ-sovaṁ vN. — ⟨1v12⟩ (k)adaṅayan· ⬦ tadaṅayan· vN. — ⟨1v12⟩ (k)adaṅayan· ⬦ tadaṅayan· vN. — ⟨1v12⟩ bhĭma ⬦ śima vN.

⟨1v13⟩ mā 4 ⬦ mā 5 vN.

⟨1v14⟩ mā 6 ⬦ mā (5) vN. — ⟨1v14⟩ pataṁ(hne) ⬦ sataṁya I vN • The meaning is obscure and the reading hne rather uncertain, also because its shape would be a bit eccentric if hne is intended, but van Naerssen’s ya I seems even more difficult. — ⟨1v14⟩ (tanuvu)k· UAṅi ⬦ (tanuvuk· daAṅi) vN • The intended reading for the first word, all first three (akṣara)s of which are eccentric in shape, is obscure. — ⟨1v14⟩ vuhutaknam· ma(rvlaṁ) ⬦ (vu)huta (kn)am· ma(rvla) vN • The meaning is totally obscure. — ⟨1v14⟩ vahuta [1×] ⟨1v15⟩ (vḍi)nuA vN • It seems difficult to image that the gap at the end of line 14 was occupied by (Ana), but if it was, then the intended reading would have been (Anag vanuA).

⟨1v15⟩ ma⊔sipādhan· ⬦ masi(b· dh)an· vN. — ⟨1v15⟩ (A/pu/R̥)vaṁ dyaḥ (U/da)dis· ⬦ (saṁ va)dya (dadis·) vN.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths

(1r1–5) Hail! Elapsed Śaka year 829, month of Vaiśākha, fourth tithi of the waning fortnight, Mavulu, Vagai, Monday, lunar mansion Uttarāṣāḍha, conjunction Śukla: that was the time of the grant of the Great King, Lord of Vatu Kura, dyah Balituṅ, Śrī Dharmodayamahāśambhu, which descended to the rakryān Minister of Hino, pu Dakṣottamabāhuvajrapratipakṣakṣaya, ordering the officiant of Lamva, (called) pu Layaṅ, native of the village Patapān, tutuganniṅ taṇḍa, to demarcate the village of Saṅsaṅ, district of Lamva, [whose] corvée is 2 kupaṅ; whose royal tax is 6 suvarṇa of gold; [whose] gold for the Vahutas is 2 suvarṇa; [whose] avur is scattered.

(1r5–7) The occasion that he was ordered to demarcate the village: there was a kuṭī at Hujuṅ Galuh, district of Lamva. It was restored by the officiant of Lamva. It was embellished by him. It was made into (jinaryakan) a monastery by him. That was the occasion that he was given a grant [and] ordered to demarcate the village of Saṅsaṅ to become a sīma [and] a domain of the monastery he had established.

(1r7–12) As for its position when it would become a sīma: it would be entered neither by the dignitaries Paṅkur, Tavān [and] Tirip, nor by any of the collectors of royal tax. The kriṅ, the paḍam, the pamaṇikan, the maṇiga, the lva, the malañjaṅ, the maṅhuri, the makalaṅkaṅ, the tapa haji, the air haji, the overseer of smiths, the overseer of merchants, the overseer of Namvi, the overseer of Hañjaman, [and] carpenters, the manimpiki, the iron smiths, the healers (valyan), the paranakan, the singing actors, the chief drummer, the varahan, the sambal sumvul, the courtiers, the siṅgah, the pamr̥ṣi, the royal servants, and so forth: they will not enter into the village. The position of its parmasan is to enter into [the resources of] the Lord (i.e., the Buddha) of the monastery at Hujuṅ Galuh. Its (i.e., the village’s) future course of action is to allow giving half of the parmasan to the group of officers. Likewise its “vicissitudes of life” — blossom that does not bear fruit, ḍaṇḍa-kuḍaṇḍa, bhaṇḍihala, etc. — they will enter only into [the resources of] the Lord.

(1r12–1v4) The king’s order: An order was given regarding the traders present there that their numbers should be limited.

  • gold smiths, iron smiths, copper [smiths], bronze [smiths]: three bellows in the whole sīma
  • cadar workers 4, arah workers 3 pounding blocks
  • cattle buyers three tradesmen in the whole sīma [and] 20 head of water buffalo per tradesman, 40 of cattle, 80 of sheep, 1 coop of ducks
  • 1 boat with a deity (? abhaṭāra), with 3 masts, that may not have tuṇḍān
  • wagoners: three yokes
Up to those limits they shall not be subjected to parmasan.

(1v1–4) If their wares are borne by shoulder pole, for instance cloth vendors, tinkers, kacapuri makers, [vendors of] cotton, vuṅkuḍu, copper, bronze […], block salt, sesame oil, sugar — all kinds of wares that are borne by shoulder pole: altogether their load carried by shoulder pole shall be five bundles per tradesman, [and] three tradesmen in the whole sīma. Up to those limits they shall not be subjected [to any impost] by the collectors of royal revenue. If their number is higher than the limit [set] upon them, the excess shall be subjected [to impost] by the collectors of all royal levies.

(1v4–7) As for those who paint black, who make camvriṅ, who twist ropes (?), who dye, carpenters, turners, ubar makers, bird catchers, [bird] snarers, wickerworkers, those who tie vuṅkuḍu, shed makers, potters, sugar makers, lime makers, etc.: all of them (i.e., the impost they pay?) will be divided in three. One share will accrue to the Beity (of the monastery), one share will accrue to the collectors of royal revenue, one share will accrue to the custodian of the sīma. Thus was the king’s order limiting the traders present there.

(1v7–15) The officiant of Lamva offered to the Great King as token of obedience 1 yugala of pilih magə̄ṅ cloth, 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa, 4 māṣa of gold. The rakryān Minister of Hino was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa of gold. The rakryān of Halu, pu Vīravīkrama, was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa of gold. The rakryān of Vka, pu Kutak, was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa of gold. The rakryān of Sirikan, pu Variga, was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa of gold. The officiant of Tiruan, pu Śivāstra, was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 1 suvarṇa of gold. The raka of Pagar Vsi, pu Yayak, was offered 1 yugala of cloth, 8 māṣa of gold. The officiant of Mamrati, pu Uttara, was offered 1 yugala of cloth, 8 māṣa of gold. The officiants of Vadihati, pu Ḍapit, of Makudur, pu Samvr̥ddha; the Paṅkur, pu Rañjan, the Tavān, pu Pañjaluan — [to them] were given as tribute 1 yugala of cloth, 8 māṣa of gold, per person. The officiant foreman of Kadaṅayan [also serving as] the officiant of Valimviṅan, pu Bhīma, was offered 1 yugala of kalyāga cloth, 8 māṣa of gold. The foreman of Vadihati [also serving as] the vinuṅkuvan, pu Adhikāra, was given 1 yugala of cloth, 4 māṣa of gold. [The headman] of Mira-mirah was given 1 yugala of cloth, 6 māṣa of gold. pataṅhne valimviṅan tanuvuk· uaṅi all were given 1 yugala of cloth, 3 māṣa of gold. vuhutaknam marvlaṅ vahuta … vḍinua hujuṅ masipādhan all were given 1 yugala of cloth, 2 māṣa of gold, per person. The (a/pu)vaṅ dyah (U/Da)dis, native of the village of Kilipan, was given [1] yugala

Commentary

Bibliography

First edited, without diacritical marks but with Dutch translation, by F. H. van Naerssen (1935); republished, with proper diacritical marks and historical study, though without translation, by the same scholar (1937); the first four lines edited by L.-Ch. Damais (1955); the whole text republished with a translation into English, both based on van Naerssen’s work, by H. Bh. Sarkar (1971–1972) . Re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from photographs of the plate.

Primary

[vN1935] van Naerssen, Frits Herman. 1935. “Transcriptie en vertaling van de opschriften van twee roodkoperen oorkonden.” In: Aanwinsten op ethnografisch en anthropologisch gebied van de afdeeling Volkenkunde van het Koloniaal Instituut over 1934. Amsterdam: Koloniaal Instituut, pp. 135–144.

[vN] van Naerssen, Frits Herman. 1937. “Twee koperen oorkonden van Balitung in het Koloniaal Instituut te Amsterdam.” BKI 95, pp. 441–461. DOI: 10.1163/22134379-90001364. [URL].

[S] Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1971–1972. Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus inscriptionum Javanicarum), up to 928 A. D. 2 vols. Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyay. Volume 2, pages 85–98, item 72.

Secondary

Krom, Nicolaas Johannes. 1931. Hindoe-Javaansche geschiedenis. 2nd edition. ’s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. [URL]. Page 188, note 4.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1951. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, I: Méthode de réduction des dates javanaises en dates européennes.” BEFEO 45 (1), pp. 1–41. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1951.5509. [URL]. Pages 23–24.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 48–49, part A, item 84.

[D] Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Page 47.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1970. Répertoire onomastique de l'épigraphie javanaise (jusqu'à Pu Siṇḍok Śrī Īśānawikrama Dharmmotuṅgadewa): Étude d'épigraphie indonésienne. Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 66. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. Page 52, item 138.

Nakada, Kōzō. 1982. An inventory of the dated inscriptions in Java. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 40. Tokyo: Toyo Bunko. Pages 94–95, part 1, item 98.

Eade, J. C. and Lars Gislén. 2000. Early Javanese inscriptions: A new dating method. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 3. Abt., Südostasien 10. Leiden: Brill. Pages 38–39.