Ukkal, Perumāḷ temple, time of Kaṇṇaradeva, year 16

Author of digital edition: Emmanuel Francis (emfr).

Summary: ...

Language: Tamil (tam) [Grantha (grantha), Tamil (tamil)].

Repository: SII adapted (tfa-sii-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INStfaSIIv03p0i0007.

File path: DHARMA_INStfaSIIv03p0i0007.xml.

Version: 2026-07-30 11:15 (b32453d), last modified 2026-07-17 15:32 (1e5ce35).

Edition

⟨01⟩ svasti śrī
⟨1⟩ kacciyun ta[ñ]caiyuṅ koṇṭa śrī-kaṇṇara-devaṟku yāṇṭu patiṉ ā[ṟ-ā]vatu kāliyūr-k-kōṭṭattu-t taṉ kūṟṟu-c civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vikrama-
⟨2⟩ bharaṇa-c-c¿u?tu[rvve]ti-maṅkalattu sabhaiyōm Emm-ūr-p puvaṉi-māṇikka-viṣṇu-gr̥hattu muka-maṇṭakattē-y kūṭi y-i(ru)ntu Emm-iṟ ceyta vyavastai
⟨3⟩ y-āvatu Em[mū]r-k kuṭikaḷ Emm¡u!r-p paṭākai-vaṭṭattu ku[ṭu]pp-ōlai m¿o?ṟ-paṭṭa nilaṅkaḷu maṟṟum eppērppaṭṭa⟨⟨ṉa⟩⟩vum sabhai-ma[dhya]mam āvaṉa v-ākavum Ip-pari-
⟨4⟩ cu madhyamam-āy-k kiṭa⟨⟨n⟩⟩ta nilaṅkaḷ kuḻi-va[ri] y-eṟṟi [I]ṟai [I]ṟuppōm eṉṟa ku[ṭi]kaḷukku viṟṟu-k kuṭuppōm ākavum Iv-viṟṟu-k kuṭutta bhūmikaḷ Emmut’ eṉṟu Eppērppaṭṭāruṅ kuṭupp-ōlaiyum Āvaṇamuṅ kāṭṭa-[p] peṟā[t]ār ākavum Ip-paricu kāṭṭiṉa kuṭi-ma[kkaḷai] ta [********] [kaḻañ]-
⟨5⟩ [cu] poṉ sabhaiyōmē daṇḍippōm ākavum It-taṭu[t]ta kuṭi-makkaḷ¿ai? dha[r]mmāsaṉattu nicati mey-vē[ṟu nū]ṟṟ’ eṭṭu-k kāṇam daṇḍam iṭa-p pe[ṟu]vār ākavum I⟨d⟩-daṇḍam iṭa-p p[o]ṅ kuṭi-makkaḷukku Av¿ap?avv-āṇṭu vāriyañ ceyyum peru-makkaḷē-y pērāl nicataṅ kuṉṟi-p po[ṉ] [**********]
⟨6⟩ [I]p-paricu śraddhāma[n]tar daṇḍam iṭṭārkku vārppal kuṭuttum tāṅkaḷē-y daṇḍittum Āṭci-yiṭai-y-ūṟu [tī]rttu-k kuṭār ākil a⟨v⟩[v-ā]ṇṭu vāriyañ [ce]yyum peru-mak⟨⟨kaḷ¿aiyu?⟩⟩ mey-vē{ṟ}ṟu vakai Iru-pattu nālu kāṇam daṇḍam iṭa-p peṟuvār ākavu[m] It-taṇḍa-p paṭṭum Avv¡a-Ā!ṇṭu vāri[ya]ñ ce[y] [**********]

Apparatus

⟨01⟩ svasti śrī ⬦ SII • These blessings are written in bigger characters, to the left of lines 2-3.

⟨1⟩ civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vikrama° ⬦ ci[va]cū [10+] SII • SII notes: “Here the following syllables are built in: ḷāmaṇimaṅkalamākiya śrīvikramā-.” If this was really the case (and not a missing estampage), this was not the case any more in 2008.

⟨2⟩ kūṭi y-i(ru)ntu Emmiṟ ceyta vyavastai ⬦ kū[ṭi] yirun[tu] [10+] SII.

⟨3⟩ ma[dhya]mam āvaṉa v-ākavum Ip-pari⟨4⟩cu ⬦ madhya[ma] [6+] [Ip-pari]⟨4⟩cu SII.

⟨6⟩ peru-makkaḷ¿aiyu?⟨ē⟩ mey-vē{ṟ}ṟu ⬦ perumakkaḷaiyumēy veṟṟu SII.

Translation by Hultzsch 1899

⟨1⟩ Hail! Prosperity! In the sixteenth year ⟨of the reign⟩ of the glorious Kaṇṇaradeva who conquered Kacci and Tañcai,——we, the assembly of Śivacū-[ḷāmaṇimaṅgala, alias Śrī-Vikramā]bharaṇa-caturvedimaṅgala, ⟨a village⟩ in its own subdivision of Kāliyūr-kōṭṭam, being assembled in the front hall¹ of the Puvaṉimāṇikka-Viṣṇugr̥ha in our village, [ordered] as follows:——

⟨3⟩ The inhabitants of our village [10+] the land and everything else that is not the object of deeds of gift,² in the environs³ of our village [10+] the common property (madhyama) of the assembly.

⟨4⟩ We shall sell the land which has thus become the common property ⟨of the assembly⟩, to those inhabitants who promise to pay taxes on each kuḻi. No persons shall be allowed to produce deeds of gift or deeds of sale (āvaṇam) in order to show that the land thus sold belongs to themselves. We, the assembly, shall levy a fine of [5+] ⟨kaḻañcu⟩ of gold [10+] from those inhabitants who produce such ⟨deeds⟩.

⟨5⟩ Those inhabitants who do not submit to this, shall be liable to pay into court (dharmāsana) a fine of one hundred and eight kāṇams [5+]⁴ per day. To each of the inhabitants who have to pay this fine, the great men elected for that year [10+] ⟨one⟩ kuṉṟi of gold per day.

⟨6⟩ If, through indifference, though [5+] was thus given to those who pay the fine and though they themselves have fined ⟨them⟩, they are not able to remove the obstacles to the possession (āṭci), the great men elected for that year shall be liable to pay an additional fine of twenty-four kāṇams. Though they are fined thus, [the great men] elected for that year [10+]

Translation

⟨01⟩ Prosperity! Fortune!

⟨1⟩ Sixteenth year of the glorious king Kaṇṇara who took Kacci and Tañcai.

⟨1–3⟩ This is the agreement (vyavastai) that We, the members of the assembly of Vikramābharaṇacaturvedimaṅgala,aliasŚivacūḍāmaṇimaṅgala, in the Kāliyūrkkōṭtam and the namesake subdivision (kūṟu), made, while seating altogether in the mukhamaṇḍapa of the Puvaṉimānikkaviṣṇugṛha ⟨in⟩ our village.

⟨3⟩ The lands and whatsoever is beyond (mēṟpaṭṭa) ⟨the purpose of the present agreement as already object of⟩ a leaf (ōlai⁵) of donation (kuṭuppu), in the surrounding hamlets ⟨of⟩ our village ⟨and⟩ the tenants ⟨of⟩ our village should be things (āvaṉa⁶) … (sabhai-madhyama).

⟨3–4⟩ In this manner, We shall give ⟨these lands⟩ after sale to tenants who say “We will pay taxes ...”

⟨4⟩ These lands so given after sale, there should be no one, whoever, obtaining⁷ to show a leaf or a document of donation saying “This is ours”.

⟨4–5⟩ In this manner, the tenants who show ⟨such documents⟩ […], We, the members of the assembly, shall fine ⟨them⟩ […] kaḻañcus of gold.

⟨5⟩ The tenants who do not ... should obtain to pay (iṭa⁸) a fine of one hundred and eight kāṇams, individually/per head (meyvēru), per day, in the seat of dharma.

⟨5⟩ To the tenants ...

⟨6⟩ In this manner ...

⟨6⟩ Even though so fined, ...

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1892–93 (ARIE/1892-1893/B/1893/25).

Edited in Hultzsch 1899, with English translation (SII 3.7).

Edited in Swaminathan 2000 (no. 7).

This edition by Emmanuel Francis (2024), based on Hultzsch 1899, published visual documentation and photos (Valérie Gillet, 2008).

Primary

[SII] Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1899. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume III: Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil country. Part I: Inscriptions at Ukkal, Melpadi, Karuvur, Manimangalam and Tiruvallam. South Indian Inscriptions 3.1. Madras: Government Press. Pages 11–13, item 6.

Swaminathan, S. 2000. Rashtrakuta inscriptions in the Tamil country. Hampi: Kannada University. Pages 5–6–, item 7.

Secondary

ARIE 1892–93. G.O. Nos. 642-43, 14th August 1893. Epigraphy. Directing, with remarks, Dr. Hultzsch’s report on Epigraphical work done during 1892-93 be forwarded to the Govrnement of India and approving of the programme for the next field season. Edited by Eugen Julius Theodor Hultzsch. Madras: Government of Madras, Public Department, 1893. Page 13, appendix B/1893, item 25.

Notes

1. mukamaṇṭakam is a Tamil form of the Sanskrit mukha-maṇḍapa.
2. Literally, ‘that is beyond deeds of gift’ (kuṭupp-ōlai).
3. Literally, ‘in the circle of hamlets’ (paṭākai-vaṭṭam).
4. The two obscure words mey veṟu occur again in No. 12, line 11.
5. That is, document.
6. Litteraly, that which are.
7. That is, whoever do so is a fraud.
8. Literally, to put.

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<lb n="01"/><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi>

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<lb n="1"/>kacciyun ta<supplied reason="undefined">ñ</supplied>caiyuṅ koṇṭa <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-ka<hi rend="grantha">ṇṇara-de</hi>vaṟku yāṇṭu patiṉ ā<supplied reason="undefined">ṟ-ā</supplied>vatu

kāliyūr-k-kōṭṭattu-t taṉ kūṟṟu-c civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>

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<hi rend="grantha">sabhai</hi>yōm Emm-ūr-p puvaṉi-māṇikka-vi<hi rend="grantha">ṣṇu-gr̥ha</hi>ttu

muka-maṇṭakattē-y kūṭi y-i<unclear>ru</unclear>ntu Emm-iṟ ceyta <hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi>

<lb n="3"/>y-āvatu

Em<supplied reason="undefined">mū</supplied>r-k kuṭikaḷ Emm<choice><orig>u</orig><reg>ū</reg></choice>r-p paṭākai-vaṭṭattu ku<supplied reason="undefined">ṭu</supplied>pp-ōlai m<choice><sic>o</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice>ṟ-paṭṭa nilaṅkaḷu maṟṟum eppērppaṭṭa<add place="unspecified">ṉa</add>vum <hi rend="grantha">sabhai-ma<supplied reason="lost">dhya</supplied></hi>mam āvaṉa v-ākavum

Ip-pari

<lb n="4" break="no"/>cu

<hi rend="grantha">madhya</hi>mam-āy-k kiṭa<add place="unspecified">n</add>ta nilaṅkaḷ kuḻi-va<supplied reason="undefined">ri</supplied> y-eṟṟi <supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>ṟai

<supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>ṟuppōm eṉṟa ku<supplied reason="undefined">ṭi</supplied>kaḷukku viṟṟu-k kuṭuppōm ākavum

Iv-viṟṟu-k kuṭutta <hi rend="grantha">bhū</hi>mikaḷ Emmut' eṉṟu Eppērppaṭṭāruṅ kuṭupp-ōlaiyum Āvaṇamuṅ kāṭṭa-<supplied reason="undefined">p</supplied> peṟā<supplied reason="undefined">t</supplied>ār ākavum

Ip-paricu kāṭṭiṉa kuṭi-ma<supplied reason="undefined">kkaḷai</supplied> ta <gap reason="lost" quantity="8" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">kaḻañ</supplied>

<lb n="5" break="no"/><supplied reason="undefined">cu</supplied> poṉ <hi rend="grantha">sabhai</hi>yōmē <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍi</hi>ppōm ākavum

It-taṭu<supplied reason="undefined">t</supplied>ta kuṭi-makkaḷ<choice><sic>ai</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice>

<hi rend="grantha">dha<supplied reason="undefined">r</supplied>mmāsa</hi>ṉattu nicati mey-vē<supplied reason="undefined">ṟu nū</supplied>ṟṟ' eṭṭu-k kāṇam <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p pe<supplied reason="undefined">ṟu</supplied>vār ākavum

I<hi rend="grantha"><supplied reason="omitted">d</supplied>-daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p p<supplied reason="undefined">o</supplied>ṅ kuṭi-makkaḷukku Av<choice><sic>ap</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>avv-āṇṭu vāriyañ ceyyum peru-makkaḷē-y pērāl nicataṅ kuṉṟi-p po<supplied reason="undefined">ṉ</supplied>

<lb n="6"/><supplied reason="undefined">I</supplied>p-paricu <hi rend="grantha">śraddhā</hi>ma<supplied reason="undefined">n</supplied>tar

<hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭṭārkku vārppal kuṭuttum tāṅkaḷē-y <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍi</hi>ttum Āṭci-yiṭai-y-ūṟu <supplied reason="undefined">tī</supplied>rttu-k kuṭār ākil a<supplied reason="omitted">v</supplied><supplied reason="undefined">v-ā</supplied>ṇṭu vāriyañ <supplied reason="undefined">ce</supplied>yyum peru-mak<add place="below">kaḷ<choice><sic>aiyu</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice></add> mey-vē<surplus>ṟ</surplus>ṟu vakai Iru-pattu nālu kāṇam <hi rend="grantha">daṇḍa</hi>m iṭa-p peṟuvār ākavu<supplied reason="undefined">m</supplied>

It-ta<hi rend="grantha">ṇḍa</hi>-p paṭṭum

Avv<choice><orig>a-Ā</orig><reg>avv-a</reg></choice>ṇṭu vāri<supplied reason="undefined">ya</supplied>ñ ce<supplied reason="undefined">y</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/>

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<lem><hi rend="grantha">svasti śrī</hi></lem>

<note>These blessings are written in bigger characters, to the left of lines 2-3.</note>

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<lem>civa-cūḷamaṇi-maṅkalam-ākiya vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>°</lem>

<note><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/> notes: <quote>Here the following syllables are built in: <foreign>ḷāmaṇimaṅkalamākiya <hi rend="grantha">śrīvikramā-</hi></foreign>.</quote> If this was really the case (and not a missing estampage), this was not the case any more in 2008.</note>

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<lem>kūṭi y-i<unclear>ru</unclear>ntu Emmiṟ ceyta <hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi></lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">kū<supplied reason="undefined">ṭi</supplied> yirun<supplied reason="undefined">tu</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/></rdg>

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<lem><hi rend="grantha">ma<supplied reason="lost">dhya</supplied></hi>mam āvaṉa v-ākavum Ip-pari<lb n="4" break="no"/>cu</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"><hi rend="grantha">madhya</hi><supplied reason="undefined">ma</supplied> <gap reason="lost" quantity="6" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="lost">Ip-pari</supplied><lb n="4" break="no"/>cu</rdg>

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<lem>peru-makkaḷ<choice><sic>aiyu</sic><corr>ē</corr></choice> mey-vē<surplus>ṟ</surplus>ṟu</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">perumakkaḷaiyumēy veṟṟu</rdg>

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Hail! Prosperity! In the sixteenth year <supplied reason="subaudible">of the reign</supplied> of the glorious Kaṇṇaradeva who conquered Kacci and Tañcai,——we, the assembly of Śivacū-<supplied reason="undefined">ḷāmaṇimaṅgala, <hi rend="italic">alias</hi> Śrī-Vikramā</supplied>bharaṇa-caturvedimaṅgala, <supplied reason="subaudible">a village</supplied> in its own subdivision of Kāliyūr-kōṭṭam, being assembled in the front hall<note><foreign>mukamaṇṭakam</foreign> is a Tamil form of the Sanskrit <foreign>mukha-maṇḍapa</foreign>.</note> of the Puvaṉimāṇikka-Viṣṇugr̥ha in our village, <supplied reason="undefined">ordered</supplied> as follows:——

The inhabitants of our village <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> the land and everything else that is not the object of deeds of gift,<note>Literally, ‘that is beyond deeds of gift’ (<foreign>kuṭupp-ōlai</foreign>).</note> in the environs<note>Literally, ‘in the circle of hamlets’ (<foreign>paṭākai-vaṭṭam</foreign>).</note> of our village <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> the common property <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>madhyama</foreign></supplied> of the assembly.

We shall sell the land which has thus become the common property <supplied reason="subaudible">of the assembly</supplied>, to those inhabitants who promise to pay taxes on each <foreign>kuḻi</foreign>. No persons shall be allowed to produce deeds of gift or deeds of sale <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āvaṇam</foreign></supplied> in order to show that the land thus sold belongs to themselves. We, the assembly, shall levy a fine of <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign></supplied> of gold <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> from those inhabitants who produce such <supplied reason="subaudible">deeds</supplied>.

Those inhabitants who do not submit to this, shall be liable to pay into court <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dharmāsana</foreign></supplied> a fine of one hundred and eight <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/><note>The two obscure words <foreign>mey veṟu</foreign> occur again in No. 12, line 11.</note> per day. To each of the inhabitants who have to pay this fine, the great men elected for that year <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/> <supplied reason="subaudible">one</supplied> <foreign>kuṉṟi</foreign> of gold per day.

If, through indifference, though <gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character"/> was thus given to those who pay the fine and though they themselves have fined <supplied reason="subaudible">them</supplied>, they are not able to remove the obstacles to the possession <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āṭci</foreign></supplied>, the great men elected for that year shall be liable to pay an additional fine of twenty-four <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s. Though they are fined thus, <supplied reason="undefined">the great men</supplied> elected for that year <gap reason="lost" quantity="10" unit="character"/>

</div>

Prosperity! Fortune!

Sixteenth year of the glorious king Kaṇṇara who took Kacci and Tañcai.

This is the agreement <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign><hi rend="grantha">vya</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">stai</hi></foreign></supplied> that We, the members of the assembly of Vikramābharaṇacaturvedimaṅgala,<hi rend="italic">alias</hi>Śivacūḍāmaṇimaṅgala, in the Kāliyūrkkōṭtam and the namesake subdivision <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kūṟu</foreign></supplied>, made, while seating altogether in the <foreign>mukhamaṇḍapa</foreign> of the Puvaṉimānikkaviṣṇugṛha <supplied reason="subaudible">in</supplied> our village.

The lands and whatsoever is beyond <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mēṟpaṭṭa</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">the purpose of the present agreement as already object of</supplied> a leaf <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ōlai</foreign><note>That is, document.</note></supplied> of donation <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuṭuppu</foreign></supplied>, in the surrounding hamlets <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> our village <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> the tenants <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> our village should be things <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āvaṉa</foreign><note>Litteraly, that which are.</note></supplied> <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>sabhai-madhyama</foreign></supplied>.

In this manner, We shall give <supplied reason="subaudible">these lands</supplied> after sale to tenants who say <quote>We will pay taxes ...</quote>

These lands so given after sale, there should be no one, whoever, obtaining<note>That is, whoever do so is a fraud.</note> to show a leaf or a document of donation saying <quote>This is ours</quote>.

In this manner, the tenants who show <supplied reason="subaudible">such documents</supplied> <gap reason="lost"/>, We, the members of the assembly, shall fine <supplied reason="subaudible">them</supplied> <gap reason="lost"/> <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold.

The tenants who do not ...

should obtain to pay <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṭa</foreign><note>Literally, to put.</note></supplied> a fine of one hundred and eight <foreign>kāṇam</foreign>s, individually/per head <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>meyvēru</foreign></supplied>, per day, in the seat of <foreign>dharma</foreign>.

To the tenants ...

In this manner ...

Even though so fined, ...

</div>

<!--<div type="commentary">

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Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1892-1893"/></bibl> (ARIE/1892-1893/B/1893/25).

Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl>, with English translation (SII 3.7).

Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2000_01"/></bibl> (no. 7).

This edition by Emmanuel Francis (2024), based on <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl>, published visual documentation and photos (Valérie Gillet, 2008).

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