N. 353. Mahānāvika Buddhagupta

Author of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr).

Palaeographic description: Late Southeast Asian Brāhmī

Language: Old Javanese (kaw) [Southeast Asian Brāhmī (other) (brāhmī_southeast_asian_other)].

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENK00353.

File path: xml/DHARMA_INSIDENK00353.xml.

Version: 2026-06-15 10:53 (9607a13), last modified 2026-06-15 09:34 (5bf37c6).

Edition

⟨Zone A: Front⟩

⟨1⟩ (A)jñānāc cīyate karmma * janmanaḥ karmma kāraṇa⟨ṁ⟩

⟨w⟩ jñānān na cīyate [karmma] [karmmābhāvān na jāyate]

⟨Zone B: Left⟩

⟨3⟩ sarvveṇa prakāreṇa _ sarvvasmin sarvvathā sa[r]vv(ā)

⟨4⟩ siddhayāt[r]ā⟨ḥ⟩ santu

⟨Zone C: Right⟩

⟨5⟩ sa[rv]v[.](ka?) [*****][.]r[.][**][*][*]

⟨6⟩ mahānāvika-buddhaguptasya raktamr̥ittika-vās[tavyasya?]

⟨Zone D: Top⟩

⟨7⟩ [rā]jña⟨ḥ⟩ (pādau?) śirasā praṇipat[ya]

Translation

Commentary

The text is laid out in four zones, on the front and three lateral sides of a stone slab. The line of text on the upper lateral side was included in Low’s facsimile but ignored in all publications and subsequerntly produced estampages. It is included here for the first time.

Bibliography

Facsimile by Low (1835, reprinted by Jacq-Hergoualc’h 1992). After a preliminary attempt by Rajendralal Mitra, reported by Laidlay (1848), the first serious deciperherment was published by Kern (1883), and his results was refine by Chhabra (1935). Kern’s publication was reprinted (1915) and published in English version (1907); Chhabra’s was reprinted (1965). The results of previous scholarship where presented by Skilling (2015). This digital edition based on Low’s facsimile and on estampages.

Primary

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1883. “Over eenige oude Sanskritopschriften van ’t Maleische schiereiland.” VMKAW-L 1, pp. 5–12. Pages 7–9.

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1907. “Concerning some old Sanskrit insciptions in the Malay Peninsula.” JSBRAS 49, pp. 95–101. [URL]. Pages 97–99.

Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1915. “Over eenige oude Sanskrit-opschriften van ’t Maleische schiereiland.” In: Verspreide geschriften, derde deel: Voor-Indië, slot; Achter-Indië, eerste gedeelte. ’s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, pp. 255–262. [URL]. Pages 258–260.

Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1935. “Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule as evidenced by inscriptions.” JASB (Lett.) 1 (1), pp. 1–64. Pages 16–20, plate 3.

Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1965. Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). 1st ed. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. [URL]. Pages 20–26, plate 3.

Skilling, Peter. 2015. “An untraced Buddhist verse inscription from (Pen)Insular Southeast Asia.” In: Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia. Edited by D. Christian Lammerts. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 18–79. Pages 21–25.

Secondary

Low, James. 1835. “Copy of an inscription on a stone found near the ruins of a Buddhist temple in Province Wellesley, Malayan Pen.” JASB 4, p. 56. [URL].

Low, James. 1848. “An account of several inscriptions found in Province Wellesley on the peninsula of Malacca.” JASB 17 (2), pp. 62–66. [URL]. Pages 63–65.

Laidlay, J. W. 1848. “Note on the inscriptions from Singapore and Province Wellesley, forwarded by the Hon. Col. Butterworth, C.B. and Col. J. Low.” JASB 17 (2), pp. 66–72. [URL]. Page 71.

Anderson, John. 1883. Catalogue and hand-book of the archaeological collections in the Indian Museum, part II: Gupta and inscriptions galleries. Calcutta: Indian Museum. [URL]. Pages 189–190.

Low, James. 1886. “An account of several inscriptions found in Province Wellesley, on the peinsula of Malacca.” In: Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China, volume I. Edited by Reinhold Rost. Trübner’s Oriental Series. London: Trübner & Co., pp. 223–226. [URL]. Pages 224–225.

Laidlay, J. W. 1886. “Note on the inscriptions from Singapore and province Wellesley.” In: Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China, volume I. Edited by Reinhold Rost. Trübner’s Oriental Series. London: Trübner & Co., pp. 227–232. [URL]. Pages 230–231.

Jacq-Hergoualc’h, Michel. 1992. La civilisation de ports-entrepôts du sud Kedah (Malaysia) : Ve-XIVe siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan. Pages 219–221, figure 242.

Surrogates

Estampages, Leiden Ubiversity Library, Kern Institute collection, no. N. 13

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_Schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_SQF.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<title>N. 353. Mahānāvika Buddhagupta</title>

<resp>author of digital edition</resp>

<surname>Griffiths</surname>

</persName>

</respStmt>

</titleStmt>

<authority>DHARMA</authority>

<pubPlace>Jakarta</pubPlace>

<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSIDENK00353</idno>

<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported

Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to

Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,

California, 94041, USA.</p>

</licence>

</availability>

</publicationStmt>

<repository>DHARMAbase</repository>

</msIdentifier>

</msContents>

<p>Late Southeast Asian Brāhmī</p>

</handDesc>

</physDesc>

</msDesc>

</sourceDesc>

</fileDesc>

<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>

</projectDesc>

<p>Public URIs with the prefix bib to point to a Zotero Group Library named ERC-DHARMA whose data are open to the public.</p>

</prefixDef>

<p>Internal URIs using the part prefix to point to person elements in the <ref>DHARMA_idListMembers_v01.xml</ref> file.</p>

</prefixDef>

</listPrefixDef>

</encodingDesc>

<change who="part:argr" when="2026-06-15">encoded the inscription</change>

</revisionDesc>

</teiHeader>

<body>

<l n="a"><milestone type="pagelike" unit="zone" n="A"/><label xml:lang="eng">Front</label><lb n="1"/><unclear>A</unclear>jñānāc cīyate karmma <g/></l>

<l n="b">janmanaḥ karmma kāraṇa<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></l>

<l n="c"><lb n="w"/>jñānān na cīyate <supplied reason="lost">karmma</supplied></l>

<l n="d"><supplied reason="lost">karmmābhāvān na jāyate</supplied></l>

</lg>

<lb n="3"/>sarvveṇa prakāreṇa <space/> sarvvasmin sarvvathā sa<supplied reason="lost">r</supplied>vv<unclear>ā</unclear>

<lb n="4"/>siddhayāt<supplied reason="lost">r</supplied>ā<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> santu

<milestone type="pagelike" unit="zone" n="C"/><label xml:lang="eng">Right</label>

<lb n="6"/>mahānāvika-buddhaguptasya raktamr̥ittika-vās<supplied reason="lost" cert="low">tavyasya</supplied>

<lb n="7"/><supplied reason="lost">rā</supplied>jña<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> <unclear cert="low">pādau</unclear> śirasā praṇipat<supplied reason="lost">ya</supplied>

</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<p>The text is laid out in four zones, on the front and three lateral sides of a stone slab. The line of text on the upper lateral side was included in Low's facsimile but ignored in all publications and subsequerntly produced estampages. It is included here for the first time.</p>

</div>

<p>Facsimile by Low (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Low1835_01"/></bibl>, reprinted by Jacq-Hergoualc'h <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:JacqHergoualch1992_01"/></bibl>). After a preliminary attempt by Rajendralal Mitra, reported by Laidlay (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Laidlay1848_01"/></bibl>), the first serious deciperherment was published by Kern (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Kern1883_01"/></bibl>), and his results was refine by Chhabra (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Chhabra1935_01"/></bibl>). Kern's publication was reprinted (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Kern1915_03"/></bibl>) and published in English version (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Kern1907_01"/></bibl>); Chhabra's was reprinted (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Chhabra1965_01"/></bibl>). The results of previous scholarship where presented by Skilling (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Skilling2015_02"/></bibl>). This digital edition based on Low's facsimile and on estampages.</p>

</listBibl>

</listBibl>

<bibl>Estampages, Leiden Ubiversity Library, Kern Institute collection, no. N. 13</bibl>

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>