Ūṟṟattūr, Siddharatnēśvara temple, time of Kulōttuṅka Cōḻa

Editor: Dorotea Operato.

Identifier: DHARMA_INStfaSIIv38p0i0489.

Summary: Compact between the 98 sub-groups of the Iṭaṅkai class of Ūṟṟattūr and nearby villages. Contains a record about the origin Iṭaṅkai class, as described by themselves.

Hand description:

No distinction between o and ō nor between e and ē.

Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil.

Repository: South Indian Inscriptions (tfa) (tfa-sii-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-04-08 16:59 (05cda97), last modified 2025-03-23 12:40 (2f1db0e).

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

tri-bhuvaṉa-cakkara-va⟨r⟩ttikaḷ śrī-tri-bhuvaṉa-vi [6+] ⟨2⟩ yāṇṭu 4 10-Āvatu

Ūṟṟattūr Uṭaiyār tokam a [5+] ⟨3⟩ k¡o!⟨ō⟩yil Uttama-c¡o!⟨ō⟩ḻa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ tiru-maṇṭapattu [5+] ⟨4⟩ (ni)ṟai-vaṟa niṟaintu kuṟai-vaṟa-p peruka Irunt’ uṟa kārai muta⟨5⟩l-ā⟨ṉa⟩ Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu-c camayattukkum I [2+] ⟨6⟩ kacca-p-piṭi-pāṭu Iṭṭa paric’ āvatu

nāṅkaḷ

kāśyapa-ṛṣi-yāgam· Asura-va⟨7⟩dham paṇṇa Eṅkaḷaiyum Agni-kuṇṭattil¡e!⟨ē⟩ t¡o!⟨ō⟩ṟṟi vitta nāṅkaḷum ⟨8⟩ yāgaṅ kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa kālattu
Arintama¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cakkara-va⟨r⟩tti A⟨9⟩ntar v¡e!⟨ē⟩ti ṛṣikaḷai Akaram ¡e!⟨ē⟩ṟṟi tēril¡e!⟨ē⟩ Eḻunt’ aruḷuvikkiṟa kālat(tu)
⟨10⟩ Ivarkaḷ ceruppum kuṭaiyum Eṭukka tēriyiṟ taṭṭi veṟṟi ko⟨11⟩ṭu-pōntu tiru-ve(ḷḷa)ṟaiyilum pāccililum tiru-p-piṭ¡a!⟨ā⟩vūrilum Ū⟨12⟩ṟṟattūrilum ceṉṉi-vala-kūṟṟa-kārai-k-kāṭṭilum ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟṟi Eṅka⟨13⟩ḷukku mutalikaḷ-āṉa ṛṣikaḷ kai Aṭaikkiṟa{kkiṟa} kālattu

Iṭaṅkai[4+]⟨14⟩l Aṭaittalālum Ic-camayattār ceṭiyilu⟨m⟩ mukattilum Eṅkaḷ cātaṉa⟨15⟩ṅkaḷum Iṭṭu-p-pōtukaiyālum Ip-paṭiyai Iṉṉāḷ varaiyum Aṟiyā⟨16⟩mal niṉṟa Eṅkaḷ piṟapp’ uṇarntu kai-y-aṭai-p-paṟikaiyāl

It-t¡e!⟨ē⟩vaṟku ⟨17⟩ nāṟpat-āvatu mutal cantirātittiya-varai Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu E⟨18⟩camayatt’ uṭaṉum kūṭa Oru niḻaṟkiḻiruntu Orutti peṟṟa makkaḷ-āy Oruva⟨19⟩ṟku vantaṉa Aṉaiva(ṟku)m Oppat’ ākavum

Iṭaṅkaikku-t tāḻvu vantaṉa ⟨20⟩ nāṅkaḷ¡e!⟨ē⟩ ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟaṭṭu cāti-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

n¡e!⟨ē⟩r v¡e!⟨ē⟩ṇṭuvaṉa Umi kaṭai māṇi⟨21⟩kkan talai Āka Iviḻu-k-kāṭu Okka Iṭa-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

Eṅkaḷukku (mi)kka ⟨22⟩ ciṟa-p(ō)r-āka kulataṇṭa Iṭum iṭattum ¡e!⟨ē⟩ḻi-kompuṅ kāḷam kuṭai Uḷḷiṭṭa cātaṉa⟨23⟩ṅ⟨ka⟩(l) Iṭṭār¡e!⟨ē⟩ namakkum piḷḷaikaḷ āka-k kaṭavarkaḷ ākavum

Eṅkaḷ Aṭaiyāḷam pe⟨24⟩ṟa-k kaṭavār kokkiṟku viṭu-(ma)yir Uḷḷiṭṭa Aṭaiyāḷam peṟavum Eṅkaḷ muṉṉu ⟨25⟩ Ivv-aṭaiyāḷaṅkaḷ¡e!⟨ē⟩ Eṭuppat’ ākavum

Eṅkaḷ kāṇi-p-paṟṟ’ āṉa Iṭaṅkaḷilum cūra(tu)⟨26⟩ṅkal nāṭṭavum Āṇai kompuṅ kāḷamum Eṅkaḷ mun kompu caṅkūtavum kāḷam Iṭaṅ⟨27⟩kai niyāyam piṭikkavum Iṭakkuṅ kalappai koṭṭavum Ip-paṭi tavira kai-yy-aṭai pa⟨28⟩ṭi vaḻuviṉār Uḷur’ ākil Eṅkaḷ cāti-p-pakaivarkaḷ paṭṭatu paṭutta-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

Ip-paṭi ⟨29⟩ tavira Eṅkaṅkaḷ piṟappu-p pōnta paṭi tavira Iṭaṅkai niyāyattu vaḻuvin¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākil ⟨30⟩ (curuti)māṉkaḷ Aṉṟiyil¡e!⟨ē⟩ Oḻiyavum Eṅkaḷ māṟu-pāṭ’ āṉa cātikaḷukku tāḻvu ce⟨31⟩yt¡o!⟨ō⟩m āv¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

Ip-paṭi-c cammatittu Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu camayat⟨32⟩tukkum kacca-⟨⟨p⟩⟩-piṭi-pāṭu y-iṭṭu Iṅkum Uṭaiyār tiru-p-paññili-uṭaiya ⟨nā⟩(ya)nār k¡o!⟨ō⟩⟨33⟩yililum kal-veṭti-k kuṭutt¡o!⟨ō⟩m I⟨ṉ⟩-ṉāṭṭu curutimāṉkaḷōm ||௳

Aiñcu nā⟨34⟩ṭṭār paṇiyāl Inta orumai-k kaccam Eḻutin¡e!⟨ē⟩ṉ

tiru-nallūr-uṭaiyān ⟨35⟩ Iḷaiya k¡o!⟨ō⟩yil tiru-c-ciṟṟampalam uṭaiyā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Eḻuttu
tiru(ṇa)-c-curutimā⟨36⟩nkaḷukku-c camaintu tuku-māmaṇi kul¡o!⟨ō⟩ttuṅka-c¡o!⟨ō⟩ḻa nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ⟨37⟩ Eḻuttu
taraṇi-c-curutimānkalukku-c camaintu kolli-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ E⟨38⟩[ḻuttu]

Uṭaiya curutim⟨ā⟩(ṉ) Aiñcurati perumāḷ poṉ-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ⟨39⟩ cayicañā-tanmaikkum
kāḷumaṇiyan vattarāya nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cayiñā-tan(m)ai

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī  tri-bhuvaṉa-cakkara-va⟨r⟩ttikaḷ śrī-tri-bhuvaṉa-vi [******] 
⟨2⟩ yāṇṭu 4 10-Āvatu   Ūṟṟattūr Uṭaiyār tokam a [*****] 
⟨3⟩ k¡o!⟨ō⟩yil Uttama-c¡o!⟨ō⟩ḻa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ tiru-maṇṭapattu [*****] 
⟨4⟩ (ni)ṟai-vaṟa niṟaintu kuṟai-vaṟa-p peruka Irunt’ uṟa kārai muta-
⟨5⟩ l-ā⟨ṉa⟩ Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu-c camayattukkum I [**] 
⟨6⟩ kacca-p-piṭi-pāṭu Iṭṭa paric’ āvatu   nāṅkaḷ   kāśyapa-ṛṣi-yāgam· Asura-va-
⟨7⟩ dham paṇṇa Eṅkaḷaiyum Agni-kuṇṭattil¡e!⟨ē⟩ t¡o!⟨ō⟩ṟṟi vitta nāṅkaḷum 
⟨8⟩ yāgaṅ kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa kālattu   Arintama¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cakkara-va⟨r⟩tti A-
⟨9⟩ ntar v¡e!⟨ē⟩ti ṛṣikaḷai Akaram ¡e!⟨ē⟩ṟṟi tēril¡e!⟨ē⟩ Eḻunt’ aruḷuvikkiṟa kālat(tu)   
⟨10⟩ Ivarkaḷ ceruppum kuṭaiyum Eṭukka tēriyiṟ taṭṭi veṟṟi ko-
⟨11⟩ ṭu-pōntu tiru-ve(ḷḷa)ṟaiyilum pāccililum tiru-p-piṭ¡a!⟨ā⟩vūrilum Ū-
⟨12⟩ ṟṟattūrilum ceṉṉi-vala-kūṟṟa-kārai-k-kāṭṭilum ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟṟi Eṅka-
⟨13⟩ ḷukku mutalikaḷ-āṉa ṛṣikaḷ kai Aṭaikkiṟa{kkiṟa} kālattu  Iṭaṅkai[****]-
⟨14⟩ l Aṭaittalālum Ic-camayattār ceṭiyilu⟨m⟩ mukattilum Eṅkaḷ cātaṉa-
⟨15⟩ ṅkaḷum Iṭṭu-p-pōtukaiyālum Ip-paṭiyai Iṉṉāḷ varaiyum Aṟiyā-
⟨16⟩ mal niṉṟa Eṅkaḷ piṟapp’ uṇarntu kai-y-aṭai-p-paṟikaiyāl   It-t¡e!⟨ē⟩vaṟku 
⟨17⟩ nāṟpat-āvatu mutal cantirātittiya-varai Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu E-
⟨18⟩ camayatt’ uṭaṉum kūṭa Oru niḻaṟkiḻiruntu Orutti peṟṟa makkaḷ-āy Oruva-
⟨19⟩ ṟku vantaṉa Aṉaiva(ṟku)m Oppat’ ākavum   Iṭaṅkaikku-t tāḻvu vantaṉa 
⟨20⟩ nāṅkaḷ¡e!⟨ē⟩ ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟaṭṭu cāti-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum   n¡e!⟨ē⟩r v¡e!⟨ē⟩ṇṭuvaṉa Umi kaṭai māṇi-
⟨21⟩ kkan talai Āka Iviḻu-k-kāṭu Okka Iṭa-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum   Eṅkaḷukku (mi)kka 
⟨22⟩ ciṟa-p(ō)r-āka kulataṇṭa Iṭum iṭattum ¡e!⟨ē⟩ḻi-kompuṅ kāḷam kuṭai Uḷḷiṭṭa cātaṉa-
⟨23⟩ ṅ⟨ka⟩(l) Iṭṭār¡e!⟨ē⟩ namakkum piḷḷaikaḷ āka-k kaṭavarkaḷ ākavum   Eṅkaḷ Aṭaiyāḷam pe-
⟨24⟩ ṟa-k kaṭavār kokkiṟku viṭu-(ma)yir Uḷḷiṭṭa Aṭaiyāḷam peṟavum Eṅkaḷ muṉṉu 
⟨25⟩ Ivv-aṭaiyāḷaṅkaḷ¡e!⟨ē⟩ Eṭuppat’ ākavum   Eṅkaḷ kāṇi-p-paṟṟ’ āṉa Iṭaṅkaḷilum cūra(tu)-
⟨26⟩ ṅkal nāṭṭavum Āṇai kompuṅ kāḷamum Eṅkaḷ mun kompu caṅkūtavum kāḷam Iṭaṅ-
⟨27⟩ kai niyāyam piṭikkavum Iṭakkuṅ kalappai koṭṭavum Ip-paṭi tavira kai-yy-aṭai pa-
⟨28⟩ ṭi vaḻuviṉār Uḷur’ ākil Eṅkaḷ cāti-p-pakaivarkaḷ paṭṭatu paṭutta-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum   Ip-paṭi 
⟨29⟩ tavira Eṅkaṅkaḷ piṟappu-p pōnta paṭi tavira Iṭaṅkai niyāyattu vaḻuvin¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākil 
⟨30⟩ (curuti)māṉkaḷ Aṉṟiyil¡e!⟨ē⟩ Oḻiyavum Eṅkaḷ māṟu-pāṭ’ āṉa cātikaḷukku tāḻvu ce-
⟨31⟩ yt¡o!⟨ō⟩m āv¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum   Ip-paṭi-c cammatittu Iṭaṅkai toṇṇūṟṟ’ eṭṭu camayat-
⟨32⟩ tukkum kacca-⟨⟨p⟩⟩-piṭi-pāṭu y-iṭṭu Iṅkum Uṭaiyār tiru-p-paññili-uṭaiya ⟨nā⟩(ya)nār k¡o!⟨ō⟩-
⟨33⟩ yililum kal-veṭti-k kuṭutt¡o!⟨ō⟩m I⟨ṉ⟩-ṉāṭṭu curutimāṉkaḷōm ||௳   Aiñcu nā-
⟨34⟩ ṭṭār paṇiyāl Inta orumai-k kaccam Eḻutin¡e!⟨ē⟩ṉ     tiru-nallūr-uṭaiyān 
⟨35⟩ Iḷaiya k¡o!⟨ō⟩yil tiru-c-ciṟṟampalam uṭaiyā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Eḻuttu   tiru(ṇa)-c-curutimā-
⟨36⟩ nkaḷukku-c camaintu tuku-māmaṇi kul¡o!⟨ō⟩ttuṅka-c¡o!⟨ō⟩ḻa nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ 
⟨37⟩ Eḻuttu   taraṇi-c-curutimānkalukku-c camaintu kolli-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ E-
⟨38⟩ [ḻuttu]     Uṭaiya curutim⟨ā⟩(ṉ) Aiñcurati perumāḷ poṉ-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ 
⟨39⟩ cayicañā-tanmaikkum kāḷumaṇiyan vattarāya nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cayiñā-tan(m)ai  

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

tri-bhuvaṉa-cakkara-va⟨r⟩ttikaḷ śrī-tri-bhuvaṉa-vi [6+] ⟨2⟩ yāṇṭu 4 10-Āvatu

nāṅkaḷ

kāśyapa-ṛṣi-yāgam· Asura-va⟨7⟩dham paṇṇa Eṅkaḷaiyum Agni-kuṇṭattil¡e!⟨ē⟩ t¡o!⟨ō⟩ṟṟi vitta nāṅkaḷum ⟨8⟩ yāgaṅ kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa kālattu
Arintama¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cakkara-va⟨r⟩tti A⟨9⟩ntar v¡e!⟨ē⟩ti ṛṣikaḷai Akaram ¡e!⟨ē⟩ṟṟi tēril¡e!⟨ē⟩ Eḻunt’ aruḷuvikkiṟa kālat(tu)
⟨10⟩ Ivarkaḷ ceruppum kuṭaiyum Eṭukka tēriyiṟ taṭṭi veṟṟi ko⟨11⟩ṭu-pōntu tiru-ve(ḷḷa)ṟaiyilum pāccililum tiru-p-piṭ¡a!⟨ā⟩vūrilum Ū⟨12⟩ṟṟattūrilum ceṉṉi-vala-kūṟṟa-kārai-k-kāṭṭilum ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟṟi Eṅka⟨13⟩ḷukku mutalikaḷ-āṉa ṛṣikaḷ kai Aṭaikkiṟa{kkiṟa} kālattu

Iṭaṅkaikku-t tāḻvu vantaṉa ⟨20⟩ nāṅkaḷ¡e!⟨ē⟩ ¡E!⟨Ē⟩ṟaṭṭu cāti-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

n¡e!⟨ē⟩r v¡e!⟨ē⟩ṇṭuvaṉa Umi kaṭai māṇi⟨21⟩kkan talai Āka Iviḻu-k-kāṭu Okka Iṭa-k kaṭav¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum

Aiñcu nā⟨34⟩ṭṭār paṇiyāl Inta orumai-k kaccam Eḻutin¡e!⟨ē⟩ṉ

tiru-nallūr-uṭaiyān ⟨35⟩ Iḷaiya k¡o!⟨ō⟩yil tiru-c-ciṟṟampalam uṭaiyā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Eḻuttu
tiru(ṇa)-c-curutimā⟨36⟩nkaḷukku-c camaintu tuku-māmaṇi kul¡o!⟨ō⟩ttuṅka-c¡o!⟨ō⟩ḻa nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ⟨37⟩ Eḻuttu
taraṇi-c-curutimānkalukku-c camaintu kolli-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ E⟨38⟩[ḻuttu]

Uṭaiya curutim⟨ā⟩(ṉ) Aiñcurati perumāḷ poṉ-malai nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ⟨39⟩ cayicañā-tanmaikkum
kāḷumaṇiyan vattarāya nāṭ-āḻvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ cayiñā-tan(m)ai

Apparatus

⟨37⟩ E⟨38⟩[ḻuttu] ⬦ E⟨38⟩[4+] SII.

Translation by Dorotea Operato and Emmanuel Francis

(1) Prosperity! Fortune!

(1–2) 40th regnal year of king Tribhuvanacakravartin Śrī Tribhuvana […]

(2–6) This is the manner in which the Left-hand class … (kārai mutal-⟨āṉa⟩) made/issued a binding agreement/compact (kacca-p-piṭi_pāṭu) in the glorious maṇḍapa of Uttamacōḻaṉ in the temple of […] of the lord of Uṟṟattūr for all the ninety-eight subgroups (camayattukku) so as to be established (irunt’ uṟa) and to prosper (peruka) fully, without deficiency.

(6–16) We [the members of the Left-hand class],

at the time when, in order to kill (vadham paṇṇa) the demons [who disturbed] the sacrifice (yāgam) of the sage Kāśyapa, we were made to emerge from the sacred fire (agni-kuṇṭattilē) and were continuously protecting (kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa) the sacrifice,
at the time when Arintaman Cakravartin established a Brahmin settlement (akaram ēṟṟi) for the sages within the sacrificial ground (antarveti) and graciously appeared (aruḷuvikkiṟa) on a chariot [to lead them there],
at the time when―while we took their (ivarkaḷ) shoes and umbrellas (ceruppum kuṭaiyum), and he¹ … (taṭṭi) in the chariot, carried them (koṭu pōntu) on the chariot [as a symbol] of triumph (?), and drove [them] in Tiruveḷḷaṟai, Pāccili, Tiruppiṭāvūr, Ūṟṟattūr, and Kāraikkāṭu of Ceṉṉivalakūṟṟam―the sages who are religious leaders (mutalikaḷ) to us stretched out their hands [seeking for help],

since they had stretched out their left hand […], and since the members of this subgroup had thrown (Iṭṭu-p-pōtukaiyālum) all our insigna (cātaṉaṅkaḷum) in bushes and backwaters (ceṭiyilum mukattilum), and since, having learnt about our origins (piṟapp’ uṇarntu²), of which we remained unaware (Aṟiyāmal niṉṟa) [to us] until this day, … (kai-y-aṭai-p-paṟikaiyāl) [we made the following agreement.]³

(16–19) Starting from the 40th year of this lord⁴ and till the moon and sun endure, whereas the ninety-eight sub-groups of the Left-hand class join together, such people should be considered equal as people who were born from [the same] mother and from the same shadow.⁵

(19–20) Our caste should take upon (ēṟaṭṭu) themselves the faults (tāḻvu) that come to the Left-hand group.

(20–21) We should grant (iṭa-k-kaṭavōm) to raise/set apart (okka) those who seek justice (nēr vēṇṭuvaṉa) … (umi kaṭai māṇikkan talai Āka Iviḻu-k-kāṭu).

(21–23) In all the places where [our] communities settled (kulataṇṭa), that are very important to us, we should also have the insigna of (these) venerable people (iṭṭārē), that include long horns (ēḻi-kompu), trumpet horns (kāḷam) and parasol (kuṭai), as [their] descendants (piḷḷaikaḷ āka).

(23–25) Those who desire (kaṭavār) to obtain our insignia and also to obtain the insignia that include feathers taken from a rooster (kokkiṟku viṭu-mayir), should sound these insigna in front of us.

(25–28) If there is anyone who deviates from and transgress this by establishing terror in all the places that belong to us (eṅkaḷ kāṇi-p-paṟṟ’ āṉa), by blowing [our] insignia (āṇai), [that is], the horn and trumpet, in our presence, by [illegally] taking possession of the Left-hand right [to blow] the trumpet horn, by beating the drum (kalappai), they should endure what endures the enemies of our caste.

(28–31) If we deviate from this, not acting according to what comes from our birth [rights], swerving from the rights of the Left-hand group, from that day itself we should be forgotten as curutimāṉs⁶ and become enemies (māṟu-pāṭ’ āṉa) as we have done wrong to our caste.

(32–33) Having thus agreed and having issued a binding rule for all the ninety-eight sub-groups of the Left-hand class, we, the curutimāṉs of this district, have engraved this here [in Ūṟṟattūr] and at the temple of the lord (uṭaiyār), the lord (nāyanār) of Tiruppaññili.

(33–34) I have written this binding agreement by order of the five nāṭṭārs.⁷

(34–39) [List of signatories and witnesses]

Commentary

This inscription is incomplete.

This inscriptions belongs to the time of Kulōttuṅka Cōḻa III according to ARIE 1912-1913 and Mahalingam 1991; it belongs to the time of Kulōttuṅka Cōḻa I according to Swaminathan 2019.

Based on the association to different Cōḻa kings, this inscription is dated to 1218 A.D. according to Mahalingam 1991 and to 1110 A.D. according to Swaminathan 2019.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1912-1913 (ARIE/1912-1913/B/1912/489). Summary in Mahalingam 1991 (Tp. 658).

Edited in Swaminathan 2019 (SII 38.489).

This digital edition by Dorotea Operato, based on Swaminathan 2019.

Primary

[SII] Swaminathan, S. 2019. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XXXVIII: Inscriptions collected during the year 1912. South Indian Inscriptions 38. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director General). Pages 580–583, item 489.

Secondary

[ARIE] ARIE 1912-1913. G.O. No. 961, 2nd August 1913. Epigraphy. Recording the progress report of the Assistant Archaeological Superintendent for [Epigraphy], Southern Circle, for the year 1912-1913. Edited by H. Krishna Sastri. No place, 1913. P. 55 (appendix B/1912/489) and pp. 109-110 (§39).

Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 1955. The Cōḷas. 2nd edition revised. Madras University Historical Series 9. 2 vols. Madras: University of Madras. Pages 551–552.

Mahalingam, T. V. 1991. A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states. Volume Eight: Tiruchchirappalli district. New Delhi: ICHR. Page 140, item Tp. 658.

Ali, Daud. 2020. “The rise of epigraphic compacts in medieval South India.” In: Rājamaṇḍala. Le modèle royal en Inde. Edited by Emmanuel Francis and Raphaël Rousseleau. No place: Editions de l'EHESS, pp. 27–49. Page 41.

Notes

1. Arintaman Cakravartin.
2. Literally: having realised our birth.
3. We translate here as an independent sentence what in fact is a series of three instrumental-case phrases governed by oppat’ ākavum (line 19).
4. That is, the king mentioned at the beginning of the inscription in the date.
5. Probably an expression to say “from the same parents.”
6. Sanskrit śrutimant, that is, “a sect of cultivators” according to ARIE 1912-1913.
7. That is, the members of the district assembly.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

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<lb n="8"/>yā<hi rend="grantha">ga</hi>ṅ kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa kālattu

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Arintama<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> cakkara-va<reg>r</reg>tti A

<lb n="9" break="no"/>ntar v<choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice>ti <hi rend="grantha">ṛṣi</hi>kaḷai Akaram <choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice>ṟṟi tēril<choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice> Eḻunt’ aruḷuvikkiṟa kālat<unclear>tu</unclear>

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<lb n="10"/>Ivarkaḷ ceruppum kuṭaiyum Eṭukka tēriyiṟ taṭṭi veṟṟi ko

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<lb n="12" break="no"/>ṟṟattūrilum ceṉṉi-vala-kūṟṟa-kārai-k-kāṭṭilum <choice><orig>E</orig><reg>Ē</reg></choice>ṟṟi Eṅka

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Iṭaṅkai <gap reason="lost" unit="character" quantity="4"/>

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<lb n="15" break="no"/>ṅkaḷum Iṭṭu-p-pōtukaiyālum

Ip-paṭiyai Iṉṉāḷ varaiyum Aṟiyā

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Iṭaṅkaikku-t tāḻvu vantaṉa

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n<choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice>r v<choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice>ṇṭuvaṉa Umi kaṭai māṇi

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Eṅkaḷukku <unclear>mi</unclear>kka

<lb n="22"/>ciṟa-p<unclear>ō</unclear>r-āka kulataṇṭa Iṭum iṭattum <choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice>ḻi-kompuṅ kāḷam kuṭai Uḷḷiṭṭa cātaṉa

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Eṅkaḷ Aṭaiyāḷam pe

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<lb n="25"/>Ivv-aṭaiyāḷaṅkaḷ<choice><orig>e</orig><reg>ē</reg></choice> Eṭuppat’ ākavum

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<lb n="26" break="no"/>ṅkal nāṭṭavum Āṇai kompuṅ kāḷamum Eṅkaḷ mun kompu caṅkūtavum kāḷam Iṭaṅ

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Ip-paṭi

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Aiñcu nā

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tiru-nallūr-uṭaiyān

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tiru<unclear>ṇa</unclear>-c-curutimā

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<lb n="37"/>Eḻuttu

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taraṇi-c-curutimānkalukku-c camaintu kolli-malai nāṭ-āḻvā<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> E<lb n="38" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">ḻuttu</supplied>

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<item>Uṭaiya curutim<supplied reason="omitted">ā</supplied><unclear>ṉ</unclear> Aiñcurati perumāḷ poṉ-malai nāṭ-āḻvā<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>

<lb n="39"/>cayicañā-tanmaikkum</item>

<item>kāḷumaṇiyan vattarāya nāṭ-āḻvā<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> cayiñā-tan<unclear>m</unclear>ai</item>

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<lem>E<lb n="38" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">ḻuttu</supplied></lem>

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Prosperity! Fortune!

40th regnal year of king Tribhuvanacakravartin Śrī Tribhuvana <gap reason="lost"/>

This is the manner in which the Left-hand class <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kārai mutal-<supplied reason="omitted">āṉa</supplied></foreign></supplied>

made/issued a binding agreement/compact <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kacca-p-piṭi_pāṭu</foreign></supplied> in the glorious <foreign>maṇḍapa</foreign> of Uttamacōḻaṉ in the temple of <gap reason="lost"/> of the lord of Uṟṟattūr for all the ninety-eight subgroups <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>camayattukku</foreign></supplied>

so as to be established <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>irunt' uṟa</foreign></supplied> and to prosper <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>peruka</foreign></supplied> fully, without deficiency.

We <supplied reason="subaudible">the members of the Left-hand class</supplied>,

<list>

<item>at the time when, in order to kill <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vadham paṇṇa</foreign></supplied> the demons <supplied reason="subaudible">who disturbed</supplied> the sacrifice <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yāgam</foreign></supplied> of the sage Kāśyapa, we were made to emerge from the sacred fire <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>agni-kuṇṭattilē</foreign></supplied> and were continuously protecting <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kāttu-c cellā niṉṟa</foreign></supplied> the sacrifice,</item>

<item>at the time when Arintaman Cakravartin established a Brahmin settlement <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>akaram ēṟṟi</foreign></supplied> for the sages within the sacrificial ground <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>antarveti</foreign></supplied> and graciously appeared <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aruḷuvikkiṟa</foreign></supplied> on a chariot <supplied reason="subaudible">to lead them there</supplied>,</item>

<item>at the time when―while we took their <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ivarkaḷ</foreign></supplied> shoes and umbrellas <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ceruppum kuṭaiyum</foreign></supplied>, and he<note>Arintaman Cakravartin.</note> <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṭṭi</foreign></supplied> in the chariot, carried them <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>koṭu pōntu</foreign></supplied> on the chariot <supplied reason="subaudible">as a symbol</supplied> of triumph (?), and drove <supplied reason="subaudible">them</supplied> in Tiruveḷḷaṟai, Pāccili, Tiruppiṭāvūr, Ūṟṟattūr, and Kāraikkāṭu of Ceṉṉivalakūṟṟam―the sages who are religious leaders <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mutalikaḷ</foreign></supplied> to us stretched out their hands <supplied reason="subaudible">seeking for help</supplied>,</item>

</list>

since they had stretched out their left hand <gap reason="lost"/>,

and since the members of this subgroup had thrown <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>Iṭṭu-p-pōtukaiyālum</foreign></supplied> all our <foreign>insigna</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cātaṉaṅkaḷum</foreign></supplied> in bushes and backwaters <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ceṭiyilum mukattilum</foreign></supplied>,

and since, having learnt about our origins <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>piṟapp' uṇarntu</foreign><note>Literally: having realised our birth.</note></supplied>, of which we remained unaware <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>Aṟiyāmal niṉṟa</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">to us</supplied> until this day, <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <seg rend="check"><supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kai-y-aṭai-p-paṟikaiyāl</foreign></supplied></seg> <supplied reason="subaudible">we made the following agreement.</supplied><note>We translate here as an independent sentence what in fact is a series of three instrumental-case phrases governed by <foreign>oppat’ ākavum</foreign> (line 19).</note>

Starting from the 40th year of this lord<note>That is, the king mentioned at the beginning of the inscription in the date.</note> and till the moon and sun endure, whereas the ninety-eight sub-groups of the Left-hand class join together, such people should be considered equal as people who were born from <supplied reason="subaudible">the same</supplied> mother and from the <seg rend="check">same shadow</seg>.<note>Probably an expression to say “from the same parents.”</note>

Our caste should take upon <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ēṟaṭṭu</foreign></supplied> themselves the faults <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tāḻvu</foreign></supplied> that come to the Left-hand group.

We should grant <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṭa-k-kaṭavōm</foreign></supplied> to raise/set apart <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>okka</foreign></supplied> those who seek justice <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nēr vēṇṭuvaṉa</foreign></supplied> <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <seg rend="check"><supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>umi kaṭai māṇikkan talai Āka Iviḻu-k-kāṭu</foreign></supplied></seg>.

In all the places where <supplied reason="subaudible">our</supplied> communities settled <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kulataṇṭa</foreign></supplied>, that are very important to us, we should also have the <foreign>insigna</foreign> of <supplied reason="explanation">these</supplied> venerable people <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṭṭārē</foreign></supplied>, that include long horns <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ēḻi-kompu</foreign></supplied>, trumpet horns <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kāḷam</foreign></supplied> and parasol <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuṭai</foreign></supplied>, as <supplied reason="subaudible">their</supplied> descendants <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>piḷḷaikaḷ āka</foreign></supplied>.

Those who desire <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṭavār</foreign></supplied> to obtain our <foreign>insignia</foreign> and also to obtain the <foreign>insignia</foreign> that include feathers taken from a rooster <seg rend="check"><supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kokkiṟku viṭu-mayir</foreign></supplied></seg>, should sound these <foreign>insigna</foreign> in front of us.

If there is anyone who deviates from and transgress this by establishing terror in all the places that belong to us <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>eṅkaḷ kāṇi-p-paṟṟ’ āṉa</foreign></supplied>, by blowing <supplied reason="subaudible">our</supplied> insignia <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āṇai</foreign></supplied>, <supplied reason="subaudible">that is</supplied>, the horn and trumpet, in our presence, by <supplied reason="subaudible">illegally</supplied> taking possession of the Left-hand right <supplied reason="subaudible">to blow</supplied> the trumpet horn, by beating the drum <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kalappai</foreign></supplied>, they should endure what endures the enemies of our caste.

If we deviate from this, not acting according to what comes from our birth <supplied reason="subaudible">rights</supplied>, swerving from the rights of the Left-hand group, from that day itself we should be forgotten as <foreign>curutimāṉ</foreign>s<note>Sanskrit <foreign>śrutimant</foreign>, that is, <quote>a sect of cultivators</quote> according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1912-1913"/></bibl>.</note> and become enemies <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>māṟu-pāṭ’ āṉa</foreign></supplied> as we have done wrong to our caste.

Having thus agreed and having issued a binding rule for all the ninety-eight sub-groups of the Left-hand class, we, the <foreign>curutimāṉ</foreign>s of this district, have engraved this here <supplied reason="subaudible">in Ūṟṟattūr</supplied> and at the temple of the lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uṭaiyār</foreign></supplied>, the lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nāyanār</foreign></supplied> of Tiruppaññili.

I have written this binding agreement by order of the five <foreign>nāṭṭār</foreign>s.<note>That is, the members of the district assembly.</note>

[List of signatories and witnesses]

</div>

This inscription is incomplete.

This inscriptions belongs to the time of Kulōttuṅka Cōḻa III according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1912-1913"/></bibl> and <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1991_01"/></bibl>; it belongs to the time of Kulōttuṅka Cōḻa I according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2019_01"/></bibl>.

Based on the association to different Cōḻa kings, this inscription is dated to 1218 A.D. according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1991_01"/></bibl> and to 1110 A.D. according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2019_01"/></bibl>.

</div>

Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1912-1913"/></bibl> (ARIE/1912-1913/B/1912/489). Summary in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1991_01"/></bibl> (Tp. 658).

Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2019_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv38p0i0489">SII 38.489</ref>).

This digital edition by Dorotea Operato, based on <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2019_01"/></bibl>.

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<citedRange unit="mixed">p. 55 (appendix B/1912/489) and pp. 109-110 (§39).</citedRange>

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