Trivhy (Tirucirāppaḷḷi), Lalitāṅkura cave temple, time of Māṟaṉ Caṭaiyaṉ, year 4

Editor: Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPandya00010.

Summary: Trichy, upper cave. Inscription recording the endowment of gold for maintaining perpetual lamps. VG: Lalitāṅkura cave temple in Trichy (Tirucirāppaḷḷi), Trichy taluk and district; at the entrance of the temple, on the flat surface before the eastern pilaster; regnal year 4 and 2501 days of Māṟañcaṭaiyaṉ; ARIE 1904, no. 414 (+ pp. 275–276); TLI Tp 1133; SII 17.444 (text not given); IEP 36 [K.G. Krishnan omitted lines 24–26].

Hand description:

Tamil script. The puḷḷi is used, almost consistently.

Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil.

Repository: Pāṇḍya (tfa-pandya-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-06-21 18:59 (6a5e6c5), last modified 2025-06-21 18:59 (6a5e6c5).

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī

I. Śārdūlavikrīḍita

ka⟨2⟩lpāpāya-hutāśa-dhū⟨3⟩ma-paṭala-krūram‧ viṣaṁ līla⟨4⟩yā

kaṇṭhe yaḥ kalayām‧ babhūva v[i]⟨5⟩budhai⟨r⟩ bibhya¡t!⟨d⟩bhir abhya⟨r⟩tthitaḥ

ya[s tā]⟨6⟩⟨r⟩ṇīr iva ni⟨r⟩ddadāha vitatīś śuṣkāḥ purī⟨7⟩r āsurī⟨r⟩

yyaś cākṣi-jvalane juhāva ⟨8⟩ madanam‧ pāyād apāyāt sa vaḥ {wavy line}

kō-māṟa[ñ] ⟨9⟩ caṭaiyaṟku yāṇṭu nāṅ(·)ku nāḷ Ir[ā]⟨10⟩yirat(·)t’ ainnūṟṟ’ oṉṟu

vem·pil· mati[ḷ a]⟨11⟩ḻit(·)tup pōntu niyamat(·)t’ irunt-aruḷi [so]⟨12⟩ma-sū⟨r⟩yyānvaya-dvaya-tilakā¿r?⟨l⟩aṁ¡g!⟨k⟩ārar-āyina [pā]⟨13⟩ṇḍyādhirājar varaguṇa-devar tirumal(ai)-bhaṭāra[rk]⟨14⟩ku-k kuṭutta poṉ pāṭi-k-kallāl 100 (2 10) 5 <kaḻañcu> nūṟ(ṟ)’ [i]⟨15⟩rupatt’ aiṅ-kaḻañcum

Ip-poṉ· mutaṉiṟka⟨16⟩poli koṇṭu muppatiṉ kaḻañcu poṉṉiṉ ⟨17⟩ poliyāl Oru nontā-viḷakk’ āka (nū)ṟṟ’ iru⟨18⟩patin kaḻañcu poṉṉāl· nālu non⟨19⟩tā viḷakk’ eriya-k kāṇa-nāḻiyāl nicati Aṭṭa-k ka⟨20⟩ṭava ney Iru-nāḻi

niṉ·ṟa Aiṅ-kaḻañcu po⟨21⟩ṉṉālun tiṅkaṭoṟum tiṅkaṭ ṭiruvāti⟨22⟩rai nāṉṟ’ avv-irā-p pularum aḷavum Aintu ⟨23⟩ viḷakk’ eriya Aṭṭa-k kaṭava ney Iru-nāḻi U⟨24⟩ri

Ivv-oṭṭiṉa paricu ney Aṭṭi It-ti⟨25⟩ru-viḷakk’ erippāṉ(·) Ip-poṉ· nūṟṟ’ irupatt’ ai⟨26⟩ṅ-kaḻañcuṅ koṇṭōm· ciṟ(·)ṟampar naka[rat]⟨27⟩tōm

Ivv-oṭ·ṭiṉa paricu ney Aṭ·ṭuvip·[pa]⟨28⟩taṟku Amain·tu puṇai-p· paṭṭōm· ciṟ·ṟam·par· [pa]⟨29⟩tiyum(·) pātam(u/ū)lattōmum

Itu pan·māhe⟨30⟩śvararar Irakṣai

Apparatus

⟨5⟩ bibhya¡t!⟨d⟩bhir V SII ⬦ bibhya¡tth!⟨dbh⟩ir G.

⟨6⟩ purī⟨7⟩r V SII ⬦ puri⟨7⟩r G.

⟨12⟩ °tilakā¿r?⟨l⟩aṁ¡g!⟨k⟩ārar° V SII ⬦ °tilakāraṅgārar° G.

⟨20⟩ niṉ·ṟa V SII ⬦ niṉṟu G.

⟨22⟩ nāṉṟavvirāp SII ⬦ nāṉṟ(a)vvirāp V; nāṉṟavavirāp G.

⟨24⟩ paricu ⬦ paricu SII G.

⟨30⟩ Irakṣai V SII ⬦ irakṣe G.

Translation by Gillet 2017

Hail! Prosperity! He who (yāḥ for yaḥ) carried (kalayām babhūva) in his throat (kaṇṭhe) playfully (lilayā) the poison (viṣaṃ), fierce (krūram) like the mass (paṭala) of smoke (dhūmama for dhūma) of the fire (hutāśa) at the end (apāya) of a kalpa; he who (yas), requested (abhyatthitaḥ for abhyarthitaḥ) by the frightened (bibhyatthir for bibhyadbhir) gods (vibudhair), destroyed by fire (nirddadāha) the cities of the asuras (purīr āsurīr), like dry (śuṣkāḥ) heaps (vitatīḥ) made of grass (tārṇīr iva) and he who (yas) offered Madana as oblation (juhāva) in the fire (jvalane) of his eye (akṣi)—may he protect you from evil!

[This is] the 4th year [and] two thousand five hundred and one days of king Māṟañcaṭaiyaṉ. Having gone (pontu) after destroying (aḻittu) the walls (matiḷ) of Vempil, having graciously seated in Niyamam (niyamattu iruntu aruḷi), Pāṇḍyādhirāja Varaguṇadeva, who has become (āyina) the ornament (araṅgārar for alaṅgārar) [as] the forehead mark (tilaka) of both (dvaya) the solar and lunar lineages (soma-sūryya-anvaya), gave (kuṭutta) for Bhaṭārar of the sacred hill (tiru-malai) 125 kaḻañcus with [standard] measuring stone (pāṭikkallāl); while the whole hundred and twenty five kaḻañcus of this gold stood as capital (mutal niṟka), having got the interests (poli koṇṭu); at the rate of one perpetual lamp (oru nontāviḷakku āka) with the interests (poliyāl) of 30 kaḻañcus of this gold; with hundred and twenty kaḻañcus of gold (poṉṉāl), two nāḻis of ghee (ney irunāḻi) will have to be supplied (aṭṭak-kaṭava) every day (nicati) with one kāṇanāḻi (measure) for burning (eriya) four perpetual lamps; and with the 5 kaḻañcus of gold remaining (niṉṟu), every month (tiṅkaṭoṟum) on the day (nāṉṟav, that is, nāl-āṉṟu-a-v) of Tiruvātirai in the month (tiṅkaḷ), two nāḻis and one uri of ghee have to be supplied (aṭṭak-kaṭava) for burning five lamps to the point (aḷavum) when that night (a-v-irā) faints (pularum) [i.e. until dawn]; we, the Nagarattar of Ciṟṟampar, have taken (koṇṭōm) the hundred and twenty five kaḻañcus of this gold to burn (erippāṉ) these sacred lamps, having supplied (aṭṭi) the ghee (ney) in a manner (paricu) that is abiding by (oṭṭiṉa) this; in a manner (paricu) that is abiding by (oṭṭiṉa) this, we will stand (paṭṭōm) as security (puṇai), having settled (amainta) for supplying ghee, we the Pati and Pātamūlam. This is under the protection the Panmāheśvarar.

Translation by Emmanuel Francis

(1) Prosperity! Fortune!

I

...

(8–10) Year four, day two thousand five hundred one of the king Mārañ Caṭaiyaṉ.

(10–15) ...

(15–20) ...

(20–24) ...

(24–27) ...

(27–29) ...

(29–30) This is under the protection of the Paṉmāheśvaras.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1904-1905 (ARIE/1904-1905/A/1904/414), in Mahalingam 1991 (Tp 1133).

Edited in Venkayya 1906, with English translation (ARASI 1903-1904), in Ramanatha Ayyar 1962 (SII 14.10). Text in Krishnan 2002 (IEP 36). Edited in Gillet 2017, with English translation, based on autopsy and photographs (Valérie Gillet, 2008).

This revised edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis, further based on photographs (Emmanuel Francis, 2004).

Primary

[V] Venkayya, V. 1906. “Inscriptions in the Trichinopoly Cave.” ASI, Annual Report 1903-1904, pp. 270–276.

[SII] Ramanatha Ayyar, A. S. 1962. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XIV: The Pāṇḍyas. South Indian Inscriptions 14. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Page 6, item 10.

[IEP] Krishnan, K. G. 2002. Inscriptions of the early Pāṇḍyas (from c. 300 B.C. to 984 A.D.) New Delhi: ICHR & Northern Book Centre. Page TBC, item 36.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2017. “Devotion and Dominion: Ninth-Century Donations of a Pāṇḍyan King in Temples along the River Kāvēri.” IIJ 60 (3), pp. 219–283. DOI: 10.1163/15728536-06003002. [URL]. Pages 254–255, item 3.

Secondary

[ARIE 1904-1905] ARIE 1904-1905. G.O. No. 518, 18th July 1905. Epigraphy. Recording the annual report of the Government Epigraphist for the year 1904-1905, and directing that the report be forwarded to the government of India. Edited by V. Venkayya. No place, 1905. Page 15, appendix A/1904, item 414.

[TLI] Mahalingam, T. V. 1991. A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states. Volume Eight: Tiruchchirappalli district. New Delhi: ICHR. Pages 251–252, item Tp 1133.

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Ip-poṉ· mutaṉiṟka

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<lb n="20" break="no"/>ṭava ney Iru-nāḻi

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niṉ·ṟa Aiṅ-kaḻañcu po

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<lb n="22" break="no"/>rai nāṉṟ’ avv-irā-p pularum aḷavum Aintu

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<p>Hail! Prosperity! He who <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yāḥ</foreign> for <foreign>yaḥ</foreign></supplied> carried <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kalayām babhūva</foreign></supplied> in his throat <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaṇṭhe</foreign></supplied> playfully <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>lilayā</foreign></supplied> the poison <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>viṣaṃ</foreign></supplied>, fierce <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>krūram</foreign></supplied> like the mass <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṭala</foreign></supplied> of smoke <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dhūmama</foreign> for <foreign>dhūma</foreign></supplied> of the fire <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>hutāśa</foreign></supplied> at the end <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>apāya</foreign></supplied> of a <foreign>kalpa</foreign>; he who <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yas</foreign></supplied>, requested <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>abhyatthitaḥ</foreign> for <foreign>abhyarthitaḥ</foreign></supplied> by the frightened <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bibhyatthir</foreign> for <foreign>bibhyadbhir</foreign></supplied> gods <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vibudhair</foreign></supplied>, destroyed by fire <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nirddadāha</foreign></supplied> the cities of the <foreign>asuras</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>purīr āsurīr</foreign></supplied>, like dry <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śuṣkāḥ</foreign></supplied> heaps <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vitatīḥ</foreign></supplied> made of grass <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tārṇīr iva</foreign></supplied> and he who <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>yas</foreign></supplied> offered Madana as oblation <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>juhāva</foreign></supplied> in the fire <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>jvalane</foreign></supplied> of his eye <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>akṣi</foreign></supplied>—may he protect you from evil!</p><p><supplied reason="subaudible">This is</supplied> the 4th year <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> two thousand five hundred and one days of king Māṟañcaṭaiyaṉ. Having gone <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pontu</foreign></supplied> after destroying <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aḻittu</foreign></supplied> the walls <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>matiḷ</foreign></supplied> of Vempil, having graciously seated in Niyamam <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>niyamattu iruntu aruḷi</foreign></supplied>, Pāṇḍyādhirāja Varaguṇadeva, who has become <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>āyina</foreign></supplied> the ornament <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>araṅgārar</foreign> for <foreign>alaṅgārar</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">as</supplied> the forehead mark <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tilaka</foreign></supplied> of both <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dvaya</foreign></supplied> the solar and lunar lineages <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>soma-sūryya-anvaya</foreign></supplied>, gave <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuṭutta</foreign></supplied> for Bhaṭārar of the sacred hill <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tiru-malai</foreign></supplied> 125 <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s with <supplied reason="subaudible">standard</supplied> measuring stone <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pāṭikkallāl</foreign></supplied>; while the whole hundred and twenty five <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of this gold stood as capital <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mutal niṟka</foreign></supplied>, having got the interests <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>poli koṇṭu</foreign></supplied>; at the rate of one perpetual lamp <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>oru nontāviḷakku āka</foreign></supplied> with the interests <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>poliyāl</foreign></supplied> of 30 <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of this gold; with hundred and twenty <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>poṉṉāl</foreign></supplied>, two <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s of ghee <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ney irunāḻi</foreign></supplied> will have to be supplied <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṭṭak-kaṭava</foreign></supplied> every day <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nicati</foreign></supplied> with one <foreign>kāṇanāḻi</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">measure</supplied> for burning <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>eriya</foreign></supplied> four perpetual lamps; and with the 5 <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold remaining <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>niṉṟu</foreign></supplied>, every month <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tiṅkaṭoṟum</foreign></supplied> on the day <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nāṉṟav</foreign>, that is, <foreign>nāl-āṉṟu-a-v</foreign></supplied> of Tiruvātirai in the month <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tiṅkaḷ</foreign></supplied>, two <foreign>nāḻi</foreign>s and one <foreign>uri</foreign> of ghee have to be supplied <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṭṭak-kaṭava</foreign></supplied> for burning five lamps to the point <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aḷavum</foreign></supplied> when that night <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>a-v-irā</foreign></supplied> faints <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pularum</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">i.e. until dawn</supplied>; we, the Nagarattar of Ciṟṟampar, have taken <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>koṇṭōm</foreign></supplied> the hundred and twenty five <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of this gold to burn <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>erippāṉ</foreign></supplied> these sacred lamps, having supplied <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṭṭi</foreign></supplied> the ghee <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ney</foreign></supplied> in a manner <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paricu</foreign></supplied> that is abiding by <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>oṭṭiṉa</foreign></supplied> this; in a manner <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paricu</foreign></supplied> that is abiding by <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>oṭṭiṉa</foreign></supplied> this, we will stand <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṭṭōm</foreign></supplied> as security <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>puṇai</foreign></supplied>, having settled <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>amainta</foreign></supplied> for supplying ghee, we the Pati and Pātamūlam. This is under the protection the Panmāheśvarar.</p></div>

<p n="1">Prosperity! Fortune!</p>

</p>

<p n="8-10">Year four, day two thousand five hundred one of the king Mārañ Caṭaiyaṉ.</p>

<p n="29-30">This is under the protection of the Paṉmāheśvaras.</p>

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<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1904-1905"/></bibl> (ARIE/1904-1905/A/1904/414), in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1991_01"/></bibl> (Tp 1133).</p>

<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Venkayya1906_01"/></bibl>, with English translation (ARASI 1903-1904), in <bibl><ptr target="bib:RamanathaAyyar1962_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv14p1i0010">SII 14.10</ref>). Text in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Krishnan2002_01"/></bibl> (IEP 36). Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2017_01"/></bibl>, with English translation, based on autopsy and photographs (<ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/****">Valérie Gillet, 2008</ref>).</p>

<p>This revised edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis, further based on photographs (Emmanuel Francis, 2004).</p>

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