N. 353. Mahānāvika Buddhagupta

Author of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr).

Palaeographic description: Late Southeast Asian Brāhmī

Language: Old Javanese (kaw) [Southeast Asian Brāhmī (other) (brāhmī_southeast_asian_other)].

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENK00353.

File path: xml/DHARMA_INSIDENK00353.xml.

Version: 2026-06-15 13:13 (f35cd00), last modified 2026-06-15 09:34 (5bf37c6).

Edition

⟨Zone A: Front⟩

⟨1⟩ (A)jñānāc cīyate karmma * janmanaḥ karmma kāraṇa⟨ṁ⟩

⟨w⟩ jñānān na cīyate [karmma] [karmmābhāvān na jāyate]

⟨Zone B: Left⟩

⟨3⟩ sarvveṇa prakāreṇa _ sarvvasmin sarvvathā sa[r]vv(ā)

⟨4⟩ siddhayāt[r]ā⟨ḥ⟩ santu

⟨Zone C: Right⟩

⟨5⟩ sa[rv]v[.](ka?) [*****][.]r[.][**][*][*]

⟨6⟩ mahānāvika-buddhaguptasya raktamr̥ittika-vās[tavyasya?]

⟨Zone D: Top⟩

⟨7⟩ [rā]jña⟨ḥ⟩ (pādau?) śirasā praṇipat[ya]

Translation

Commentary

The text is laid out in four zones, on the front and three lateral sides of a stone slab. The line of text on the upper lateral side was included in Low’s facsimile but ignored in all publications and subsequerntly produced estampages. It is included here for the first time.

Bibliography

Facsimile by Low (1835, reprinted by Jacq-Hergoualc’h 1992). After a preliminary attempt by Rajendralal Mitra, reported by Laidlay (1848), the first serious deciperherment was published by Kern (1883), and his results was refine by Chhabra (1935). Kern’s publication was reprinted (1915) and published in English version (1907); Chhabra’s was reprinted (1965). The results of previous scholarship where presented by Skilling (2015). This digital edition based on Low’s facsimile and on estampages.

Primary

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1883. “Over eenige oude Sanskritopschriften van ’t Maleische schiereiland.” VMKAW-L 1, pp. 5–12. Pages 7–9.

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1907. “Concerning some old Sanskrit insciptions in the Malay Peninsula.” JSBRAS 49, pp. 95–101. [URL]. Pages 97–99.

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1915. “Over eenige oude Sanskrit-opschriften van ’t Maleische schiereiland.” In: Verspreide geschriften, derde deel: Voor-Indië, slot; Achter-Indië, eerste gedeelte. ’s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, pp. 255–262. [URL]. Pages 258–260.

Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1935. “Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule as evidenced by inscriptions.” JASB (Lett.) 1 (1), pp. 1–64. Pages 16–20, plate 3.

Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1965. Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). 1st ed. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. [URL]. Pages 20–26, plate 3.

Skilling, Peter. 2015. “An untraced Buddhist verse inscription from (Pen)Insular Southeast Asia.” In: Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia. Edited by D. Christian Lammerts. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 18–79. Pages 21–25.

Secondary

Low, James. 1835. “Copy of an inscription on a stone found near the ruins of a Buddhist temple in Province Wellesley, Malayan Pen.” JASB 4, p. 56. [URL].

Low, James. 1848. “An account of several inscriptions found in Province Wellesley on the peninsula of Malacca.” JASB 17 (2), pp. 62–66. [URL]. Pages 63–65.

Laidlay, J. W. 1848. “Note on the inscriptions from Singapore and Province Wellesley, forwarded by the Hon. Col. Butterworth, C.B. and Col. J. Low.” JASB 17 (2), pp. 66–72. [URL]. Page 71.

Anderson, John. 1883. Catalogue and hand-book of the archaeological collections in the Indian Museum, part II: Gupta and inscriptions galleries. Calcutta: Indian Museum. [URL]. Pages 189–190.

Low, James. 1886. “An account of several inscriptions found in Province Wellesley, on the peinsula of Malacca.” In: Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China, volume I. Edited by Reinhold Rost. Trübner’s Oriental Series. London: Trübner & Co., pp. 223–226. [URL]. Pages 224–225.

Laidlay, J. W. 1886. “Note on the inscriptions from Singapore and province Wellesley.” In: Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China, volume I. Edited by Reinhold Rost. Trübner’s Oriental Series. London: Trübner & Co., pp. 227–232. [URL]. Pages 230–231.

Jacq-Hergoualc’h, Michel. 1992. La civilisation de ports-entrepôts du sud Kedah (Malaysia) : Ve-XIVe siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan. Pages 219–221, figure 242.

Surrogates

Estampages, Leiden Ubiversity Library, Kern Institute collection, no. N. 13

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