SOUTH INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS [3-3]

⟨SIIv03p0i0089⟩ No. 89.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE GHRITASTHANESVARA TEMPLE AT TILLASTHANAM. 1

The inscription registers a gift of 100 sheep for a lamp by Kaḍambamādēvī, the wife of the chief Vikki-Aṇṇaṉ, who was the recipient of several royal honours and of the hereditary title Śembiyaṉ Tamiḻavēḷ from the Chōḷa king Rājakēsarivarman who 'overran Toṇḍai-nāḍu' and was the conqueror of 'kings that possessed many elephants (pal-yāṉai-kōkkaṇḍaṉ)' 2 and from the Chēra king Sthāṇu Ravi.

The Tiruvālaṅgāḍu plates state that the Chōḷa king Āditya I. defeated the Pallava Aparājita and captured Toṇḍai-maṇḍalam from him. We also know that Āditya's son, Parāntaka I., was called Parakēsarivarman and there is not therefore much doubt that the Rājakēsarivarman referred to in this inscription is Āditya I. The fact that he and the Chēra king Sthāṇu Ravi conferred honours on Vikki-Aṇṇaṉ suggests that these Chēra and the Chōḷa kings might have been contemporaries.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] toṇṭaināṭu pāviṉa 3 coḻaṉ pal- 2 y[ā]ṉaikkokkaṇaṭaṉāiṉa 4 rājakēsaripatma ṉā- 3 luñ ceramāṉ kottāṇuiravi[y]ālun tavicuñ c[ā]- 4 maraiyuñ civikaiyun timilaiyuṅ koyilum poṉa[ka]- 5 muṅ kāḷamuṅ kaḷiṟṟuniraiyuñ [c]empiyaṉṟamiḻaveḷe- 6 ṉṉuṅ kulappiyarum peṟṟa vikki aṇṇaṉṟevivāṉa 5 7 kaṭampamātevi tiruneyttāṉattu mātevark koru nantāviḷak[ki]- 8 ṉuk[ku] kuṭutta āṭu [nūṟu] pa[tm]āhēśvararakṣai ||—

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! One hundred sheep were given for a perpetual lamp to the Mahādēva (i.e., Śiva) of Tiruneyttāṉam by Kaḍambamādēvī, the wife of Vikki-Aṇṇaṉ who had received a (feudatory) throne (taviśu ?), fly-whisk, palanquin, drum (timilai), mansion, pōnagam (sumptuary allowance), bugle, an army of male elephants and the hereditary title of Śembiyaṉ-Tamiḻavēḷ from Rājakēsarivarman, the ⟨Page 222⟩ Chōḷa (king) who overran 1 Toṇḍai-nāḍu and from the Kōkkaṇḍaṉ of (i.e., the conqueror of kings that possessed) many elephants, the Chēra king (Śēramāṉ) Sthāṇu Ravi. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0090⟩ No. 90.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE JNANAPARAMESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUMEYJNANAM. 2

This inscription is dated in the 2nd year of Rājakēsarivarman and records that the assembly of Nālūr, a brahmadēya of Śēṟṟūr-kūṟṟam, sold for 25 kāśu, the aṅgāḍikkūli, i.e., the market fees of the bazaar street, to the temple of Tirumayāṉam. On palaeographical grounds we may attribute the record to the time of Rājakēsarivarman Āditya I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ko rājakesariparmma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 2 āvatu ceṟṟūrkkūṟṟa[ttu]

⟨2⟩ [brahma]deyam nālūr paṭṭapperumakkaḷuḷḷiṭṭa peruṅkuṟipperumakkaḷo[m]

⟨3⟩ [e]ṅkaḷūr tirumayāṉattu śrīmūlastāṉa 3ttu mahādevarkku nāṅkaḷ viṟṟukkuṭu-

⟨4⟩ [tta eṅkaḷū]rkkaṭaitteruvil aṅkāṭikkūliyāvatu [||*] puṟavūrniṉṟu nellum ari[ci]-

⟨5⟩ [yu]m ma[ṟṟu]m aḷappaṉa koṭuvantu viṟṟāraik kā[ciṉ]vāy nā[ḻi] koḷḷappeṟuvatā-

⟨6⟩ kavum ma[ṟ]ṟum kiṭantu viṟppaṉa kuvā[l]āl nāḻi koḷḷappe[ṟuva]tākavum niṟuppaṉa ni-

⟨7⟩ ṟaiyāl oru palaṅ koḷḷappeṟuvatākavum veṟṟilaikkūṭaiyāl oro paṟṟum

⟨8⟩ kūṭaiyālliraṇṭu pākkum koḷḷappeṟuvatākavum vaṭṭi[yāl] lor[o] vi •

⟨9⟩ ttukkoḷḷappeṟuvatākavum [||*] ipparicu ikkūli [vi]ṟṟukkuṭu[ttu] i[tte]variṭaik koṇṭa

⟨10⟩ kācu 25 ikkācirupattañcukkum candrāditya[val koḷ]ḷap[peruva]tāka[||*]itu sabhaiyāyum

⟨11⟩ taṉippuruṣarāyum taṭuttārai panmāheśvarare tā[ṉ veṇṭu] poṉ maṉṟi 4 iruppit-

⟨12⟩ tum ikkūli candrādityavaṟ piṭittukkoḷḷapp[e]ṟuva[t]āka viṟṟu vilai- śrāvaṇai ceytu

⟨13⟩ kuṭuttom paṭṭap[p]erumakkaḷuḷḷiṭṭa pe[ru]-

⟨14⟩ ṅkuṟipperumakka[ḷo]m [||*] itu [paṉmā] heśvararakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 2nd year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, we, the great men of the big assembly which included the great bhaṭṭas of Nālūr, a brahmadēya of Śēṟṟūr-kūṟṟam, sold the market-fees (aṅgāḍikkūli) of the bazaar-street in our village to the Mahādēva (i.e., Śiva) of the glorious Mūlasthāna at our village of Tirumayāṉam, thus:—

(L. 4.) From those who bring from outside villages and sell such articles as paddy, rice, etc., (which are sold) by measuring, shall be received (one) nāḻi for each kāśu (realised) and for other articles placed on the ground and sold, (one) nāḻi shall be received on each heap (kuvāl). (For) articles (sold) by weight, one palam shall be received on each weighment (niṟai) 5. From each basket of betel leaves, shall be received one paṟṟu; and two areca-nuts from each basket (of them). On each vaṭṭi of • • • shall be received. ⟨Page 223⟩

(L. 9.) In this manner was this (market-)fee (kūli) sold over to, and 25 kāśu received from, this god. For this 25 kāśu (given), (the temple) shall receive (the market-fee defined above) till the moon and the sun (last).

(L. 10.) We, the great men of the big assembly including the great bhaṭṭas, sold and executed the sale-deed (vibai-śrāvaṇai) (stipulating that), if either the assembly or any single individual (of the assembly) obstruct this (i.e., the collection), all Māhēśvaras (assembled) shall themselves levy (a fine of) gold as they choose, and even after collecting (it), shall retain possession of this fee as long as the moon and the sun (last). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0091⟩ No. 91.—ON A PILLAR LYING IN THE MANDAPA IN A STREET AT TIRUNAGESVARAM. 1

This is a record, in archaic characters, of Rājakēsarivarman (perhaps Āditya I.) dated in his 2nd year. It registers gifts made by the merchants (nagarattār) of Kumaramārtāṇḍapuram to meet the cost of repairs to the enclosure (called) Maunakumaramārtāṇḍaṉ and the gōpura of Milāḍuḍaiyārpaḷḷi. From No. 199 of the Madras Epigraphical collection for 1907 it appears that Kumaramārtāṇḍaṉ was a surname of the Pallava king Nandippōttaraiyar. In the word Milāḍuḍaiyārpaḷḷi we may have a possible reference to the Śaiva saint Meypporuṇāyaṉār also called Milāḍuḍaiyār. As the usual imprecation paṉ māheśvararakṣai does not occur at the end of the inscription, it is much more probable that Milāḍuḍaiyārpaḷḷi was a Jaina temple than a Śaiva shrine called after Milāḍuḍaiyār.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ko irāca-

⟨2⟩ kecariparma[r*]kku yāṇ-

⟨3⟩ ṭu iraṇṭāvatu teṉ-

⟨4⟩ karait tiraimurtāṭṭu 2-

⟨5⟩ k kumaramāttāṇṭapu-

⟨6⟩ rattu perunakaratto-

⟨7⟩ m ivvūr milāṭuṭaiyā-

⟨8⟩ rpaḷḷiyil eṅkaḷ me-

⟨9⟩ [ḷa]ṉakumaramāttāṇṭaṉā-

⟨10⟩ ṉa [ti]ruccuṟṟālaikkuṅ

⟨11⟩ kopurattukkum putu-

⟨12⟩ kkuppuṟamāka ippa[ḷ]ḷi-

⟨13⟩ yiṉ kiḻai nantavāṉa-

⟨14⟩ ttukkum melai nanta-

⟨15⟩ vāṉattukkumāka nakara-

⟨16⟩ ttoṅ koḷḷum vārā-

⟨17⟩ vaikal āṇṭaṭuttu

⟨18⟩ koḷvatu ittiruccuṟṟā-

⟨19⟩ laikkuṅ kopurattukku-

⟨20⟩ [m] putukkuppuṟamāka naka-

⟨21⟩ ra anuccaiyāl vai-

⟨22⟩ ttukkuṭuttom [||*] iv-

⟨23⟩ vārāvai(y)kal koḷ-

⟨24⟩ kaveṉṟu nakaratto-

⟨25⟩ māka taṉi • • 3ṉāka [co]-

⟨26⟩ ṉṉāṉe 4 ippaḷḷi uṭai-

⟨27⟩ yommava[ṉ]ṉe 5 tāṉ ve-

⟨28⟩ ṇṭu kaḷattu tāṉ veṇ-

⟨29⟩ ṭu poṉ maṟaiyili ma-

⟨30⟩ ṉṟapperuvatākavum ka-

⟨31⟩ ṅkaikkarai 6āyaraṅ kurā-

⟨32⟩ lākkoṉṟāṉ pāvaṅ k[o]-

⟨33⟩ ḷvatākavum ipparicu can-

⟨34⟩ tirātittavaṟ vaittukku-

⟨35⟩ ṭuttom kumaramāttāṇ-

⟨36⟩ ṭapurattu perunakarattom[||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 2nd year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, we, the great merchants (nagarattōm) of Kumaramārtāṇḍapuram in Tiraimūr-nāḍu on the southern bank (of the Kāvērī river), assigned and gave, with ⟨Page 224⟩ the consent of the guild, the income of every alternate year from the collection (vārāvaigal) which we, the merchants, are receiving on account of the flower gardens on the eastern and western sides of this paḷḷi (temple), for the benefit of the repairs (pudukkuppuṟam) to the sacred enclosure called Maunakumaramārtāṇḍaṉ and the gōpura of ours (i.e., built by us) in (the temple) Milāḍuḍaiyārpaḷḷi in this village 1.

(L. 22.) Should we, as a guild or a single individual (of the guild), propose to appropriate these collections (presented to the temple), the person among us 2 who is (then) in charge of this paḷḷi (temple) might levy any (fine of) gold himself and realize (it) from him openly at any place he likes; besides, (the culprit) shall incur the sin of one who kills one thousand tawny cows on the banks of the Gaṅgā. We, the great merchants of Kumaramārtāṇḍapuram, have thus assigned and given (the above-mentioned gift) to last as long as the moon and the sun (endure).

⟨SIIv03p0i0092⟩ No. 92.—ON A BOULDER IN FRONT OF A NATURAL CAVE AT VEDAL. 3

This inscription is dated in the 14th year of Rājakēsarivarman and provides for feeding the female Jain ascetic Kanakavīrakurattiyār, who was a disciple of Guṇakīrtti-Bhaṭāra, and her pupils. Veḍāl, called Viḍāl [alias] Mādēvi-Ārāndimaṅgalam in the inscription, is said to have been situated to the east 4 of Śiṅgapura-nāḍu. The archaic characters in which the record is written would indicate that Rājakēsarivarman must be identical with Āditya I.

The construction of the two sentences in the inscription is somewhat vague. The words “koḷḷātamaiyil” in line 5 and “māteviārāntimaṅkalamuṭaiya kanakavirakkurattiyār” in line 12f. have been evidently misplaced. For a proper and connected understanding of the sentences the first has to come after “piḷḷaikaḷainnūṟṟuvarkkum” in the same line and the second at the beginning of line 11.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kovirācakecariparma[r*]kku yāṇṭu pati 5nālāvatu ci-

⟨2⟩ 6 ṅkapuranāṭṭukkīḻvaḻi viṭāl māteviārāntimaṅkala-

⟨3⟩ mu[ṭ*]aiya kuṇakirttipaṭārarvaḻi māṇākkiyār kaṉakavira[kku]ratti-

⟨4⟩ yāraiyum mavarvaḻi māṇākkiyāraiyum tāpisi[ka]ḷ 7 nānūṟṟuvarkkum

⟨5⟩ koḷḷātamaiyil ik[koyi]ṟpiḷḷaikaḷainnūṟṟuvarkkum vaḻiilāruṅ

⟨6⟩ kāttūṭṭuvomāṉom [||*] eṅkaḷu[ṭai]ya svarakṣai itu irakṣi[p*]p[ā]raṭini[lai e]ṅkaḷ

⟨7⟩ [ta]laimelaṉa[||*] māteviarān[ti]maṅkalamuṭaiya [kaṉa]kavirakkurattiyār-

⟨8⟩ t taṅka • r makaḷātaṉamaiyil • •

⟨9⟩ mukkiyarumitu [kā]ppār[||*] avarkaḷ svarakṣai itaṉai irakṣippāra-

⟨10⟩ ṭi ni[lai] eṉ talaimelaṉa [||*] ⟨Page 225⟩

On the side.

⟨11⟩ • • ṭanuṅ kāḻānu[m*] mu-

⟨12⟩ talākiya māteviā-

⟨13⟩ rāntimaṅkalamuṭaiya

⟨14⟩ kanakavirakkurattiyār taṅ-

⟨15⟩ kaḷ makaḷārātinamaiyil

⟨16⟩ ituvellān taṅ-

⟨17⟩ kaḷ kāval [||*] itaṉai tiṅ-

⟨18⟩ ku niṉaittān 1 kaṅ[k*]aiiṭaik kumariiṭai

⟨19⟩ eḻunūṟṟu kātamuñceyta pāva-

⟨20⟩ ṅ koḷvār kāva[la]nukku [piḻai]ttā-

⟨21⟩ rāvār ||—||u

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, we, the lay disciples (of this school), have undertaken to protect and feed Kanakavīrakurattiyār, a female disciple and follower of Guṇakīrti-Bhaṭāra, of Viḍāl [alias] Mādēvi-Ārāndimaṅgalam on the eastern side (kīḻvaḻi) of Śiṅgapuranāḍu and the lady pupils of her following, since there has been a disagreement between the five hundred pupils (piḷḷai) of this kōyil (monastery ?) and the four hundred female ascetics. (This charity remains under) our own protection. The sandals of those who maintain this (shall rest) on our heads.

(L. 7.) As Kanakavīrakurattiyār of Mādēvi-Ārāndimaṅgalam is the daughter of • • the chief men of • • shall protect this. (This shall be under) their own protection. The sandals of those who protect this shall be on our heads. As Kanakavīrakurattiyār of Mādēvi-Ārāndimaṅgalam is the daughter of you, viz., Kāḻāṉ • • and others, all this shall be (under) your watch. Those who think of injuring this (charity), shall incur the sin committed (by the people living) in the 700 kādam between Gaṅgā (the Ganges) and Kumari (Cape Comorin), and shall (also) be traitors to the king.

⟨SIIv03p0i0093⟩ No. 93.—ON A SLAB SET UP IN FRONT OF THE SILAIYAMMAN TEMPLE AT NERKUNAM. 2

This inscription, dated in the 24th year of Rājakēsarivarman, registers a grant of land for the upkeep of a tank at Neṟkuṉṟam on the eastern side of Śiṅgapura-nāḍu by Nambiyamallaṉār, son of Nṛipatuṅgamaṅgalappēraraiyaṉ. The name Nṛipatuṅgamaṅgalappēraraiyaṉ and the archaic characters of the inscription make it very probable that the record is one of Rājakēsarivarman Āditya I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ko-

⟨2⟩ [vi]rācakecaripanma[r*]kku

⟨3⟩ yāṇṭu irupattu-

⟨4⟩ nāllāvatu 3 ciṅ-

⟨5⟩ kapuranāṭṭukkiḻva-

⟨6⟩ ḻi neṟkuṉṟat-

⟨7⟩ tū 4 erikku nirupato-

⟨8⟩ ṅkamaṅkalappe-

⟨9⟩ raraiyar makaṉār nam-

⟨10⟩ piyamallaṉār cey-

⟨11⟩ ta eri[p*]paṭṭi[||*] marutañce-

⟨12⟩ ṟuvuṅ koṭumāṭi-

⟨13⟩ yum kaḻuvalū 5m

⟨14⟩ i[m*]muṉṟum eri-

⟨15⟩ ppaṭṭi ceytu ku-

⟨16⟩ ṭutteṉ [||*] itu i-

⟨17⟩ ṟaṅka ūromuṅ

⟨18⟩ (k)kuṭimai ceyyi-

⟨19⟩ l eḻā narakattu

⟨20⟩ kiḻā narakam ⟨Page 226⟩

Second face.

⟨21⟩ pukuvom [||*] eri[p*]paṭṭi

⟨22⟩ iṟakkuvāṉum eḻā

⟨23⟩ narakattu kiḻā naraka-

⟨24⟩ m pukuvāṉ [||*] itu

⟨25⟩ kāttā 1 āṇṭāṉ

⟨26⟩ aṭi eṉ muṭimela-

⟨27⟩ ṉa |||—āṉavāy

⟨28⟩ taṇṭamuḷḷiṭṭu

⟨29⟩ eppeṟpaṭṭa maṉ-

⟨30⟩ ṟupāṭum erikke ku-

⟨31⟩ 2 ṭutteṉ nampi-

⟨32⟩ yama[l*]laṉeṉ [||*]-itu

⟨33⟩ iṟakkuvāṉum e-

⟨34⟩ ḻā narakattu kiḻā naraka-

⟨35⟩ m pukuvāṉ [||*] u 3romu-

⟨36⟩ m itu iṟaṅka ku[ṭi]-

⟨37⟩ mai ceyyil [e]ḻā

⟨38⟩ narakattu kiḻā nara-

⟨39⟩ kam pukuvom i-

⟨40⟩ tu kāttāṇ-

⟨41⟩ ṭāṉ aṭi eṉ

⟨42⟩ muṭimelaṉa [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 24th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, the (following gift of) ērippaṭṭi (viz., the fields), Marudañcheṟuvu, Koḍumāḍi and Kaḻuval was made by Nambiyamallaṉ, son of Nṛipatuṅgamaṅgalappēraraiyar, declaring these to be tank-land (ērippaṭṭi) for (the maintenance of) the tank at Neṟkuṉṟam on the eastern side (kīḻvaḻi) 4 of Śiṅgapura-nāḍu. If we, the villagers, assert our occupancy, rights (kuḍimai-śey) (in such a way) as to reduce this (charity), we shall enter the hell lower than the seventh hell. He who reduces the ērippaṭṭi shall also enter the hell lower than the seventh hell. The feet of the person who protects and perpetuates this shall be on my head.

(L. 27.) I, Nambiyamallaṉ, gave, solely for (the benefit of) the tank, every kind of duty levied by the assembly (maṉṟupāḍu) including āṉavāy-daṇḍam 5. Whoso reduces this shall also enter the hell lower than the seventh hell. We, the villagers, also shall enter the hell lower than the seventh hell, if we assert our occupancy rights so as to reduce this (charity). The feet of him who protects and perpetuates this shall be on my head.

⟨SIIv03p0i0094⟩ No. 94.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE AIRAVATESVARA TEMPLE AT NIYAMAM. 6

The record belongs to the 24th year of the early Chōḷa king Rājakēsarivarman and has to be assigned to Āditya I. on palaeographical grounds. It registers a gift of gold by Aḍigaḷ Gaṇḍaṉ Māṟambāvai 7, queen of Nandippōttaraiyar of the Pallavatilaka race. The fact that this Pallava queen made a grant in the reign of the Chōḷa king suggests that the Pallavas had been completely subdued by this time, as stated in the Tiruvālaṅgāḍu grant and that Nandippōttaraiyar, the husband of Māṟambāvai, was also dead. ⟨Page 227⟩

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti [śrī] [||*] [kovirāca]kecari • • • • • [māt]evaṟkku

⟨2⟩ aippikai viṣuvum citti[rai] • • • • • ku tiruva[mirtuceta]ruḷa ney pāl tayir

⟨3⟩ aiññ[ā]ḻicce[tu]m tiruvamirtum tiru • • • • • ḻākkum [pariv]āramuḷḷiṭṭut tiruvamir-

⟨4⟩ tarici patakku nāṉāḻiyum maṟṟun tiruvamir • • • [ve]ṇṭumavica[ttu]kkum innāḷāl br[ā*]hma[ṇar]

⟨5⟩ i[ru]patiṉma[ru]ṇpatākavum ittaḷippaṇi[cey]yum māṇi[kaḷ t]e[va] • • [rai]yum ūṭṭuvatāka

⟨6⟩ [v*]aitteṉ pallavatila[kaku]lattu nantip[po]ttaraiyar mahādeviyārāṉavaṭikaḷ kaṇṭaṉ [māṟam]-

⟨7⟩ pāvaiyār vaitta poṉ • • 1ṟccemmai aiṅkaḻañcu poṉṉuṅ kaḻañciṉvāy pūvilaraikkāl

⟨8⟩ palicaiyāy vanta • • pūvilaraikkaḻañceyaraikkāl(p) poṉṉālum innāḷālippaṭi celu-

⟨9⟩ ttuveṉāy ippo[ṉ k]oṇṭeṉ i[t]taḷippaṭṭuṭaiyāṉ īśvarakkāraṇi vāmad[e]vaṉ tiruv[e]ṇkāṭaṉeṉ [||*]

⟨10⟩ itu paṉm[ā*]heśva[ rarakṣai] |||—

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! • • king Rājakēsari[varman]. • • I, Aḍigaḷ Gaṇḍaṉ Māṟambāvaiyār, the great queen of Nandippōttaraiyar of the Pallavatilaka-race, deposited 2 five kaḻañju of pure gold (ūrkaṟchemmai-poṉ) 3• • assigning five nāḻi of ghee, milk and curd for sacred offerings • • to (the god) Mahādēva (Śiva) on the equinoxial days (Vishu) in (the months) Aippigai (Aippaśi) and Śittirai • • [ā]ḻākku• • for sacred offerings and sacred • • one padakku and four nāḻi of rice for sacred offerings to (other gods) including the subsidiary (deities); again for sacred offerings • • and other required food of the gods (aviśu), so that on those days twenty Brāhmaṇas may take food and boys (māṇigaḷ) 4 [and the devotees] (dēvaraḍiyār) who do service in this temple may be fed.

(L. 7.) And I, Īśvarakkāraṇi Vāmadēvaṉ Tiruveṇkāḍaṉ, the priest (paṭṭuḍaiyāṉ) of this temple, received the gold (assuring the donor) that from the gold, (viz.,) half kaḻañju and one-eighths at each pū(crop), accruing as interest at (the rate of) one-eighth every pū (crop) on each kaḻañju, I shall maintain (the charity) thus (described) on these days. (This gift is placed under) the protection of (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras.

⟨SIIv03p0i0095⟩ No. 95.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE MANDAPA IN FRONT OF THE ABHIRAMESVARA SHRINE AT TIRUVAMATTUR. 5

This inscription is dated in the 3rd year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of gold by a certain Gaṇḍarāditta Pallavaraiyaṉ to the temple at Tiruvāmāttūr, which was a dēvadāna in Mīvaḻi-Vāvalūr-nāḍu, a subdivision of Aruvānāḍu. ⟨Page 228⟩ Gaṇḍarāditta Pallavaraiyaṉ was evidently an officer of Gaṇḍarāditya who is known from copper-plate records to have been the second son of king Parāntaka I. Parakēsarivarman of this record may have, therefore, to be identified with Parāntaka I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparak[e]caripanma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 3 āvatu aruvānāṭṭu mivaḻivāvalūrnāṭṭu te-

⟨2⟩ vatāṉa[m*] tiruvāmāttūrp[p]erumā(ṉ)ṉaṭikaḷukku muṭṭa[nā]ṭṭuk kaṟp[pū]ṇṭināṭuṭaiya parapū-

⟨3⟩ mikaṉ mallaṉākiya kaṇ[ṭa]rātittappallavaraiyaṉ cantirātittaval erivatāka vac[ca*]

⟨4⟩ nontāviḷa[k*]koṉṟukku vacca po[ṉ] pattu [||*] ippoṉ kuṭukkavum 1 rakṣikaṭavār sabhaiyum ūru-

⟨5⟩ m tevarkaṉmikaḷum [||*] panmāheśvararakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 3rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, Parabūmigaṉ Mallaṉ alias Gaṇḍarāditta Pallavaraiyaṉ, the chief of Kaṟpūṇḍināḍu in Muṭṭa-nāḍu deposited ten gold (poṉ) (coins) for burning as long as the moon and the sun (endure) one perpetual lamp which (he) had placed in (the temple of) the lord of Tiruvāmāttūr (which was) a dēvadāna in Mīvaḻi-Vāvalūr-nāḍu (a subdivision) of Aruvā-nāḍu. The (members of the) assembly, the villagers (ūr) and the temple servants (dēvarkaṉmi) shall protect this gold paid (by the donor). (The assembly of) all Māheśvaras shall protect (this charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0096⟩ No. 96.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE MANDAPA IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE CHANDRASEKHARA TEMPLE AT TIRUCHCHENDURAI. 2

In this inscription which is dated in the 3rd year of Parakēsarivarman, we have a reference to the construction of the Śiva temple at Tiruchchenduṟai which was a brahmadēya suburb of Īśānamaṅgala, by Pūḍi Ādichchapiḍāriyār (Ādityapiḍāri). This lady is here distinctly called the daughter of Teṉṉavaṉ Iḷaṅgōvēḷār (another name of Maṟavaṉ Pūdiyār) 3 and the queen of Arikulakēsariyār, the son of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.). Consequently, Parakēsarivarman to whose reign the record belongs is Parāntaka I. It may be noted that the 60 kaḻañju of gold granted by Pūdi Ādichchapiḍāri for sacred offerings to the god, was weighed by a stone called after Veḍēlviḍugu which was the surname of the Pallava king TeḷḷāṟṟeṟindaNandippōttaraiyar.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ sasti śrī [||*]ko 4 parakecaripaṉmmakku 5 yāṇṭu 3 āva-

⟨2⟩ tu ivvāṇṭu coḻaperumāṉaṭikaḷ makaṉār arikulakeca-

⟨3⟩ riyār deviyār teṉṉavaṉiḷaṅkoveḷār makaḷār pūtiāticca-

⟨4⟩ piṭāriyār piramateyam piramateyam 6 īcāṉamaṅkalattu tiru-

⟨5⟩ ccentuṟai tām eṭuppicca kaṟṟaḷi perumāṉaṭikaḷukku ceṉṉaṭai-

⟨6⟩ tiruvamutukku mutalāka kuṭutta veṭelviṭukukallāl tuḷaippoṉ a-

⟨7⟩ ṟupatiṉ kaḻañcu [||*] ivvaṟupatiṉ kaḻañcu poṉṉum īcāṉamaṅkalat- ⟨Page 229⟩

⟨8⟩ tu paruṭaiyom koṇṭu ippoṉṉāl palicai kaḻañciṉvāy pūvi-

⟨9⟩ l tūṇi patakku nellāka āṭṭu aṟupati[ṉ*] kala nel cūlakāllāl 1 kārttikaiy

⟨10⟩ akappaṭa muppatiṉ kalamum picāṉam paṅkūṉi 2 aka[p*]paṭa mu[p*]patiṉ kala-

⟨11⟩ mum āka nel aṟupatin kalamum cantrādityavat aṭṭuvomāṉo[m*]

⟨12⟩ pariṭaiyyom [||*] pa[t*]teṭṭu kuttal paḻavarici kuṟuṇi nāḷ tiruvamu[tu*]kkum uccam-

⟨13⟩ potaikkummāka3 [||*] itu paṉmāheśvararakkṣai4 [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 3rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, Pūdi Ādichchapiḍāriyār, daughter of Teṉṉavaṉ Iḷaṅgōvēḷār (and) queen of Arikulakēsariyār (who was) the son of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.), gave, in this year, sixty kaḻañju of (pure gold called) tuḷaippoṉ 5 (weighed) by the (standard) stone Veḍēlviḍugu, 6 as capital (from which) sacred offerings at the holy shrine (śeṉṉaḍai) (have to be provided) to the lord of the stone temple constructed by her at Tiruchchenduṟai, (a hamlet) of Īśāṉamaṉgala which was a brahmadēya.

(L. 7.) And we, (the members of) the assembly (paruḍai) of Īśāṉamaṅgala, having received this sixty kaḻañju of gold, we (the members of) the assembly agreed to measure out as long as the moon and the sun (endure), sixty kalam of paddy per year (measured) by the śūlakkāl, viz., thirty kalam at the end of Kārttigai and thirty kalam in the harvest (piśāṉam) at the end of Paṅguṉi—in all sixty kalam of paddy—as interest on this gold (calculated) at (the rate of) (one) tūṇi and (one) padakku of paddy on (one) kaḻañju for (each) pū (crop).

(L. 12.) One kuṟuṇi of old rice pounded ten or eight times shall be (used each day) for (providing) sacred offerings at the dawn (nāḷ) and in the mid-day (uchcham). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0097⟩ No. 97.—ON A ROCK TO THE LEFT OF THE PAINTED CAVE AT TIRUMALAI NEAR POLUR. 7

This inscription records that in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman, two residents of Kaḍuttalai in the country called Irumaḍichchōḻar Kaṉṉāḍaga (Karṇāṭaka), gave four kaḻañju of gold for feeding a devotee in the Jain temple on the hill at Vaigāvūr in Paṅgaḷa-nāḍu which was a subdivision of Palakuṉṟakōṭṭam. The name Irumaḍichchōḻar Kaṉṉāḍaga indicates that the country in which Vaigāvūr was situated, was so called after Irumaḍichchōḻa who is perhaps to be identified with Parakēsarivarman in whose reign the record is dated. Irumaḍichchōḻa means ‘the twice (powerful) Chōḻa’ as Mummaḍichchōḻa, the surname of Rājarāja I. means ‘the thrice (powerful) Chōḻa’. Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I. was actually the second powerful king in the Vijayālaya line. ⟨Page 230⟩

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [svasti śrī] [||*] [kop]parakecaripaṉma[r*]kku yāṇṭu nālā-

⟨2⟩ vatu palakuṉṟakkoṭṭattup paṅkaḷaṉāṭṭu vai-

⟨3⟩ ykāvūrt tirumalaippaḷḷiyil nicatamoru aṭikaḷmārkku-

⟨4⟩ c coru vaittār 1 irumaṭiccoḻar kaṉṉāṭakakkaṭuttalaiūr

⟨5⟩ devakaṉmi eraṉ puttukaṉum maturāntakakkarampuḻā[rāna]

⟨6⟩ kaṭuttalaiy comaṉāyakaṉ cantayaṉāyiravaṉumivvi-

⟨7⟩ ruvoñ cantirātittaruḷḷaḷavum nirka 2 vaittomita-

⟨8⟩ ṉukku nāṟkaḻaiñcu poṉṉāl vanta palicaiyyālippa-

⟨9⟩ ḷḷiyāḷvāre ūṭṭuvikka vaittom [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 4th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, we, the two following persons (viz.) Eraṉ Puttugaṉ, a temple servant (dēvakaṉmi) of the village of Kaḍuttalai in Irumaḍichchōḻar-Kaṉṉāḍaga (country) and Madurāntaka Karambuḻār alias Sōmanāyagaṉ Śandaiyaṉ Āyiravaṉ of Kaḍuttalai, provided to give food regularly 3 to one devotee (aḍigaḷ) in the Jaina temple (paḷḷi) on the sacred hill (tirumalai) at Vaigāvūr (a village) in Paṅgaḷa-nāḍu (which was a district) of Palakuṉṟa-kōṭṭam. We deposited for this (purpose) four kaḻañju of gold to last as long as the moon and the sun endure, so that, with the interest accruing (from this gold), the managers of this paḷḷi shall themselves feed (the devotee).

⟨SIIv03p0i0098⟩ No. 98.—ON A PILLAR IN THE INNER ENCLOSURE OF THE UJJIVANATHASVAMIN TEMPLE AT UYYAKKONDAN-TIRUMALAI. 4

This inscription is dated in the 10th year of Parakēsarivarman. It registers gifts of sheep for lamps, made by Śembiyaṉ Mārāyaṉ, a perundanam of Vīraśōḻa Iḷaṅgōvēḷār of Koḍumbāḷūr, to the temple of Kaṟkuḍi in Nandivanmamaṅgalam. Kaṟkuḍi as the ancient name of Uyyakkoṇḍāṉ Tirumalai occurs in the hymns of the Dēvāram. Parakēsarivarman of this inscription has been identified with Parāntaka I. in the Epigraphical Report for 1908-09, page 88.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ kopparakeca-

⟨2⟩ rivanmaṟkku yāṇṭu 10

⟨3⟩ āvatu tenkarai bra-

⟨4⟩ nmateyam 5 nantipanma-

⟨5⟩ maṅkalattu tirukkaṟ-

⟨6⟩ kkuṭi parameśvaraṟ-

⟨7⟩ kku uṟattūṟkūṟṟa-

⟨8⟩ ttu koṭumpāḷūr

⟨9⟩ vīracoḻa iḷaṅko-

⟨10⟩ veḷār p[eru]ntana-

⟨11⟩ ttup perāṉan vira-

⟨12⟩ nārāyaṇanāṉa cem-

⟨13⟩ [piya]n mārāyan ip-

⟨14⟩ paramecuvararkku o-

⟨15⟩ ru tirunontāviḷak-

⟨16⟩ ku nicatam cūlavuḻa-

⟨17⟩ kkāl uḻakku ney[ya*]-

⟨18⟩ ṭṭi cantirātittaval

⟨19⟩ erippatāka vaitta cā-

⟨20⟩ vā muv[ā*] perāṭu toṇ-

⟨21⟩ ṇūṟu [||*] toṇṇūṟu-

⟨22⟩ ṅ koṇṭu erippo-

⟨23⟩ māṉom te[varkaṉ]mi-

⟨24⟩ kaḷom [||*] ivvā-

⟨25⟩ ṇṭe meṟpaṭi-

⟨26⟩ yāne pakal viḷakkeriya

⟨27⟩ vaitta cāvā muvāp pe-

⟨28⟩ rāṭu aimpatu [||*] ivvāṭu

⟨29⟩ aimpatum koṉṭu 6 nicata-

⟨30⟩ m cūlauḻakkāl āḻākku ne[y*]-

⟨31⟩ yaṭṭi yerippomānom

⟨32⟩ tevarka[ṉ*]mikaḷom [||*] itu pa-

⟨33⟩ nmāheśvararakṣai [||*] ⟨Page 231⟩

TRANSLATION.

In the 10th year of (the reign of) king Parkēsarivarman, Pērānaṉ Vīranārāyaṇaṉ, alias Śembiyaṉ Mārāyaṉ, a perundaṉam of Vīraśōḻa Iḷaṅgōvēḷār of Koḍumbāḷūr in Uṟattūr-kūṟṟam, gave ninety full-grown ewes which neither die nor grow old for a sacred perpetual lamp to be burnt regularly, as long as the moon and the sun (endure), with (one) uḻakku of ghee supplied by (the measure called) śūla-vuḻakku, to the great god (Paramēśvara) at the sacred Kaṟkuḍi in Nandipanmamaṅgalam which was a brahmadēya on the southern bank (of the Kāvērī). Having received (these) ninety (ewes), we, the temple servants (dēvarkaṉmi), agreed to burn (the lamp). In this same year, the self-same person gave fifty full-grown ewes which neither die nor grow old, for burning a day-lamp (in the same temple). Having received these fifty ewes also, we, the temple servants, consented to burn regularly (the lamp), supplying (one) āḻākku of ghee by (the measure called) śūla-vuḻakku. This (charity) shall be (under) the protection of (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras.

⟨SIIv03p0i0099⟩ No. 99.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE KHARAPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUPPARKKADAL. 1

This interesting record registers a gift of gold made by a military officer for strengthening the bund of a tank, by depositing on it the silt-removed from that tank. The gift, however, appears to have been utilized subsequently for feeding four Brāhmaṇas in the local temple, for the merit of the four heroes who fell in a battle on the occasion when the donor Tīraṉ Śeṉṉippēraraiyaṉ of Araiśūr made a frontal attack with his colleagues on the enemy, in a fierce battle (astikkaḍai) fought at Vēḷūr between Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.) and the allied Pāṇḍya and Ceylon kings. The result of the battle is not stated; but from the Udayēndiram plates published above, in Volume II, pages 375 ff., Parāntaka I. is known to have conquered Madura after defeating its ruler the Pāṇḍya king Rājasiṁha and to have repulsed an army of the king of Laṅkā (Ceylon), thereby earning for himself the surname Saṅgrāmarāghava. The Ceylon king who at this time must have sent his army in support of the Pāṇḍya could have been no other than Kassapa V. who, according to the traditional account given in the Mahāwamsa, would have reigned from A. D. 906 to 916 (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for July 1913, page 525 f.). The commencement of the reign of Parāntaka I. has been fixed by Professor Kielhorn to lie between 15th January and 25th July A.D. 907.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kopparakesaripatmaṟkku yāṇṭu paṉṉiraṇṭāvatu koṭṭanāḷ nūṟṟirupattoṉpatu paṭuvūrkkoṭṭattu kkāvatippākkamākiya amaṉinārāyaṇa[c]caturvvetimaṅkalattu • • • • ivvāṭṭaik kuṭumpuvārikapperu[ma*]kkaḷun toṭṭa[v]ārikapperu[ma*]kkaḷuṅ kaḻaṉivārikapperumakkaḷum vaṭakaḻaṉi-

⟨2⟩ vārikapperumakkaḷum bhaṭṭarkaḷum viśiṣṭarkaḷum uḷḷiṭṭa mahāsabhaiyār paṇiyāl [iv]vāṇṭu erivārikañ ceykiṉṟa erivārikapperumakkaḷom coḻa[nā]ṭṭup pāmpuṇikkūṟṟa[t]tu [ar]aicūr araicūruṭaiy • • • ṉ tīraṉ ceṉṉipperaraiyar pakkal oṉpa[tarai]māṟi niṟai nūṟṟirupatiṉ kaḻañcu poṉ koṇṭu innūṟṟirupati-

⟨3⟩ ṉ kaḻañcuppoṉṉum emmur periya eri karai maṇṇaṭṭukiṉṟa oṭanāyaṉmārk kiṭuvataṟku mutalāka koṇṭu innūṟṟirupatiṉ kaḻañcu poṉṉālum vanta ⟨Page 232⟩ vṛitthi1 yāley pāṇṭiyaṉum īḻattaraiyaṉum vantu perumāṉaṭikaḷoṭu veḷūr astikaṭaiceyta nāṉṟu icceṉṉipperaraiyar tām n[e]ṟṟi ceṉṟa iṭattup paṭṭa cevakar kārimaṅkalamuṭaiyāṉukkum valikku[ṭṭi]kkum perunāyakaṉukkum aḻiyānilai māṭampikkum āka innālvaraiyum cārtti emmur

⟨4⟩ [pār]yāṟṟaṅkarait tirukkarapurattup perumāṉaṭika[ḷ] amutuceyyumpoḻtu tāmeṭuppitta cālaimaṇṭakattey vedam valla apūrvvikaḷ[e]y nicati nālvar brāhmaṇiṟku 2 nālu kaṟiyum meyveṟu āḻākku neyyum meyveṟu nāḻitta- yirum aṭṭi ācantrakālamum muṭṭ[ā*]mey ipparicu agram 3uṭṭuvippomākavum ivarkaḷ agram uṇṭapoḻtu ivar[ka*]ḷukku meyveṟu iraṇṭu k[āyu]m ilaiyum iṭuvatākavum ipparicu agram ūṭṭuvippatu [|*] i nālvar brahmaṇaraiyu-

⟨5⟩ m a[v*]vavvāṇṭu ērivārikañ ceyyum erivārikapperumakkaḷey ācandrakālamum kaṭaikkaṇṭu ūṭṭuvippā[rā*]kavum | i dhanmam rakṣitt[ār] aśvamedhañ ceyta 4 phalammey[tu*]vārākavum | i dhanmattukku virodhañ ceytār geṅkaiyiṭaikkumariyiṭaic ceyta pāvattu[p pa]ṭuvārākavum | paṇittom ivvāṭṭai erivārikapperumakkaḷ u[ḷḷi]ṭṭa mahāsabhaiyom ||| itukuṟiyuḷḷiruntu ivvāṭṭai erivārikapperumakkaḷ paṇikka eḻutiṉeṉ madhyastaṉ civakkuṟi nūṟṟeṇmaṉeṉ |||

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 12th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura)—the day of the gift (koṭṭa-nāḷ 5) (being) one hundred and twenty nine—at the command of the members of the great assembly which included (in it) the great men of the wards-committee, the great men of the garden-committee, the great men of the fields-committee, the great men of the north-fields (vaḍa-kaḻaṉi)-committee 6, the Bhaṭṭas and other distinguished men (viśishṭas) of this year. • • • • Kāvadippākkam alias Amaṉinārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam in Paḍuvūrkōṭṭam, the great men of the tanks-committee, who do the ēri-vāriyam for this year, received from Araiśūruḍaiy[āṉ]. • • • • Tīraṉ Śeṉṉi-Pēraraiyar of Araiśūr in Pāmbuṇi-kūṟṟam (a subdivision) of Śōḻa-nāḍu, one hundred and twenty kaḻañju weight of gold of nine and a half degrees of fineness 7.

(L. 3.) Receiving this one hundred and twenty kaḻañju of gold as a fund for paying the ferry-men depositing mud on the bund of the big tank of our village, we shall, from the interest accruing on this one hundred and twenty kalañju of gold, for (the merit of) these four servants (viz.,) Kārimaṅgalam-Uḍaiyāṉ, Valikkuṭṭi, Perunāyagaṉ and Aḻiyānilai-Māḍambi who died when this (i.e., the above-mentioned) Śeṉṉi-Pēraraiyar himself made a frontal attack on the occasion when the Pāṇḍya (king) and the king of Ceylon marched (against) Perumāṉaḍigaḷ and fought with him a deadly battle 8 at Vēḷūr. in the manner described below, feed regularly at the time when offerings are made to the lord (perumāṉaḍigaḷ) of our village of Tirukkarapuram, on ⟨Page 233⟩ the bank of the Pāryāṟu 1, in the feeding hall (śālai-maṇḍagam) constructed by him (i.e., Śeṉṉi Pēraraiyar), without any break as long as the moon (lasts), four apūrvi 2 Brāhmaṇas versed in the Vēdas, with rich meals (agram) 3 supplying four vegetables (kaṟi), one āḻākku of ghee for each individual and one nāḻi of curd for each individual.

(L. 4.) After these are richly fed, two areca-nuts (kāy) and leaves shall be given to each of them. Thus shall the rich repast be given. The great men of the tank-committee who perform (the duties of) ēri-vāriyam year after year shall themselves supervise and feed the four Brāhmaṇas as long as the moon (lasts). Those who protect this charity shall obtain the merit of the performance of Aśvamēdha (sacrifice). Those who obstruct this, charity shall incur the sins committed (by sinners) between the Ganges and Cape Comorin. We, the members of the great assembly including the great men of the tankcommittee of this year, have ordered (in the aforesaid manner). I, the arbitrator (madhyastha) Śivakkuṟi Nūṟṟeṇmaṉ, wrote (this document) under the orders of the great men of the tank-committee of this year, being (myself) present in the assembly.

⟨SIIv03p0i0100⟩ No. 100.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MADHUVANESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUKKALAVUR. 4

This inscription is dated in the 14th year of Parakēsarivarman, ‘the conqueror of Madura,’ and records a gift of land for a lamp to the Śiva temple at Karugāvūr near Tirukkuḍamūkkil by a certain merchant of Nandipuram. The village Nandipuram is mentioned in the Nālāyiraprabandham as the seat of a Vishṇu temple and is identical with Nātbaṉkōvil near Kumbakōṇam. Uṭpalāṟu, on which the village Karugāvūr is stated to have been situated, must be one of the several branches of the river Kāvērī.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 5 [sva*]sti śrī [||*] matirai koṇṭa kopparakecaripaṉma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 14 āva-

⟨2⟩ [tu] vaṭakarai pāmpūrnāṭṭu tevatāṉan tirukkuṭamukkilppālk karukā-

⟨3⟩ vūr mahādevarkku caṉtirātittavaṟ oru nontāviḷakkiṉukku nan-

⟨4⟩ tipuratta 6 viyāpāri cāmuṇṭaṉ mū[r*]tti karukāvūr nilam nāṉ vilai-

⟨5⟩ [k]oṇṭa nilamiyūr 7 uṭppalāṟṟiṉ vaṭavāy orumā mukk[ā]ṇiyum

⟨6⟩ ālattūr vāykkāliṉkiḻai mukkāṇiyumāka nilama-

⟨7⟩ [r]aikkālum itaṉṟaṉ ṉi [ṟai] nikki niṉṟa pokaṅ koṇ-

⟨8⟩ ṭu cantirātittaval nontāviḷakkiṉukkuc cāmuṇṭa-

⟨9⟩ ṉ murtti vaiccitu 8 [||*] iravum pakalumerivatu [||*] iddharmma[m*]

⟨10⟩ rakṣippārivvūrāyirantiruvaṭiyumivarkaḷ śrīpātatū-

⟨11⟩ ḷi eṉṟalaimelṉa 9 ||| ⟨Page 234⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), I, Śāmuṇḍaṉ Mūrti, a merchant of Nandipuram, purchased at Karugāvūr (and gave) one mā and three kāṇi of land on the north (bank) of the Uṭpalāṟu (river) of this village and three kāṇi to the east of the Ālattūr-channel—in all one eighth (vēli) of land, for one perpetual lamp (to burn) as long as the moon and the sun (last), to (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Karugāvūr near Tirukkuḍamūkkil which was a dēvadāna in Pāmbūr-nāḍu on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī). From the income of this (land) given by Śāmuṇḍaṉ Mūrti, after deducting its taxes, (one) perpetual lamp shall burn day and night as long as the moon and the sun (endure). The (one) thousand tiruvaḍi of this village shall protect this charity. The dust of the sacred feet of these (persons) shall be on my head.

⟨SIIv03p0i0101⟩ No. 101.—ON THE EAST WALL OF THE ROCK-CUT SHRINE IN THE MELAIKKOYIL TEMPLE AT KUDUMIYAMALAI; LEFT OF ENTRANCE. 1

The subjoined record refers to two servants of prince Kōdaṇḍa who must be the same as Kōdaṇḍarāma Rājāditya, the eldest son of Parāntaka I 2. Tirumēṟṟaḷi is the same as Mēlaikkōyil mentioned in the other records from Kuḍumiyāmalai. Kāḍugāḷ which forms part of the name of a woman-servant of Rājāditya (l. 4) occurs in the Tanjore inscriptions as the name of one of the village goddesses.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ma[ti]rai ko[ṇ]ṭa koppara[ke]caripaṉmaṟku yāṇṭu 15 ā-

⟨2⟩ vatuku[n]ṟiyūrnāṭṭut tirunalakkuṉṟattu tirumulaṭṭāṉattu peru-

⟨3⟩ māṉaṭikaḷukku piḷḷaiyā[r*] kotaṇṭa[r*] maṭaippaḷḷippeṇṭir

⟨4⟩ paṉṟiyūrnāṭṭu maṅkalavācal kuṭiyaṉ kāṭukāḷ nontāviḷak-

⟨5⟩ koṉṟukku vaitta tuḷaippoṉ eḻukaḻañcarai piḷḷaiyār kotaṇṭa[r][k*]ku cāntamaikki[ṟa] muṉaippāṭi

⟨6⟩ atiyaraiyamaṅkalattu 3ōlaiviraṭṭaṉ 4tirumeṟtaḷipperumāṉaṭikaḷukku pakal viḷakkoṉṟu[kku] v[ai]tta tu[ḷai]-

⟨7⟩ ppo[n] 3 kaḻañcu 5 [||*] paṉmāheśvararirakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 15th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), Kuḍiyaṉ Kāḍugāḷ of Maṅgalavāśal in Paṉṟiyūrnāḍu, who was one of the female (servants) (attached to) the kitchen (maḍaippaḷḷi) of Prince (piḷḷaiyār) Kōdaṇḍa, gave seven and a half kaḻañju of pure gold (tuḷaippoṉ) for one perpetual lamp to (the temple of) the lord of the Tirumūlaṭṭāṉam (temple) at Tirunalakkuṉṟam in Kuṉṟiyūr-nāḍu. Ōlai Vīraṭṭaṉ of Adiyaraiyamaṅgalam in Muṉaippāḍi, who supplied (sandal) paste 6 to Prince Kōdaṇḍar, gave 3 (kaḻañju) of pure gold (tuḷaippoṉ) for one lamp to be burnt during day-time (in the temple) of the god of Tirumēṟṟaḷi. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect (this charity). ⟨Page 235⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0102⟩ No. 102.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MADHUVANESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUKKALAVUR 1.

This record which is dated in the 24th year of Parāntaka I. registers a gift of land for a lamp by a temple-woman of Jayabhīmataḷi in Tañjāvūr, in the presence of king Parakēsarivarman. Jayabhīmataḷi, as the name of a temple in Tanjore, occurs in one of the inscriptions of the Bṛihadīśvara temple 2 which registers the gift, of service-women to that temple, by Rājarāja I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kopparakesariparmmaṟkku yāṇṭu 24 āvatu ti-

⟨2⟩ rukkarukāvūr mahādevarkku tañcāvūr jayabhīmataḷi nakkaṉ cantirā-

⟨3⟩ devi k[o]pparakecaripanmaṟku muṉpu tirukkarukāvūr mah[ā]devarkku v[ai]-

⟨4⟩ tta nontāviḷakkiṉukku nicatippaṭi uḻakke[ṇ*]ṇai erippatāka vai-

⟨5⟩ tta nilam vaṭavūr veṇkāṭṭil āvūrnāṭṭu veḷā[r] vaitta tiru-

⟨6⟩ viḷakku ce[y*]kku teṉvara 3 iraṇṭu māvum itiṉ melai i[raṇ]ṭu māvum

⟨7⟩ uḷvā[k]kālukku teṟkil tiṭalum tiṭal mayakkiṉa tuṭavaium

⟨8⟩ ivvaṉaiccar 4 nilamum 5ṅ koṇṭu cantirātittavaṟ oru nontā-

⟨9⟩ viḷata 6 [e]rippatāka [||*] itu pa[n*]māhe[śvararakṣai ||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 24th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), Nakkaṉ Śandirādēvi (attached to the temple) of Jayabhīmataḷi at Tañjāvūr gave in the presence of king Parakēsarivarman for burning regularly with (one) uḻakku of oil (one) perpetual lamp placed (by her) in (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tirukkarugāvūr, two mā of land to the south of the field for sacred lamp granted by Āvūr-nāṭṭu Vēḷār at Vaḍavūr-Veṇgāḍu, two mā (of land) to the west of this (land), the mound to the south of (the channel called) Uḷvāykkāl and the enclosed field of the mound which has been made cultivable. Receiving all these lands, one perpetual lamp shall be burnt as long as the moon and the sun (last). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0103⟩ No. 103.—ON A SLAB BUILT INTO THE VERANDAH ROUND THE CENTRAL SHRINE OF THE ADHIPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUVORRIYUR. 7

This record which is dated in the 29th year of Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I. registers a grant of 30 kaḻañju of pure gold for a lamp to the temple of Mahādēva at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr. The donor was Iravi Nīlī, the daughter of the Chēra king Vijayarāgadēva. From the inscriptions published so far we do not know of any Chēra king of name Vijayarāga who was a contemporary of Parāntaka. It has been noted above that Kōkkaṇḍaṉ Sthāṇu Ravi was a contemporary and friend of Rājakēsarivarman Āditya I., father of Parāntaka I. Perhaps Vijayarāga (i.e., Vijayarāghava), if at all he was an actual ruler of the Chēra country, might have succeeded Sthāṇu Ravi either as his son or his brother. The friendly relations that thus existed between the Chōḷas and the Chēras during the reigns of Āditya I. and Parāntaka I. deserve to be noted. ⟨Page 236⟩

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ādhipurīśānāya [tri]ṅśanniṣkaṁ sva-

⟨2⟩ rṇṇamanava[dya]madāta1 dīpā[r*]tthaṁ khalu nīlī keraḷar[ā]jasya

⟨3⟩ vijayarāgasyasutā |||— matirai koṇṭa k[o]-

⟨4⟩ pparakecarivarmaṟku yāṇṭu irupattoṉpatā[va]-

⟨5⟩ tu ceramāṉār vijayarāgadevar makaḷ iravinī-

⟨6⟩ li tiruvoṟṟiyūr mahādevark koru nandāviḷakku

⟨7⟩ ācandratāramum erippataṟku vai[t*]ta poṉ ṉū-

⟨8⟩ ṟkaṟcemmai muppatiṉkaḻañcu [||*] ippo-

⟨9⟩ ṉṉukku kaḻañciṉvāy muṉṟu mañcāṭip-

⟨10⟩ poṉ 2palicaiyyāka āṇṭuvarai nāṟkaḻa-

⟨11⟩ ñcarai poṉṉukkut tiruvoṟṟiyūril vaṭaka-

⟨12⟩ rai maruteri ippulamuḷ vaitta nilaviṟai p[o]-

⟨13⟩ kki svāmibhogattāl vantatu ācandrakāla-

⟨14⟩ mum ni[lai]ppoliyūṭṭāka v[ai]ttatu |||—

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! Nīlī, daughter of the Kēraḷa king Vijayarāga, verily gave thirty nishka of pure gold for a lamp to (the temple of) Īśāna (Śiva) at Ādhipurī.

(L. 3.) In the 29th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), Iravi Nīlī, daughter of the Chēra king Vijayarāgadēva, gave thirty kaḻañju of pure gold tested by the stone of the village (ūrkaṟchemmaipoṉ), for burning as long as the moon and the stars (last), one perpetual lamp in (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr. (In exchange) for four and a half kaḻañju of gold per year (which accrues) as interest on this (amount of) gold, (calculated) at the rate of three mañjādi of gold on each kaḻañju, the land (which forms part) of the field (called) Vaḍagarai Marudēri in Tiruvoṟṟiyūr has been given. The landlord's share (svāmibhōga) realised (from this land) after deducting (its) taxes is granted as permanent poliyūṭṭu (to last) as long as the moon.

⟨SIIv03p0i0104⟩ No. 104.—ON THE SAME SLAB. 3

This is a record of Parāntaka I. of his 30th year, which mentions a grant by prince (piḷḷaiyār) Arindigai or Arindigai-Perumāṉār, one of the sons of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.). The Tiruvālaṅgāḍu plates call this prince Arindama and elsewhere we find the forms Ariñjigai, Ariṁjaya, and Arikulakēsariyār. The term nishka which occurs in the Sanskrit portion of the grant corresponds to kaḻañju of the Tamil portion, as in No. 103 above. According to Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, nishka is a coin varying in value at different times; but kaḻañju in Tamil has invariably represented a particular weight of gold bullion (= about 80 grains).

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] śrīmān coḷanrapātmajā4 paṭumati5

⟨2⟩ śśrīvallabho vairiṇām kālaśśilaguṇairu- ⟨Page 237⟩

⟨3⟩ petamahimāṟintikai nāmādiśvata1 [|*] ādhigr[ā]ma

⟨4⟩ ni[v]āsine purajite dīpasya dīptyai sadā2 trimśanniṣkami-

⟨5⟩ taṁ hiraṇyamarandaṇḍañca3 lauhammahat ||— mati-

⟨6⟩ raikoṇṭa kopparakecaripa[dma]ṟku yāṇṭu muppatāva-

⟨7⟩ [tu ti]ruvoṟṟi[yū]r mahādeva[ṟku] coḻapperumāṉaṭi-

⟨8⟩ kaḷ tirumakaṉār piḷḷaiyāraṟintikaiperumāṉār ā[ca]-

⟨9⟩ ntratāramum nandāvi[ḷa]kkerippataṟku āliṉāṭṭiṟ cā-

⟨10⟩ tapattūruṭaiyāṉ centaṉ • tiyappaṉ kaṇ-

⟨11⟩ kāṇiyāl vait[ta poṉṉū]ṟkaṟcemmai muppa[ti]-

⟨12⟩ ṉ kaḻañcu [|*] 4

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! The illustrious son of the Chōḷa king, named Aṟindigai, who possessed keen intelligence, who was the beloved (of the goddess) of wealth, who was (the god of) death to (his) enemies and whose greatness was accompanied by virtuous character and good qualities, gave 30 nishkas of gold by weight to the god, the Conqueror of (the demon) Pura, who resides in Ādhigrāma, for a lamp to be burnt always and also gave a big metallic lamp-stand.

(L. 6.) In the 30th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), prince (piḷḷaiyār) Arindigai-Perumāṉār, the illustrious son of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.) gave to (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr thirty kaḻañju of pure gold tested by the stone of the village for burning (one) perpetual lamp, as long as the moon and the stars (last) under the supervision of Śēndaṉ • • diyappaṉ, a resident of • • Śātapattūr in Āli-nāḍu.

⟨SIIv03p0i0105⟩ No. 105.—ON ANOTHER SLAB BUILT INTO THE SAME VERANDAH. 5

The subjoined record is also dated in the 30th year of king Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I. Later on, in the body of the inscription (l. 11) his 35th year is mentioned. It follows that the epigraph must have been engraved on the stone not earlier than the 35th year of the king and that till then it must have been preserved in the royal archives. It registers a gift of gold for a lamp to the temple of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr by prince Kōdaṇḍarāma, the eldest son of (the Chōḷa king) Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (Parāntaka I.).

A portion of this gold is stated to have been invested with the residents of Veḷḷivāyil who agreed to pay interest once in six months on the deposited amount and to give two meals every day to the man that came to demand the interest thereon. The rate of interest was three mañjāḍi per kaḻañju per annum (i.e., fifteen per cent). Veḷḷivāyil is evidently the same as Tiruveḷḷavāyal, eight miles east of Poṉṉēri.

The temple of Kōdaṇḍarāmēśvara at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ was also called Ādityēśvara and Mr. Venkayya surmised from this that Kōdaṇḍarāma must ⟨Page 238⟩ have been a surname either of Rājāditya, the eldest son of Parāntaka I., or of his second son Gaṇḍarāditya 1. The subjoined inscription calling Kōdaṇḍarāma the eldest son of Parāntaka proves conclusively that the former must be identical with Rājāditya of the large Leyden plates. It might further be remarked that in the Tirumālpuram inscription (No. 142) printed below, the Chōḷa king Āditya I. is called Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr-tuñjiṉadēva. Mr. Venkayya identifies the village Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr with Toṇḍamaṉāḍ. If this identification is correct it follows that the temple of Kōdaṇḍarāmēśvara or Ādityēśvara at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ may have been so called after Āditya I. who died at Toṇḍamaṉāḍ and who, it is not improbable, also held the title Kōdaṇḍarāma, just like his grandson Rājāditya.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 2 dī[pa]daṇḍau ca • • •

⟨2⟩ 3 pratidinamniśandīpadīṣtyai • • •

⟨3⟩ matiraikoṇṭa kopparakecarivarmmaṟku yā[ṇṭu].

⟨4⟩ muppatāvatu tiruvoṟṟiyūr mahādevarkku co[ḻap]-

⟨5⟩ 4 perumānnaṭikaḷ parake[sa]rivarmmar 5tirumakanṉār mu[t]-

⟨6⟩ tapiḷḷaiyār śrīkodaṇḍar[ā]mar ācandratāramum iraṇṭu [na]-

⟨7⟩ ndāviḷakku erippataṟku 6mu[ḻu]c[c]oḻaṇāṭṭuc ciṟṟina[vāḻ*]

⟨8⟩ eccaperumāṉ meykāppāṉ koyina[llū]r [na]-

⟨9⟩ ṭaiyyūraṉum kaṇkāṇiyāl iraṇṭu nandāvi[ḷakki]-

⟨10⟩ ṉukku vaitta poṉṉūṟkaṟcemm[ai] aṟu[pati]-

⟨11⟩ [ṉ ka]ḻañcu [||*] ippoṉṉilikkovukku muppattaiñ[c]āva[tu] [puḻal]-

⟨12⟩ koṭṭattu puḻalerikiḻnāṭṭu ve[ḷḷivā]yilūroṅ koṇ[ṭa poṉṉū]-

⟨13⟩ ṟkaṟcemmai muppatiṉkaḻa[ñ]cu [ippoṉṉu]kku palicaiy • • •

⟨14⟩ ḻañciṉvāy mu[ṉ*]ṟu mañcāṭiyā[kak*] ko[ṇ]ṭa nāṟ[kaḻañca]rai poṉ.

⟨15⟩ mācimutal[āṟā]ṟu tiṅkaḷilirukaḻañcekā[l] poṉṉā • • •

⟨16⟩ n tiruvoṟṟiyūrāṇikkiḻe koṇṭu ceṉ • • • ppo •

⟨17⟩ poṉṟaṇṭavaṉtār[k*]ku nicati yi(r)[ṟira]ṇṭu coṟu kuṭupp[o] • •

⟨18⟩ taṟṟiṟampil dha[r]mmāsanattu nicati pan[ni]rukāṇan taṇ[ṭa] • • •

⟨19⟩ kuṭutto(m)miṭṭa taṇṭañ ceṉṟu niṉṟum pa • ku • • •

⟨20⟩ [t] tomāṉom meṟ collappaṭṭa veḷ[ḷi]vā[yil] • • • •

⟨21⟩ • • • • •

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) • • • gave two lamp-stands • • • • • for burning lamps every day.

(L. 3.) In the 30th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), the eldest prince, the prosperous Kōdaṇḍarāma, the illustrious son of Śōḻa-Perumānaḍigaḷ Parakēsarivarman, deposited sixty kaḻañju of pure gold tested by the stone of the village, for two perpetual lamps under ⟨Page 239⟩ the supervision of Echchapperumāṉ of Śiṟṟinavāḻ in Muḍichchōḻa-nāḍu and of the body-guard (meykāppāṉ) Naḍaiyūraṉ of Kōyinallūr, for burning two perpetual lamps in (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr as long as the moon and the stars (exist). Out of this gold, in the thirty-fifth (year) of this king, the residents of the village (ūrōm) of Veḷḷivāyil in Puḻalērikīḻ-nāḍu (a subdivision) of Puḻal-kōṭṭam, received thirty kaḻañju of pure gold tested by the stone of the village. The interest on this gold. • • • received, at the rate of three mañjāḍi per kaḻañju, (viz.) four and a half kaḻañju of gold • • • two kaḻañju and a quarter of gold for every six months commencing with (the month of) Māśi • • shall be received through the administrators of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr 1• • • To the persons who come to demand the gold (i.e., the interest), we shall give two meals every day. Failing (to do) this • • • to the dharmāsana, a fine of twelve kāṇam per day • • • gave • • • • The fine being deposited, • • the standing • • we the above-mentioned • • • of Veḷḷivāyil• • • • • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0106⟩ No. 106.—ON THE ROCK AT THE ENTRANCE INTO THE CENTRAL SHRINE OF THE NARASINGAPPERUMAL TEMPLE AT ANAIMALAI. 2

This record which is written in the Vaṭṭeḻuttu character is the only inscription of Parāntaka's reign hitherto found in the vicinity of Madura. It is dated in his 33rd year and records a gift by Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ, an officer of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ (Parāntaka I.) to the temple of Naraśiṅgapperumāṉaḍigaḷ of the sacred Āṉaimalai (hill). The temple had to pay 18 īḻakkāśu every year to the assembly and it had only arranged for the payment of six īḻakkāśu. Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ apparently agreed to pay the rest himself taking possession of the tank Kaliyaṉēri which must have belonged to the temple. He also provided for offerings to the god and the feeding of five Brāhmaṇas, by purchasing two vēlis of wet land under the tank Kaliyaṉēri. It was stipulated that the feeding of the Brāhmaṇas was to commence from Friday in the month of Karkaṭaka (of this year) when there was an eclipse of the sun and the nakshatra was Āślēsha. This incidental mention of the astronomical details helps us to confirm the initial date of Parāntaka I. (viz., 907 A.D.) already arrived at by Professor Kielhorn from other inscriptions. According to Mr. L.D. Swamikkannu Pillai's Ephemeris, A. D. 939, July 19, was a Friday on which the nakshatra Āślēsha ended at 80 after mean sunrise. There was also on this day an eclipse of the sun a 7 hours, 57 minutes after sunrise according to Dr. Robert Schram's “Eclipses of the Sun in India.” It was a total eclipse of great importance. We learn again from the record that (1/4) puttakkam was the interest charged on 1 īḻakkāśu for one month and that each īḻakkāśu was equal to 7(1/2) puttakkam. 3 ⟨Page 240⟩

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kopparakecaripaṉmaṟku yāṇṭu muppattumuṉṟāvatu ivvāṇṭu [te]va[tā]ṉaṅ kiḻiraṇiyamuṭ[ṭat]tuppaṭum [pi]-

⟨2⟩ rammateya[m*] [na]raciṅkamaṅkalattuc cavaiyomñ 1 coḻapperumāṉaṭikaḷatikārikaḷ coḻanāṭṭup puṟaṅkarampaiṉāṭ-

⟨3⟩ ṭu marutūr marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉukku oṭṭikkuṭa[t]ta 2 paricāvatu [|*] eṅkaḷūrt tiruvā[ṉai]malai naraciṅkapperumāṉaṭikaḷ [ta]-

⟨4⟩ muṭaiya nilattālc cavaiyomukku [ā]ṇṭeṭuttu iṭakkaṭava īḻakkācu patiṉeṭṭu [|*] [i]kkācu 3pataṉeṭṭilum muṉṟatt[o*]ṉ[ṟu] ī-

⟨5⟩ ḻakkācu āṟu[|*] ivvāṟu īḻakkācukkum palicaiyākac cavaiyār kaiyvaḻi kuṭutta īḻakkācu patiṉaiṉtu [|*] [pa*]tiṉaiñciṉālum vanta pali-

⟨6⟩ caiyāvatu īḻakkāciṉvā[y*]t tiṅkaḷ kāṟ putta[kka*]māka oro tiṅkaḷā[l*] vanta puttakkamuṉṟemukkāl muṉṟemukkālu orāṇṭu panniraṇṭu ti-

⟨7⟩ 4 ñkaḷāl vanta puttakkam nāṟpa[t*]taiñcu nāṟpattaiñciṉāloru īḻakkācukkup puttakkam eḻarai āka [ī]ḻakkācu [ā]ṟu ivvāṟu [ī]ḻa-

⟨8⟩ kkācum iṟai nīkkit tevar cavaiyārkku iṭakkaṭava kācu 12 paṉṉiraṇṭum nīkki atikā[ri]kaḷ marutūruṭaiyāṉ aruṇitikaliyaṉ iṟaikāvalā[ka*] kātta

⟨9⟩ kāci[ṉā]l vanta nilaṉ ūruṭaiyāṉ[ku]ḷamāṉa kaliyaṉe[ri]yum ikkuḷantā 5[me]ṇṭumāṟu kallik karai nīḷam aṭṭappeṟuvatākavum [i]-

⟨10⟩ kkuḷaṅkarai ucara aṭṭappeṟuvatākavum ikkuḷatti ṉīr [tā]ṉ veṇṭu aḷavuṅ kokkappeṟuvatākavumikkuḷam itiṉkiḻ nīrnilaṉiruvē-

⟨11⟩ liyu marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉ vilaikkukkoṇṭu ikkuḷattiṉ kiḻ nīrnilaṉiruvēliyi[ṉā]l vanta pokam aññāḻikkālāl nel[lu] 300 kalam

⟨12⟩ ivaiyiṟṟiṉ pāti 150 nelluṅkoṇ[ṭu i]varkku muṉṟu cantiyuntiruvamirtu cevatākavum niṉṟa 1[50] nelluṅkoṇṭu tiruvamirtu u-

⟨13⟩ ttama akkiramākat tevar amituceyyumpoḻutu vetappirāmaṇar nicatam ayvar amitu ceyvatākavum vacca[pa]ṭi patteṭṭukkuttal oruvaṉu-

⟨14⟩ kku arici [iru]nāḻiyuṅ kaṟi mu[ṉṟu]m tayir nā[ḻi*]yum neyiruceviṭum kāyyilai iraṇṭum tālamañcum vaṭṭilaiñcum oṭṭuṭṭi oṉṟu-

⟨15⟩ [m] caṭṭuvam oṉṟu aṭuvā(ṉ)ṉoruva[ṉu][k*]ku nicati ne[l*]lu aññāḻi aṟutiṅka[ḷo]ru puṭavai vaiccu ipparicu ikkalamuṭṭuvatāka iv-

⟨16⟩ vāṭṭai kaṟkaṭakanāyiṟṟu veḷḷikkiḻamai peṟṟa āyile[ya]ttiṉāṉṟu cū(ṟ)ṟiyakkiraṇavelaik[kurai]kirāṇam paṟṟiṉa aṉṟumutalāka ikkala[m*]

⟨17⟩ i[p*]paricey ūṭṭuvatāka ni[ṉ]ṟu ciṟikāṟiyamārāykaṉṟa 6 tiruvāyppāṭi nārāyaṇaṉum ivvūrc cavaiyārum ipparicey akkiramuṭṭāmey ca[n*]tirā-

⟨18⟩ tittallam 7 ūṭṭuvippomāṉom tiruvāṉaimalai naraciṅkapperumāṉaṭikaḷukku 8cirikācciya ārāyvārum cavayomum [|*]itiṟṟirampi[ṉō]maic cavaiy-

⟨19⟩ yālum 9 [ci]rikā(ṟ)ṟiyamārāyvāṉuntiṟamiṉāṉ nicati iṟukācu aṉṟāḻ koviṉukkuttaṇṭampaṭṭu akkācu koṇṭu tevarkkut tiruviḷakku erivatākavum cavaiyār

⟨20⟩ [t] tiṟampil [ā]ṟukācu taṇṭappaṭuvatākavu[m] oṭṭikkuṭuttom cavaiyomum 8cirikācciyamārāyvāṉum marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉukku [|*] ittaṇṭamiṟu-

⟨21⟩ ttumittaṉ[mam*] muṭṭāme ayvarai[yum] cantirāticcar uḷḷaḷavum ūṭṭuvippomāṉoñ cavaiyyum 10cirikārcciyam ārāyum vayiṣṇavarum [|*] itaṉ-

⟨22⟩ [ma] [m*] rakṣittāṉ 11 ⟨Page 241⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In this, the 33rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), (the following) is the deed agreed upon and given by us, the members of the assembly of Naraśiṅgamaṅgalam, a brahmadēya and a dēvadāna included in Kīḻ-Iraṇiyamuṭṭam, to Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ of Marudūr in Puraṅgarambai-nāḍu (a subdivision) of Śōḻa-nāḍu who was an officer of Śōḻapperumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.). (The temple of) Naraśiṅga-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ of the sacred Āṉaimalai (hill) in our village has to pay to (us) the members of the assembly, eighteen īḻakkāśu annually on account of the lands belonging to it. One third of this eighteen kāśu is six īḻakkāśu. For (realising) this six īḻakkāśu, fifteen īḻakkāśu had been deposited on interest in the hands of the members of the assembly. The interest accruing on the fifteen (īḻakkāśu) is as follows:—At (the rate of) one-fourth puttakkam per month on each īḻakkāśu, there accrues in each month (on the fifteen īḻakkāśu) three and three-fourths puttakkam. For the twelve months of a year, (at) three and threefourths (each month) would accumulate forty-five puttakkam. At the rate of seven and a half puttakkam for one īḻakkāśu (these) forty-five (puttakkam) would give six īḻakkāśu. Deducting these six īḻakkāśu from the taxes (due), the god has (still) to pay 12 kāśu to the members of the assembly. The officer Marudūruḍaiyāṉ AruṇidiKaliyaṉ, having caused to be deducted these 12 kāśu (due to the assembly by the god), (by virtue of) the tax money (iṟaikkāval) deposited (by him), obtained (possession of) the (tank) land Ūruḍaiyāṉkuḷam alias Kaliyaṉēri. This tank he shall dig (to any depth) he likes and throw up the embankment to its (full) length; shall raise the tank bund and collect water in this tank to the extent required by him. 1 Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ (also) purchased below this tank two vēli of wet land 2. And 300 kalam of paddy (measured) by the aññāḻikkāl was got as produce from (these) two vēli of wet land under this tank. Receiving the moiety of this (viz.,) 150 (kalam) of paddy, (he arṛanged that) sacred food shall be offered to this (god) at the three junctures (of the day). With the remaining 150 (kalam) of paddy (he also arranged that) five Brāhmaṇas (versed in the) Vēdas shall be fed with superior food daily, when the god is fed, on the (following) scale laid down:—for one man two nāḻi of rice pounded ten or eight times, three vegetables, (one) nāḻi of curd, two śeviḍu of ghee, two areca-nuts and (two) betel leaves, five plates (tālam), five cups (vaṭṭil), one oṭṭūṭṭi, one ladle (śaṭṭuvam). Five nāḻi of paddy daily (and) one cloth for (every) six months, were (also) provided for one cook. Thus this feeding should be done. Commencing from the day when an eclipse of the sun at its least 3 occurred on the (asterism) Āślēshā corresponding to a Friday in the month of Kaṟkaṭaka of this year, the supervisor of the temple business (śrīkāryam), viz., Tiruvāyppāḍi-Nārāyaṇaṉ and the members of this village personally arranged thus to conduct this feeding. We, who look after the business of the (temple) of Naraśiṅga-Perumāṉ of the sacred Āṉaimalai (hill), and the members of the assembly shall conduct the sumptuous feeding in this wise without failure as long as the sun and the moon (last). Any of us that fails to do this, whether (he be) a member of the assembly or a supervisor of temple business, when he fails, (shall) pay a daily fine of two kāśu to the then reigning king, and with that kāśu (collected as fine) a sacred lamp shall be burnt in (the temple) of the god. If the members of the assembly (as a whole body) fail to do (this), (they) shall pay a fine of six kāśu. (Thus) ⟨Page 242⟩ we, the members of the assembly and the supervisor of temple business, gave an agreement to Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ. Even after paying this fine (we), the assembly and the Vaishṇavas who supervise the temple business, shall feed the five persons as long as the moon and the sun last without stopping this charity. He who protects this charity. • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0107⟩ No. 107.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE SIVAYOGANATHASVAMIN TEMPLE AT TIRUVISALUR 1.

This inscription records a gift of sheep for a lamp to the temple of Tiruviśalūr by a female servant of Kāmaṉiyakkaṉār. This lady who was apparently a member of the royal family is not mentioned elsewhere.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [svasti] śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa ko parakecaripanmaṟkku yāṇ-

⟨2⟩ [ṭu] 3 2 āvatu vaṭakarai tevatāṉappirammeteya 3-

⟨3⟩ [m ama]ṉinārāyaṇacaturvvetimaṅkalattu tiruvicalūr

⟨4⟩ [peru]māṉaṭikaḷukkut tirunontāviḷakkuccantr[ā*]tittaval

⟨5⟩ • • ya nāṭṭu kāmaṉiyakkaṉār parivārattu icakkaṉayyaṉa[ṅ]kai

⟨6⟩ [vaitta] tiruviḷakku oṉṟu itukku āṭu toṉṉūṟu 4 itu paṉmāheśvararuma

⟨7⟩ • • rakṣi[k*]ka śipātamela[ṉa] 5 |||—

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 3rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), Iśakkaṉayya-Naṅgai, one of the servants (parivāram) of Kāmaṉiyakkaṉār of • • nāḍu, gave one sacred lamp (to burn) as long as the moon and the sun (last), as a sacred perpetual light, to (the temple of) the god of Tiruviśalūr in Amaṉinārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam which was a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya on the north bank (of the Kāvērī). For this (purpose) (she) gave ninety sheep. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras• • • shall protect this. The sacred feet [of those who protect] (shall be) on (my head).

⟨SIIv03p0i0108⟩ No. 108.—ON A SLAB BUILT INTO THE FLOOR OF THE ADHIPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUVORRIYUR. 6

The inscription is dated in the 34th year of king Parakēsarivarman who took Madura and records the gift of 90 sheep for a lamp to the Śiva temple at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr (Ādhipurī), by the chief Māṟaṉ Paramēśvaraṉ alias Śembiyaṉ Śōḻiyavaraiyaṉ of Śiṟukuḷattūr, on his return from conquering Śīṭpuli and destroying Nellūr. The mutilated Sanskrit verse at the beginning gives the king the title Vīrakīrti. This military campaign reveals for the first time the extent to which the sway of the Chōḷa king Parāntaka I. extended on the east coast. 7 ⟨Page 243⟩

The name Śīṭpuli is Tamil and means ‘the fierce tiger.’ The corresponding Sanskrit equivalent, if any, must end in the word vyāghra. We do not know of any names of contemporaneous kings of the Telugu country at this period which ended either with vyāghra or puli. In the time of Nandivarman Pallavamalla, however, there was, according to the Udayēndiram plates, a chief named Pṛithivivyāghra whom Udayachandra drove out of the district of Vishṇurāja (i.e., the Eastern Chalukya king Vishṇuvardhana III.). It is not impossible that our Śīṭpuli was a later member of the Nishāda family to which Pṛithivivyāghra belonged.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 1 svasti śrī [||*]

⟨4⟩ • • • • • ripave

⟨5⟩ śryādhipuryyā gānānna-

⟨6⟩ vatimadātsa vīrakirttiḥ[||*] mati-

⟨7⟩ raikoṇṭa 2 kopparak[e]-

⟨8⟩ sarivarmmaṟku yāṇṭu mu-

⟨9⟩ ppattunālāvatu coḻa-

⟨10⟩ ṉāṭṭu tenkaraiṉāṭṭu p[o]-

⟨11⟩ [y]yi[ṟ]kūṟṟattu ciṟu[ku]-

⟨12⟩ ḷat[tūru]ṭaiyāṉ [m]ā[ṟa]ṉ

⟨13⟩ [pa]rameśvaraṉā[kiya] cem-

⟨14⟩ [pi]yaṉ coḻiyavarai-

⟨15⟩ [yaṉ] cīṭpuliyai yeṟi-

⟨16⟩ ntu nellū(r)raḻittu.

⟨17⟩ mīṇṭu potukiṉṟāṉ

⟨18⟩ [tiruvoṟṟi]yūr mahāde-

⟨19⟩ var[kku] ā[candra]tāramum

⟨20⟩ [ti]runa[ ndāviḷa] kke[ri]-

⟨21⟩ [ppataṟku vait]ta c[ā]-

⟨22⟩ [vā] mu[vāpperā]ṭu t[o]-

⟨23⟩ [ṇṇū]ṟṟā[ṟu] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! • • • • to (the temple of Śiva), the enemy of • • at the prosperous (town) Ādhipurī, that Vīrakīrti gave 90 3 goats. In the 34th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), Māṟaṉ Paramēśvaraṉ alias Śembiyaṉ Śōḻiyavaraiyaṉ, a native of Śirukuḷattūr in Poyyiṟ-kūṟṟam (a district) of Teṉkarai-nāḍu (which was a division) of Śōḻa-nāḍu, while returning (from his campaign) after having struck Śīṭpuli (in battle) and destroyed Nellūr, gave for burning a sacred perpetual lamp to the (god) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr as long as the moon and stars (last), 96 fat sheep which neither die nor grow old.

⟨SIIv03p0i0109⟩ No. 109.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE LAKSHMINARAYANA-PERUMAL TEMPLE AT SINNAMANUR. 4

The inscription is dated in the 36th year of Parakēsarivarman and is much damaged. It is written in the Vaṭṭeḻuttu alphabet and registers a gift of a lamp to the ⟨Page 244⟩ temple of Tirunaḍuvūr [in] Arukēsarinallūr (which was the ancient name of Śiṉṉamaṉūr), a brahmadēya in Aḻa-nāḍu. The high regnal year points to the king being identical with Parāntaka I. If this is the case, an inscription of Parāntaka I. so far to the south of Madura deserves to be noted.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakecarivaṉma[r*]kku yāṇṭu muppa-

⟨2⟩ ttāṟāvatu ivvāṇṭu aḻanāṭṭup pi-

⟨3⟩ ramateyam arukecarinallūr[t] ti[runa]ṭuvūr paṭāra-

⟨4⟩ [r*]kkut tiruviḷakkuneykku nicati • • tirucce-

⟨5⟩ tiirācaṭi taṉ makaṉ irācaṭicolaiyaic cārtti 1

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! The 36th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman. In this year • • per day for the ghee (which is required) for (one) sacred lamp to the god (bhaṭāra) of Tirunaḍuvūr in Arukēsarinallūr, a brahmadēya of Aḻa-nāḍu, by Tiruchchēdi Irāśaḍi, on behalf of his son Irāśaḍi Śōlai.

⟨SIIv03p0i0110⟩ No. 110.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MADHUVANESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUKKALAVUR. 2

This record which is dated in the 39th year of Parakēsarivarman (Parāntaka I.) ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam’ registers a gift of land by a maid-servant of queen Villavaṉ-Mahādēviyār. The recipient of the gift is not mentioned but must be the Śiva temple of Tirumullainātha at Tirukkaḷāvūr, on whose wall the inscription is engraved.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [svasti śrī] [||*] matiraikoṇṭa koppara-

⟨2⟩ kecaripaṉma[r*]kku yāṇṭu—m iḻamuko-

⟨3⟩ ṇṭa3— 39 āvatu vaṭakarai 4ppāmpū-

⟨4⟩ [r]nāṭṭu tevatāṉam tirukkuṭamukkilpā-

⟨5⟩ [l] karukā[vūrppa]raṭaiyom nampirāṭṭiyor 5 vi[lla]-

⟨6⟩ vaṉmāteviy[ā]r peṇṭāṭṭi 6 nakkaṉ vikkiramā[pa]raṇi

⟨7⟩ ivūk 7 kā[ṇi]uṭaiya koṟṟaṅkuṭāka 8 vaiykunta-

⟨8⟩ m 9 pāṇṭaṉi[ṭ]ai vilaikoṇṭu kuḷaṅ [ka]lliṉa pā-

⟨9⟩ [ḻ]muṭṭi[kā]lu[m] i[ṟai]kuḷamāka kalli i ni[lam iv]-

⟨10⟩ [vū]r naṭai iraṇṭoṉṟāy 10 viḷaittu arai 11kkāl ⟨Page 245⟩

⟨11⟩ [ce]yum ūrmelaiy iṟaiṟa 1 eṟṟikkoṇ[ṭu] iñilam.

⟨12⟩ • araikkālum paṟaṭaiyom peral 2 ēṟṟikko[ṇ]-

⟨13⟩ [ṭu] iññilattukkuk kaiyyile ru kaḻañcu 3 ippoṉ ai[ṅ]ka-

⟨14⟩ ḻ[ai]ntum 4 koṇṭu iññilam cantrātittaval iṟaiili-

⟨15⟩ y[āka] kaṉmel veṭṭikkuṭuttom paraṭaiyom itaṟ[ṟi]ṟam-

⟨16⟩ pil paraṭaiyomai5 100kaḻañcu 3 poṉṟaṇṭa 6maṟuttut taṉiccut taṭu[p]pā-

⟨17⟩ raiyum perāl 50 kaḻañcu 3 aimpatiṉ kaḻaiñcu poṉ ṟaṇṭamaṟuppittu 7-

⟨18⟩ p piṉṉaiyum ikkāṟceyyum iṟaii[li]yāka kaṉmel veṭ-

⟨19⟩ ṭi ikkāṟceyyum iṟaiiliyāka ūrmeleṟṟi iṟai iṟuppomā-

⟨20⟩ ṉom paraṭaiyom[|*] idhdhamatam8 rakṣitt[ā*]r śrīpāda(m)meṉṟalai mel i-

⟨21⟩ vai paṉmāheśvararum paṉmāheśvarapperumakkaḷum rakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 39th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura) and Īḻam (Ceylon), we, the members of the assembly (paraḍai) of Karugāvūr near (pāl) Tirukkuḍamūkkil which was a dēvadāna in Vaḍagarai Pāmbūr-nāḍu (received) one quarter (of) Pāḻmuṭṭi (land) with a tank dug (in it) which Nakkaṉ Vikramābharaṇi, a palace maid-servant (peṇḍāṭṭi) of queen Villavaṉ-Mahādēviyār, had purchased from Vaikundaṉ Pāṇḍaṉ of Koṟṟaṅguḍi, one of the landlords of this village. Converting (the tank) into an iṟaikuḷam, we, the members of the assembly had this land cultivated (on the terms) two to one 9, obtaining in this village; charged the tax of 10• • one-eighth śey to the village and charged (the tax on the remaining) one-eighth of this land to the members of the assembly and receiving in our hands this (5) five kaḻañju of gold for this land (from her), made this land tax-free as long as the moon and the sun (exist) and got (this deed) engraved on stone. If we fail (to act according to) this (decision), we, (the members) of the assembly ourselves shall pay a fine of 100 kaḻañju of gold and shall (also) cause to be paid a fine of 50 kaḻañju of gold by each of the persons who individually obstruct (this order). Even then (i.e., even after paying the fine) we, the members of the assembly, shall have this one-fourth śey engraved on stone as tax-free (land) imposing (the taxes of) this one-fourth śey of tax-free land on the village and paying the taxes ourselves. The sacred feet of those who protect this charity shall be on our heads. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras and the great men of all Māhēśvaras shall protect (this charity). 11 ⟨Page 246⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0111⟩ No. 111.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE ADIMULESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUPPALATTURAI. 1

This inscription is dated in the 8th year of Rājakēsarivarman and registers a grant of land to the Śiva temple at Tiruppaṇambūdūr which was a hamlet of Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, by Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr, a perundaram of prince (piḷḷaiyāṟ) Arikulakēsaridēva. The land granted was made tax-free by the village assembly.

The inscription is engraved on the walls of the stone temple at Tiruppātturai, i.e., the modern Tiruppalātturai which is quite close to Uttamaśīli,—the Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam of the inscription, evidently so called after prince Uttamaśīli, a probable son of Parāntaka I., not mentioned in the Tiruvālaṅgāḍu plates. Of the two names Vīraśrīkāmugavadi and Ariñjigaivāykkāl mentioned among the boundaries of the land granted, the latter was probably named after prince Arikulakēsaridēva.

Arikulakēsaridēva is identical with the Arikulakēsarin of the Tirukkōyilūr record of Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I. 2 Professor Kielhorn thinks that this Arikulakēsarin is the same as Ariñjaya, one of the sons of Parāntaka I., mentioned in the large Leyden grant. 3 If this is correct, the king Rājakēsarivarman of our inscription who was ruling at that time must evidently be Rājakēsarivarman Gaṇḍarāditya. 4

Perundaram or Perundanam is already known as a title of high rank from the Tanjore inscriptions.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ sasti śrī [||*] ko rājakesarivarmma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 8 āvatu piḷḷaiyār arikula- kesaridevar peruntarattu tappiltaram (p)pallavaraiya[ṉ*] āṉa kiḻmāntūr

⟨2⟩ paruvūreṉ teṉkarai brahmadeyam śrīuttamaciliccaturvvedimaṅkalattu tiruppaṇampūtūr parameśvararkku candrātittavaṟ tiruvamirtukkum

⟨3⟩ tiruvuṇṇāḻikaippuṟamāka kuṭutta ṉilam 5mi[yū]r uṭkuṟai viraśrīkāmukavatikkumeṟkku aṟiñcikaivāykkālukku teṟkku veṅkaiy iḷayarudrakumā-

⟨4⟩ rakramavittaṉpakkal ṉāṉ vilaikoṇṭu uṭaiya nilam maṇṇilai nikki iraṇṭu māvum maṇṇilai araimāvum ivvūr kumārakramavittaṉ tirup[paṇa]mpūtūr para-

⟨5⟩ meśara[r*]kku tiruvamitukkum a[r*]ccanābhogamumāka itiṉoṭumaṭaiya orumāvum ivvatikkuk kiḻakku dvetaikomapurattu caṉṉamaṇṭaikramavittaṉ uḷḷiṭṭa catukkattu ai-

⟨6⟩ ñcām pāṭakam iraṇṭumāviṟ kuṭṭur ṉārāyaṇaṉ daśapuriyaṉ brāhmaṇi pakkal vilai koṇṭu 6ṭaiyeṉāy kuṭutta nilamaraiy māvumāka [iṉ]ṉā[ṉ*]māc ceyyum ca[ndr]ādityavat ⟨Page 247⟩

⟨7⟩ tiruppaṇampūtūr parameśvara[r*]kku innā[ṉ*]mācceyyum tiruppā[t*]tuṟai tirukka[ṟ*]ṟaḷiyile śl1 ālekhai ceytukkuṭutt[o]m i[v*]viruvom i[n*]nilam candrādityavat

⟨8⟩ iṟaiyiliyāka paṇ[ṇi]kkuṭuttom peruṅ(k)kuṟisabhaiy[o*]m[||*] i[n*]nilam iṟaikoḷḷap paṇiccāraiyum aṉṟu sabhaiyil iruntāraiyum iṟai kāṭṭi-

⟨9⟩ ṉāraiyum panmāheśvara[re*] tāṅkaḷ veṇṭu kovukku maṉṟappeṟuvatāka paṇiccukkuṭuttom peruṅkuṟisabhaiyom [||*] i[tu*] 2 [pa]nmāpanmāheśara irakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 8th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, I, Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr (one) of the Perundaram of prince (piḷḷaiyār) Arikulakēsaridēva, gave (the following) land as a gift for the maintenance of the sacred central shrine (tiruvuṇṇāḻigaipuram) for sacred offerings to the (god) Paramēśvara (Śiva) of Tiruppaṇambūdūr (hamlet) of the prosperous Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, a brahmadēya on the southern bank 3; (viz.)—

(L. 3.) The land (consisting) of 2 mā excluding maṇṇilai 4 and 1/2 mā of maṇṇilai, (both) purchased by me from Vēṅgai Iḷaiya-Rudrakumāra-Kramavittaṉ and (situated) to the west of the (path called) Vīraśrīkāmugavadi and to the south of (the channel called) Ariñjigaivāykkāl and (which is the) uṭkuṟai 5 of this village; one mā (of land given) by Kumāra-Kramavittaṉ of this village to be enjoyed along with the above as (a gift) for sacred offerings and for (the maintenance of) worshippers (archanābhōga) of the (god) Paramēśvara (Śiva) of Tiruppaṇambūdūr; and (1/2) mā which I purchased from the wife of Nārāyaṇaṉ Daśapuriyaṉ of Kuṭṭūr and gave out of the 2 mā (of land situated) to the east of this vadi, (and formed) the fifth pāḍagam of the śadukkam owned by Śannamaṇḍai-Kramavittaṉ and others of Dvēdaigōmapuram 6. Thus (were given) these 4 mā of cultivable land (śey).

(L. 7.) (The gift of) these 4 mā of cultivable land was given by both of us as long as the moon and the sun (endure) to the (god) Paramēśvara (Śiva) of Tiruppaṇambūdūr, after having (the gift) engraved on stone in the sacred stone temple of Tiruppāttuṟai.

(L. 8.) We, (the members) of the big assembly, made this land tax-free as long as the moon and the sun (endure). We, (the members) of the big assembly, declared that (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras could themselves decide upon and collect any (fine) they choose for (i.e., on behalf of) the king from (such of us) as might order the levying of taxes on this land or those as were present in the assembly on the occasion or those as might enter the taxes (in the books). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity). ⟨Page 248⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0112⟩ No. 112.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE ADIMULESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUPPALATTURAI. 1

This is again a record of Rājakēsarivarman dated in his 8th year and is in some respects similar to the preceding number. It records that the assembly of Uttamaśīlichaturvēdimaṅgalam, having received ten kāśu as tax-money from Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr, the donor of No. 111 and a perundaram of āḷvār Arikulakēsaridēva, made the land one mā and odd, granted by him to the Śiva temple at Tiruppaṇambūdūr, tax-free for all time to come. Like the previous inscription, this record also authorizes the imposition of a fine on the members and the accountants of the assembly who might suggest the levying of a tax on the land. The epithet āḷvār which is applied to Arikulakēsaridēva in this inscription is perhaps a term of respect, as piḷḷaiyār in the previous inscription was one of endearment.

Of the names mentioned in the description of the boundaries, the pathway called Kōdaṇḍarāmavadi may have been so named after Kōdaṇḍarāma Rājāditya, the eldest son of king Parāntaka I. or the latter's father Āditya I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ |—svasti śrī [||*] kovirājakesarivarmma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 8 āvatu teṉkarai brahma- teyam śrī-

⟨2⟩ uttamaciliccaturvvedimaṅ[ka]lattu peruṅkuṟisabhaiyom ivvāṇṭu tiruppaṇampūtūr para-

⟨3⟩ meśvarar nilam ivvūr uṭkkuṟai viraṣrikāmuka 2vatikku meṟku śrīdevi[v]ā[y*]kkālukku teṟkku-

⟨4⟩ m kiḻakkuniṉṟum 5 kaṇṇāṟṟukku vaṭakkuniṉṟum 1 catirattu parāntakavāy[kkālu*]kku vaṭakku kota-

⟨5⟩ ṇṭarāmavatikkuk kiḻakku noṭṭur attoṇaccaturvvedibhaṭṭamu 3ḷḷiṭṭ[ār*] catukkattukkuppaṭṭa pattā-

⟨6⟩ m pā[ṭaka]ttukku teṟkku kaṇṇāṟṟukku meṟkku innaṭupu 4paṭṭa nila[m*] mikutikkuṟaivu

⟨7⟩ uḷḷaṭaṅka orumācciṉṉa nilattukkum iṟaikāvalāka āḷvār arikulake ride-

⟨8⟩ varuṭaiya peruntarattu tappiltaram pallavaraiyaṉāṉa kiḻmāntūr [pa]ruvū-

⟨9⟩ r pakkal sabhaiyom pattukkācu koṇṭu ivvorumācciṉṉa nilamum i-

⟨10⟩ ṟaiyiḻiccu cantrātittaval i[n*]nilam iṟaiyiliyākap paṇiccu5 ślālekai

⟨11⟩ ceytukuṭuttom peruṅkuṟisabhaiyom [||*] i[n*]nilam iṟaik[oḷḷa]ppaṇi[ccā] 6-

⟨12⟩ raiyum iṟaikāṭṭiṉāraiyum paṉmāheśvarar muntu[ṟ]ṟa kovukku tā[ṅka]ḷ ve-

⟨13⟩ ṇṭu poṉ 7maṟṟappeṟuvārākavum [||*]ivai paṉmāheśvarar irakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 8th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, we, (the members of) the big assembly of the prosperous Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, a brahmadēya on the southern bank (of the Kāvērī) 8, having received in this year as iṟaikāval ten kāśu from Tappildaram Pallavaraiyaṉ alias Kīḻmāndūr Paruvūr, ⟨Page 249⟩ of the perundaram of āḷvār Arikulakēsaridēva, on account of the land of the (god) Paramēśvara (Śiva) of Tiruppaṇambūdūr, which was the uṭkuṟai of this village, —the land (measuring) one mā and odd including excess or deficiency (in measurement) and situated within (the) following (boundaries);—to the south of (the channel called) Śrīdēvivāykkāl (which was) to the west of (the path called) Vīraśrīkāmugavadi; to the north of (the channel called) Parāntakavāykkāl (which irrigates) the first śadiram from the north, of the fifth kaṇṇāṟu 1 (counting) from the east; to the east of (the path called) Kōdaṇḍarāmavadi and to the west of the kaṇṇāṟu to the south of the tenth pāḍagam in the śadukkam belonging to Noṭṭūr Attōṇa-chaturvēdibhaṭṭaṉ and others.

(L. 11.) (We) exempted this one mā and odd of land from payment of taxes and ordered that this land be (registered) tax-free as long as the moon and the sun (endure); and we, (the members) of the big assembly had this (deed) engraved on stone:—(also ordered that the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras could themselves collect for (i.e., on behalf of) the king mentioned above 2 any (fine in) gold they choose from (such of us) as may order the levying of taxes on this land or those who may enter (any) tax (in the accounts). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0113⟩ No. 113.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE GHRITASTHANESVARA TEMPLE AT TILLASTHANAM. 3

This inscription is dated in the 13th year of Rājakēsarivarman. It records gifts of gold made by Teṉṉavaṉ Pirudimārāśaṉ alias Kaṭṭi Oṟṟiūraṉ and Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār, the wife of Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār, for two perpetual lamps to be burnt in the temple of Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tiruneyttāṉam which was a dēvadāna (village) in Poygai-nāḍu.

Among the boundaries described in the inscription the embankment Karikālakarai is worthy of mention.

Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār under the name Varaguṇā has been mentioned in the Mūvarkōyil inscription at Koḍumbāḷūr 4 as the wife of Bhūti-Vikramakēsarin whose other name was Madhurāntaka-Irukkuvēḷ. Perhaps Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār of our inscription is the same as Madhurāntaka Irukkuvēḷ.

Mr. Venkayya considered that Madhurāntaka Irukkuvēl was a contemporary of Āditya Karikāla II. 5 The palaeography suggests a much earlier period for the inscription.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 6 svasti śrī [||*] korājakesarivarmaṟku yāṇṭu 13 āvatu poykaiñāṭṭut

⟨2⟩ tevatāṉan tiruneyttāṉattu mahādeva[rk]kut teṉṉavaṉ piru-

⟨3⟩ timārācaṉāyiṉa kaṭṭi oṟṟiūraṉ nicati uḻakku neyyāloru nontāviḷa- ⟨Page 250⟩

⟨4⟩ kkerivatākak kuṭutta poṉ 25 2m parāntakaviḷaṅkoveḷār teviyā-

⟨5⟩ r varakuṇaperumāṉār oru nontāviḷakkiṉukkuk kuṭutta poṉ 25 2mākap po-

⟨6⟩ ṉ 50 ñciṉālum tevar [nilaṅ] kaṟai[yu]ntiṭaluṅ kalvi nirnilamāka macakkiṉa [nilat]-

⟨7⟩ tukkellai karaikkiḻ viṣṇubhaṭṭāra[ka]r tuṭavaikku me[r*]kkuṅ karikālakkaraikku vaṭakkun tevaruṭai-

⟨8⟩ ya puṉceykkaṟāykkuk kiḻakkumantaṉūr [vā]ykkālukku[t] teṟkumivvicaiytta perunā-

⟨9⟩ ṉkellaiyuḷ[ḷa*]kappaṭṭa nilam ce pattucceyuṅ [k*]oṇṭu nicatiyiraṇṭu nontāviḷa-

⟨10⟩ kku candrādittaval erippomāṉon tiruneyttāṉattu sabhaiyum pātamulamumitu panlāheśvarar ra[kṣ]ai [||—]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 13th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, Teṉṉavaṉ Pirudimārāśaṉ alias Kaṭṭi Oṟṟi-ūraṉ gave 25 kaḻañju 1 of gold for burning one perpetual lamp with (one) uḻakku of ghee every day, to the (god) Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tiruneyttāṉam which was a dēvadāna in Poygāi-nāḍu; and Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār, the queen (dēviyār) of Parāntaka-Iḷaṅgōvēḷār, (also) gave 25 kaḻañju 1 of gold for one perpetual lamp. With (this) total of 50 kaḻañju 1 of gold (some) land of the god was cleared of its borders and mounds and converted into a wet field. The boundaries (of this reclaimed) land (are):—

(L. 7.) West of the cultivated land (tuḍavai) of (the god) Vishṇu-Bhaṭṭāraka (lying to the) east of the border; north of the embankment (called) Karikāla-karai; east of the kaṟāy dry lands of the god; and south of (the channel called) Andanūr-vāykkāl. Having (thus) received the ten śey of cultivated wet land situated within the four great boundaries thus described, we, the assembly and the pādamūlam 2 of Tiruneyttāṉam, agree to burn daily two perpetual lamps, as long as the moon and the sun (endure). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0114⟩ No. 114.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE DANDISVARA TEMPLE AT VELACHCHERI. 3

Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman, in whose 5th year this record is dated, has been identified with Gaṇḍarāditya, the second son of Parāntaka I., on the supposition that he must have inherited the title Madiraikoṇḍa from his father who first bore it and that he should have been the immediate successor of Parāntaka I. on the Chōḷa throne—the eldest son Rājāditya having evidently died during the life-time of Parāntaka 4.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kovirājakesaripanma[rk*]ku yāṇṭu

⟨2⟩ 5 cāvatu puliyūrkoṭṭa[t*]tu ko[ṭ*]ṭurnāṭṭu veḷi[c*]ceriyāḷuṅka- ⟨Page 251⟩

⟨3⟩ ṇa[tt]āruḷ [te]nṉūr devakumārakramavi[t*]tannivūr 1 tirutaṇṭiśva-

⟨4⟩ radevarkku candrātittavaṟ oru [na]ndāviḷa[k*]kerippataṟkku vaitta

⟨5⟩ cāvā muvā perāṭu toṇṇūṟu indhamma2 rakṣi[p*]pā[ r pa] nmāheśvarar ||—

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 5th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), Dēvakumāra-kramavittaṉ of Teṉṉūr, (one) of the (members of the) administrative assembly (āḷum-gaṇattār) of Veḷichchēri in Kōṭṭūr-nāḍu, (a subdivision) of Puliyūr-kōṭṭam, gave ninety fat sheep, which neither die nor grow old, for burning a lamp as long as the moon and the sun (endure), (in the temple) of the god Tiruttaṇḍīśvara of this village. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this charity.

⟨SIIv03p0i0115⟩ No. 115.—ON A PILLAR LYING TO THE SOUTH OF THE ADHIPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUVORRIYUR. 3

This inscription is also dated in the 5th year of the reign of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman. It registers a gift of sheep for a lamp to the Śiva temple at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr. The donor was one of the nobles (perundaram) of Uḍaiyār śrī-Uttama-Chōḷa who is undoubtedly king Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa, the paternal uncle of Rājarāja I. A reasonable doubt may arise why Uttama-Chōḷa is given here the title of a ruling king and not that of a prince. It was perhaps because he was the chosen successor of Gaṇḍarāditya at the time. We know, however, that he actually came to the Chōḷa throne only after one or two other kings had reigned subsequent to his father's death.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [svasti] śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kovirācake-

⟨2⟩ caripanma[r*]kku yāṇṭu aiñcāvatu uṭaiyā[r]

⟨3⟩ śrīuttamacoḻateva(r)ruṭaṉ vanta

⟨4⟩ kaleci peruntara[t*]tuc ciṅkamaiyyaṉ

⟨5⟩ makaṉ kaṭuttalai nākamayyaṉ tiruvoṟṟi[yū]r

⟨6⟩ mah[ā*]devarkku ācantriratā[ra]mum 4 oru nantā-

⟨7⟩ [viḷak]kerippataṟkku vaitta cāvā muvāp perā-

⟨8⟩ ṭu toṇṇūṟu īḻaviḷakku onṟu itu panmā-

⟨9⟩ heśvararakṣai [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 5th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), Kaḍuttalai Nāgamaiyaṉ, son of Śiṅgamaiyaṉ, a perundaram of Kalēśi (village ?) who had accompanied Uḍaiyār śrī-Uttama-Śōḻadēva (to this temple), gave ninety fat sheep, which neither die nor grow old, for burning one perpetual lamp as long as the moon and the stars (endure), and one Īḻa lamp-(stand) to (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr. This shall be under the protection of (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras. ⟨Page 252⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0116⟩ No. 116.—ON THE WEST WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE DANDISVARA TEMPLE AT VELACHCHERI 1.

This is again an inscription of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman dated in the 7th year of his reign. It registers a gift of a land by purchase, by two Veḷḷāḷa brothers of Oṉpadiṟṟuvēli in Ārkāṭṭu-kūṟṟam, a subdivision of Śōṇāḍu, to the Mahādēva temple of Tīruttaṇḍīśvaram at Veḷichchēri.

Oṉpadiṟṟuvēli may be identified with Ombattuvēli in the Tanjore taluk of the Tanjore district. Ārkāḍu which was evidently the headquarters of the subdivision Ārkāṭṭu-kūṟṟam is now a petty village in the vicinity of Tirukkāṭṭuppaḷḷi.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kovirājakesaripaṉmaṟku

⟨2⟩ yāṇṭu 7 āva[tu] puliyūrkoṭṭa[t*]tu veḷicceri mahāsabhai-

⟨3⟩ y[om]emmur brahma[ sthānat] te kūṭṭa kuṟaivaṟa kūṭi iruntu viṟkiṉ[ṟa]

⟨4⟩ nilam [|*] ivūr kiḻ[piṭā]kaik kāṟakattu atampuḻāṉaḻi eri aka-

⟨5⟩ ppaṭṭa [ni]lam • • • i[v*]vaḻi • yā • • meṟku ten-

⟨6⟩ pāṟkellai mā[ṉa]yiṭṭukā[lu]kku vaṭa[k]ku melpāṟkellai taṭṭāneriyo-

⟨7⟩ ṭe aṭainta vaḻikku kiḻakku vaṭa[pāṟ]kellai koṭṭurkālukku teṟkkumināṉkel-

⟨8⟩ laiyaka[t]tuṭpaṭṭa nila[t]tu naṭuvu pi • yūr [ṉi]la nikki uṇṇilamoḻiviṉṟi viṟṟukuṭu-

⟨9⟩ ttomitu i[v*]vāṟu vi[lai]kkāṇaṅ kiḻirait [ta]ntu viṟpittukoṇṭān coṇāṭṭu [ā]r-

⟨10⟩ kāṭṭukūṟ[ṟa]ttu veḷḷāḷa[ṉ]oṉpatiṟṟuve[li]uṭaiyānintraṉ 2paḻinattaṭikaḷumivaṉ

⟨11⟩ tampi aṇṇāmalaiyamivviruvarpakkalumibhūmiyāl vanta vilaipporuḷ-

⟨12⟩ ḷaṟa[k*]koṇṭu [viṟṟu]kkuṭuttomibhūmiyā[l] vanta iṟaiyumeccoṟum amañ-

⟨13⟩ ci veṭṭi vetiṉai 3antarāyatiyumeppeṟpaṭṭa iṟaiyum [k]āṭṭa peṟātomā-

⟨14⟩ no[m] [k]āṭṭinārai panmāheśvarare dharmmāsanamutalāka tāṉ veṇṭina viṭa-

⟨15⟩ ttile meyveṟṟuvakai ivvirunūṟu kāṇam taṇṭamiṭa oṭṭikkuṭutto-

⟨16⟩ m mahāsabhaiyom [|*] ippūmi uḻakkum iraṇṭu kuṭikku sarvvaparihāramā[ka] oṭṭi-

⟨17⟩ kkuṭu[t*]to[m*] mahāsabhaiyomivarkaḷ paṇi[k*]ka veḻutineṉ vaikāsanaṉ 4 pe[ru]mā[napa]-

⟨18⟩ ṭṭaneṉ [|*] ipparicu intran 5paḻanataṭikaḷumivaṉṟampi aṇṇāmalaiyenum[e]-

⟨19⟩ ṅkaḷ veḷi[c*]ceri [ma]hāsabhaiyārpakkal koṇṭa parice i[v*][vū]r tirutaṇṭiśvara[t*]tu ma[hā]-

⟨20⟩ deva[r*]kku candrātittavaṟ oru [na]ṉtāviḷa[k*]keri[p*]pataṟkum ikkoyilil yāṅkaḷ śrīkoyi-

⟨21⟩ l [le]ṭu[p*][pi]ttu pratiṣṭhai ceyvitta kaṇavatiyār[k*]ku u[c*]ciyampotu irunāḻiyarici[yā]-

⟨22⟩ l tiruvamutu kāṭṭuvatākavum kuṭu[t*]tomiva[r*]kaḷ kuṭutta ibhūmi koṇṭu i[na*]ndāviḷa[k*]-

⟨23⟩ keri[p*]patākavum kaṇavatiyār[k*]ku tiruvamutu kāṭṭikoḷvatākavumibhūmi koṇṭo[m*] tirutaṇṭi-

⟨24⟩ śvara[t*]tu tiruvu[ṇ*]ṇāḻikai uṭaiya śivabrāhmaṇan geṅgādharaśivanenum amirtara[ñca]-

⟨25⟩ [ṉa*]civa[ne]num ponmalaicivanenum i[v*]vaṉaivom i[p*]paṇi candrātittavaṟ mu[ṭ*]ṭā[m]ai

⟨26⟩ 6 caivomāno[m*] muṭṭi[ṉ] pa[ṭi] iraṭ[ṭi] 6caivomānom idharmmamirakṣi[p*]pāreṇpatun7

⟨27⟩ gaṇa[p*]peruma[kka]ḷuman[ṟā]ḻ kovum panmāheśvara[ru]m ||— ⟨Page 253⟩

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 7th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), we (the members) of the great assembly of Veḷichchēri in Puliyūr-kōṭṭam, having gathered in assembly without deficiency, in the Brahmasthāna of our village, sold the (following) land:—

(L. 4.) the • • • the land included in the tank of Adambuḻānaḻi of • • • • the eastern hamlet of this village • • • west • • this path; the southern boundary (is) to the north of the (channel called) Māṉayīṭṭu-kāl; the western boundary (is) to the east of the path which passes by the tank (called) Taṭṭāṉēri; and the northern boundary (is) to the south of the channel of Kōṭṭūr. We sold the land situated within the enclosure of these four boundaries excluding the land • • • within (it) (but) without excluding the uṇṇilam.

(L. 9.) Having given the sale money and kīḻ-iṟai thus, Indraṉ Paḻanattaḍigaḷ the cultivator (veḷḷāḷaṉ) of Oṉpadiṟṟuvēli in Ārkāṭṭu-kūṟṟam, (a subdivision) of Śōṇāḍu, and his younger brother Aṇṇāmalai, got (this land) sold (to them), and we sold (the land) having received in full the sale-money of this land from these two persons. We (the members of the assembly) shall not show (in our account books) any kind of tax as accruing on this land such as iṟai, echchōṟu, amañji, free labour (veṭṭi), vēdiṉai and antarāya. We (the members) of the big assembly gave a written agreement that (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras (alone) shall (have the right to) levy, in case they choose (to do so), to be credited to the council of justice (dharmāsana), a fine of these 1 two-hundred kāṇam on each of the persons that show (any such tax) (in the books). We (the members) of the big assembly (also) gave a written agreement that the two tenants who cultivate this land (shall have) all exemptions. At the command of these (members), I, Vaikānasaṉ Perumāṉ-Bhaṭṭaṉ, wrote (this).

(L. 18.) (We) Indraṉ Paḻaṉattaḍigaḷ and his younger brother Aṇṇāmalai granted on the same terms, (the land) obtained in this wise from the members of the big assembly of our (village) Veḷichchēri to Mahādēva (Śiva) of (the temple of) Tiruttaṇḍīśvaram in this village for burning one perpetual lamp as long as the moon and the sun (endure) and for the presentation of sacred offerings (prepared) with two nāḻi of rice, at midday, to (the god) Gaṇapati set up in the sacred shrine which we had built in this temple. We, the following Śiva-Brāhmaṇas (viz.,) Gaṅgādhara-Śiva, Amirta-rañjana-Śiva and Poṉmalai-Śiva of (i.e., attached to) the sacred central shrine in (the temple of) Tiruttaṇḍīśvaram received this land (on the understanding) that obtaining this land given by these persons, we shall burn this perpetual lamp and (also) present sacred offerings to Gaṇapati. We (agree) to conduct this service without default as long as the moon and the sun (endure). If (any) default (happens) we shall double the scale (of service). The eighty great men of the administrative assembly (gaṉa), the king reigning at the time, and (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this charity.

⟨SIIv03p0i0117⟩ No. 117.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE RUINED VISHNU TEMPLE AT TIRUMALPURAM. 2

This inscription is dated in the 17th year of Madiraikoṇḍa Rājakēsarivarman and registers a gift of 96 sheep for a lamp to the Vishṇu temple at Gōvindapāḍi in Valla-nāḍu, a subdivision of Dāmar (Dāmal)-kōṭṭam. ⟨Page 254⟩

Gōvindavāḍi and Dāmal are villages in the Conjeeveram taluk of the Chingleput district. The former is quite close to Tirumālpuram in the Arkonam taluk of the North Arcot district and is identical with the Gōvindapāḍi of our inscription.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kovirāja-

⟨2⟩ ke[sari]panma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 17 āvatu coḻa-

⟨3⟩ nā[ṭ]ṭu[t te]ṉkarai paṉaiyūrnāṭṭup pa-

⟨4⟩ ṉaiyūru[ṭaiyāṉ] kecuvaṉirāmaṉāki-

⟨5⟩ [ya*] c[em]pi[ya]ṉ paṉaiyūrnāṭṭu veḷāṉ

⟨6⟩ tāmaṟ[ko]ṭṭattu va[lla]nāṭṭu śrī[go]-

⟨7⟩ vintapāṭi niṉṟaruḷiya perumāṉaṭika-

⟨8⟩ ḷukkuc candrātittavaṟ erippatāka 1vat-

⟨9⟩ ta tiruna ntāvi[ḷa*]kkoṉṟiṉukkāṭu toṇ-

⟨10⟩ ṇūṟṟāṟu ivai śrīvayiṣṇavarakṣai aṟamaṟava[ṟka*] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 17th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura), Kēśavaṉ Rāmaṉ alias Śembiyaṉ Paṉaiyūrnāṭṭu-Vēḷāṉ, (a native) of Paṉaiyūr in Teṉkarai Paṉaiyūr-nāḍu, (a subdivision) of Śōḻa-nāḍu gave ninety-six sheep for burning, as long as the moon and the sun (endure), one sacred perpetual lamp to the god (perumānaḍigaḷ) who was pleased to stand at the sacred (temple of) Gōvindapāḍi in Valla-nāḍu, (a subdivision) of Dāmar-kōṭṭam. (All) Śrī-Vaishṇavas shall protect this (charity). Do not forget charity !

⟨SIIv03p0i0118⟩ No. 118.—IN THE SAME PLACE. 2

This inscription is also dated in the 17th year of the same king and registers a lampgift to the temple mentioned in No. 117. The donors belonged to Kīḻmalai, Veṇkala-nāḍu and Tiruppāśūr. The last place is at a distance of 2 miles from Tiruvaḷḷūr, Chingleput district.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] matiraikoṇṭa kovirājake-

⟨2⟩ saripanma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 17 āvatu kīḻmalaiyil

⟨3⟩ (p)pallavapperaraiyaṉāṉa irācakecarippe-

⟨4⟩ raraiyaṉ veṇkalanāṭṭu mummalaiyaṉ tiruppācū-

⟨5⟩ r muttaraiyaṉ t[ā]maṟkoṭṭattu vallanāṭṭu śrī-

⟨6⟩ go[vi*]ntapāṭi niṉṟaruḷiya perumāṉaṭikḷukkuccandrā-

⟨7⟩ tittavarai erikka vatta 3 tirunantāviḷakkoṉṟiṉukku 4

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 17th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), Pallavappēraraiyaṉ alias Rājakēsarippēraraiyaṉ of Kīḻmalai, Mummalaiyaṉ of Veṇkala-nāḍu and Muttaraiyaṉ of Tiruppāśūr gave. • • • • , for burning as long as the moon and the sun (endure), one sacred perpetual lamp to the god (perumānaḍigaḷ) who was pleased to stand at the sacred (temple of) Gōvindapāḍi in Valla-nāḍu, (a subdivision) of Dāmar-kōṭṭam. ⟨Page 255⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0119⟩ No. 119.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE SIVAYOGANATHASVAMIN TEMPLE AT TIRUVISALUR. 1

This inscription is dated in the 2nd year of Rājakēsarivarman and registers a gift of land to the temple at Tiruviśalūr by Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷaṉ alias Śiṟiyavēḷār of Koḍumbāḷūr. This chief has been identified by Mr. K.V.Subrahmanya Aiyar with PirāntakaṉŚiṟiyavēḷār alias Tirukkaṟṟaḷi-Pichchaṉ mentioned in a Tirukkaḷittaṭṭai inscription. 2 The name Śiṟiyavēḷār occurs again in a much mutilated Tirukkaḷittaṭṭai inscription of the reign of Sundara-Chōḷa alias Poṉmāḷigaittuñjiṉadēvar (i.e., the lord who died in the golden palace) who ‘drove the Pāṇḍya into the forest 3.’ The king who died in the golden palace was Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., the father of Rājarāja I 4. This Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., is called a Rājakēsarivarman in No. 302 of 1908 quoted above which also refers to Īḻam; but the passage is much mutilated. The officer Śiṟiyavēḷār is stated in a record of the time of Rājarāja I. 5 to have died on the battlefield in Ceylon in the 9th year of Poṉmāḷigaittuñjiṉadēva (i.e., Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II.) 6. Evidently Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II. and his General were engaged in a battle with the Ceylon king who must as usual have helped with his forces, the Pāṇḍya king, the natural enemy of the Chōḷas.

Applying the correction of 23 years in the Singhalese Chronology worked out by Professor Hultzsch (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1913, pp. 517-531) we gather that Mahinda IV. must have been the sovereign of Ceylon who was contemporaneous with Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II. In his time, according to the Mahāvaṁsa, Chapter LIV, there was a fight with Vallabha (i.e., the Chōḷa king) in which it is stated that Mahinda's General ‘destroyed him (the Chōḷa) utterly.’

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ sasti śrī [||*] k[o]rā[ja]k[e]sarivarmaṟku yāṇṭu 2 āvatu [vaṭaka]rait te[va]tāṉabrahmadeyam avaninārāyaṇacaturvvedimaṅkalattu tiru[vi]calūrpperumāṉaṭikaḷ śrīkoyilile

⟨2⟩ vaitta7 candrādityavat ekāgram oru vedabrāhmaṇa[ṉ] uttam[ āgram] uccam[p]otuṇpataṟku [k]oṭumpāḷūr pirāntakaniruṅkoḷa[nā]kiya ciṟiya[veḷā]r vilaikku koṇṭu vai[t]ta nilamā[va]tu tirunārāya-

⟨3⟩ [ṇa]cceri pu • • ṉattu • • nārāyaṇaṉār catukkattu talaipāṭaka[m] param[eśva]ravāykk[ā]liṉ vaṭakarai toḻurt tāyanārā[ya]ṇa[paṭṭa]com[ā]ciyār pa[k]ka[l] vilaikku koṇṭuṭaiya araikkāṟcey-

⟨4⟩ kkum i[ṟai]kāva[l]ā[ka] t[eva]ṅkuṭipperumakkaḷukku 8[ai]ñpati[ṉ ka]ḻañcu poṉ kuṭut[tu] iṟaiyiḻic[cu vai]tta cey araikkāla itu mahāsabhaipperumakkaḷ [ira]kṣai || ⟨Page 256⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 2nd year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷaṉ alias Śiṟiyavēḷār of Koḍumbāḷūr purchased and gave the following land for feeding at noon with one sumptuous meal 1 one Brāhmaṇa (versed) in the Vēdas, in the sacred temple (śrīkōyil) of the god (perumāṉdigaḷ) of Tiruviśalūr in Avaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī), as long as the moon and the sun (endure). He (also) paid fifty kaḻañju of gold to the great men (perumakkaḷ) of Tēvaṅguḍi as iṟaikāval 2 for the one-eighth śey (of land) purchased from Tāyanārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa-Sōmayājiyār of Toḻūr, on the northern bank of the (channel called) Paramēśvaravāykkāl, (forming) the first pāḍagam of the śadukkam of Nārāyaṇaṉār • • • • • • • Tirunārāyaṇachchēri got it exempted from the payment of taxes and gave over (this) one-eighth śey (of land). This (charity is placed) under the protection of the great men of the great assembly.

⟨SIIv03p0i0120⟩ No. 120.—IN THE SAME PLACE. 3

This is again a record of Rājakēsarivarman dated in the 4th year and must be attributed to Parāntaka II, since it mentions the General Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷar alias Śiṟiyavēḷār.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 4 svasti śrī [||*] ko irācakesarivanmaṟku yāṇṭu 4 āvatu vaṭakaraittevatānabrahma- teyam amaninārāyaṇaccaturvvetimaṅkalattu ti-

⟨2⟩ ruvicalūr perumāṉaṭikaḷukku pirāntakaṉ iruṅkoḷarākiya ciṟiyaveḷar uccampotu tiruvamutukku candrāditta-

⟨3⟩ vaṟ peruṅkuṟiperumakkaḷukku īḻakka • ṅkācu [1]30 kācu kuṭutta adeyañce[tu ku]ṭutta nilamā-

⟨4⟩ vatu tirunilakaṇṭaccerik kuñ[ca]pevil bhavananticatuppetibhaṭṭacomāciyār [ca]tukkattu iraṇ-

⟨5⟩ ṭām pāṭakam śrīkoyiliṉ mēlpakkattu e • • tta kaṇṭattu

⟨6⟩ kālum śrīmādhavarcceriyil nantiśvarabhaṭṭar aṭṭa[ka]ttu nattakūṟu tiruvicalūr ūrirukkaiyil kāṇiyum āka ikkāle kāṇiyum cantirāti[t*]tavaṟ vaiccār [paṉ]m[ā*]he[śvararakṣai] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.). Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 4th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, Pirāntakaṉ Iruṅgōḷar alias Śiṟiyavēḷar, paid 130 īḻakkāśu to the great men of the big assembly and gave, freed from payment (of taxes) (adēyam 5) the following land for the sacred midday offerings to (the temple of) the god (perumāṉaḍigaḷ) at ⟨Page 257⟩ Tiruviśalūr in Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, a dēvadāna and a brahamdēya on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī), (to last) as long as the moon and the sun.

(L. 4.) (One) quarter (vēli of land) • • • kaṇḍam on the western side of the sacred shrine (śrīkōyil), (forming) the second pāḍagam of the śadukkam of Bhavanandi-Chaturvēdibhaṭṭa-Sōmayājiyār of 1Kuñjapevil (living) in (the quarter) Tirunīlakaṇḍachchēri and (one) kāṇi (of land) in the village-site (ūrirukkai) of Tiruviśalūr, (forming) the nattam portion of the aṭṭakam of Nandīśvara-Bhaṭṭa (living) in Śrīmādhavarchēri,—in all this quarter (vēli) and (one) kāṇi (of land) were given (by him) (to last) as long as the moon and the sun. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect (this charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0121⟩ No. 121.—IN THE SAME PLACE. 2

This Sanskrit inscription supplies some additional information about [Pirāntakaṉ] Iruṅgōḷār alias Śiṟiyavēḷār mentioned in the two previous records. He is here called Śiruvēḷā the foremost member in the family of the daughter of king Pirāntaka and the light of the Iruṅgōḷa race. The first of the attributes is interesting and has perhaps to be understood with reference to the marriage of a member of the Koḍumbāḷūr family named Samarābhirāma to the Chōḷa princess Anupamā 3 mentioned in an inscription from Mūvarkōyil. If this is so, it follows that Anupamā was a daughter of king Parāntaka I. It is also known that prince Arikulakēsari, son of Parāntaka I., married Pūdi Āditta-Piḍāri, daughter of Teṉṉavaṉ Iḷaṅgōvēḷār, another member of the same family which was called Irukkuvēḷ, Iḷaṅgōvēḷ or Iruṅgōḷa.

In the 5th year of king Sundara-Chōḷa this chief Śiruvēḷa (i.e., Śiṟiyavēḷār) is stated to have given to the god at Śrīviśalūra (i.e., Tiruviśalūr), some māshakas of gold for rice offering and the gatānakas (gadyāṇakas) which accrued to the king as revenue from the village Nimba or Nimbāgrahāra for repairs, and a lamp. Nimba or Nimbāgrahāra on the northern bank of the Kāvērī is apparently the modern Vēppattūr called Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam in Tamil inscriptions.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ • • • [dhā]mni śrīviśalūranāmni vasato devasya madhyandine śālyantena4 sabhājanāya [ni]yata[m] [vaṁśa*]pradipoyido5

⟨2⟩ 6 • • • ma sukṛitī [pañc]o[ddha]7 rā[nm]āṣakān [niṁba]grāmagatānak[ā*]nsudha8 [bṛi]te rāja pradeyādapi ||| ⟨Page 258⟩

⟨3⟩ 1 pr[ādādi]ruṅkoḷakulapradīpaḥ pirāntakasyā[nma]javargavaryyaḥ [|*] dīpammudā śrīviśalūradhānme2 harāya3 babhṛicciṟuveḷanā[mā][||*] śrīmatsundaracoḷabhūpatilakasyābde vare pañcame kāveryy[ā]staṭa uttare guṇanidh[au]4 [nimbhā]grahārāhvaye [|*] grāme śrīviśalūradhāmni niratāyeśā[ya dī]pammudā mattantañci5 ṟuveḷa[nā]mavahatā rakṣantu m[ā*]heśvarāḥ |||—

TRANSLATION.

(Verse 1.) The light of his race, the fortunate one • • • (gave) • • • māshakas increased by five for offering in perpetuity cooked rice in midday to the god dwelling in the temple • • • named Śrīviśalūra. (He) also (gave) for whitewash (i.e., repairs) the gatānakas (gadyāṇakas ?) of the village Nimba, which were payable to the king.

(V. 2.) The king named Śiruvēḷa who was the light of the Iruṅkōḷa race and the foremost (member) in the family of the daughter of (king) Pirāntaka gave with delight a lamp to Hara (Śiva) whose abode was at Śrīviśalūra.

(V. 3.) May the Māhēśvaras protect the lamp presented with delight in the prosperous fifth year of (the reign of) the best of kings, the illustrious Sundara-Chōḷa, by him who bore the name Śiruvēḷa, to Īśa (Śiva) who was pleased (to dwell) in the abode (temple) of Śrīviśalūra (situated) in the virtuous village named Nimbāgrahāra on the northern bank of the (river) Kāvērī.

⟨SIIv03p0i0122⟩ No. 122.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE VEDAPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUKKALITTATTAI. 6

This incomplete record, dated in the 14th year of Rājakēsarivarman, registers gifts of money in īḻakkāśu made by Rājādichchi and Kuñjiramalli, the wife and daughter respectively of Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ, for burning lamps in the temple at Tirukkuḍittiṭṭai which was included in Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam. Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ is identical with Pirāntakaṉ Śiṟiyavēḷār, the General of the Chōḷa king Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II. 7 The king Rājakēsarivarman could not be identified. It is not impossible, however, that he is identical with Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ |—svasti śrī [||*] ko irācakecaripaṉmaṟkiyāṇṭu 14 āvatu [va]ṭakarai tevatāṉa- brahmadeyam amaninārāyaṇaccaturvvetimaṅkalattu ti[ru][k*]kuṭit[tiṭ]ṭai perumāḷukku ciṟiyaveḷāṉ tevi(y) irācāticci oru nontāviḷakku canti-

⟨2⟩ rāticcavaṟ eriya vaiytta īḻa[k*]kācu 25 irupa[t]tañcu [||*] ciṟiyaveḷāṉ makaḷ kuñciramalli(y) oru nontāviḷakku [ca]ntirāticcavaṟ eriya vaiytta īḻakkācu 25 [||*] āka [5]0 kā-

⟨3⟩ [cu]m kuṭuttu koṇṭa pūmi yamaṅkuṭi(y) ūriṉ melpakkattu ālikkoṉṟai ciritara- kramavittar eva 8 ⟨Page 259⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Rājakēsarivarman, Rājādichchi, the wife of Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ, deposited (25) twenty-five īḻakkāśu for burning, as long as the moon and the sun (endure), one perpetual lamp, in (the temple of) the god (perumāḷ) of Tirukkuḍittiṭṭai in Amaninārāyaṇa-chaturvēdimaṅgalam which was a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī). (Also) Kuñjiramalli, the daughter of Śiṟiyavēḷāṉ, deposited 25 īḻakkāśu, for burning, as long as the moon and the sun (endure), one perpetual lamp (in the same temple). For the total of 50 kāśu (thus) paid, was purchased the land (situated) on the western side of the village of Amaṅguḍi; and under the direction of Ālikkoṉṟai Śrīdharakramavittar 1—

⟨SIIv03p0i0123⟩ No. 123.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MADHUVANESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUKKALAVUR. 2

This record which is dated in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman, registers a sale of land by the village assembly, for the maintenance of a lamp in the temple of Śiva at Tirukkarugāvūr. The inscription may be one of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa on account of its high regnal year, if not one of Parakēsarivarman Parāntaka I.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ 3 svasti śrī |— koppara[kecaripaṉ]maṟkku yā-

⟨2⟩ ṇṭu 3 āvatu tiru[kka]rukāvūr [mahādevaṟ]

⟨3⟩ [svasti śrī] [||*] [k]oppara[ke]caripanma[r*]kku [yāṇ]ṭu

⟨4⟩ [1]6 āvatu tirukkarukāvūr mahādevar-

⟨5⟩ kku ivvūr mulaparuṭaipperumakkaḷom

⟨6⟩ idevarkku candrādittavat iṟaiyiliya-

⟨7⟩ [āka kku]ṭutta ṉilamāvatu [||*] eṅ[ kaḷ sabhai] kūṭṭu-

⟨8⟩ [vā]ṉilam tiruvuṇṇāḻikaippuṟat[tu] vaṭakaṇṭattu e-

⟨9⟩ [ṅka]ḷ [iraṇṭu]māvum teṉkaṇṭat[tu] meṟkkaṭaiya [o-

⟨10⟩ ru] māvum ākat taṭi iraṇṭā[l*] nilaṉ muṉṟumāvum cav[ai]kūṭṭu-

⟨11⟩ 4 [v]āṉ il maṉaiyāka kalli viḷaikiṉṟa cuṇṭaikuḻi kāṇi[yu]m [āka ni]-

⟨12⟩ laṉ muṉṟu[mākkā]ṇiyu[m*] 5mikitikkuṟaivu uḷḷaṭaṅka viṟṟu[kku]ṭu[ttuk]-

⟨13⟩ koṇṭa • • • 6ḷ kācu paḻav[ā]vu muppattoṉṟum ik[k]ā[cu mup]pa-

⟨14⟩ [t]to[ṉṟuṅ ko]ṇṭu iṉṉilam yum muṉpum iṟaiyili ānamai[yi]-

⟨15⟩ [l ca]ndrādittavaṟ iṟaiyiliyāka viṟṟukkuṭuttom tirukkarukā[vū]r mahā-

⟨16⟩ • • • • • • 7[perumakkaḷ]om itu panmāheśvarara[kṣai] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.). Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 3rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, (to the god) Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tirukkarugāvūr 8. ⟨Page 260⟩

(L. 3.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 16th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, we the great men of the chief assembly (mūla-paruḍai) of this village gave the following land free of taxes till the moon and the sun (endure) to this god Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tirukkarugāvūr.

(L. 7.) Two mā of our land of Sabhaikūṭṭuvāṉ in the northern kaṇḍam of the land belonging to the sacred interior and one mā (of land) to the west of the southern kaṇḍam,—in all, three mā of land comprised of two taḍi; and one kāṇi of land (called) Śuṇḍaikuḻi in (the field called) Sabhaikūṭṭuvāṉ which being a maṉai, is cultivated and is yielding crop;—together, three mā and (one) kāṇi of land including excess and deficiency (in measurement), (we) have sold and received thirty-one kāśu of paḻavāvu 1. Having received these thirty-one kāśu we the great men of the chief assembly sold this land (viz.,) three mā and kāṇi 2 to (the god) Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tirukkarugāvūr and exempted it from taxes, it being tax-free already, as long as the moon and the sun (endure). This (skall be under) the protection of (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras.

⟨SIIv03p0i0124⟩ No. 124.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MAHALINGASVAMIN TEMPLE AT TIRUVIDAIMARUDUR. 3

This inscription is dated in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers that the assembly of Tiraimūr, the merchants of Tiruviḍaimarudil (the modern Tiruviḍaimarudūr), the trustees and other officers of the temple assembled in the theatrical hall of the temple and made up an account of the gifts of gold made for maintaining lamps in that temple. It is stated that the stones which bore the original inscriptions regarding these gifts were placed in underground cellars and when the temple was renovated, true copies were made of them and that from these copies the documents were re-incised on the stone walls of the renovated temple. One such gift was that made by Kāḍupaṭṭigaḷ Nandippōttaraiyar for burning a lamp called Kumaramārtāṇḍaṉ.

The acting of dramas in temples is mentioned in a Tanjore inscription of the time of Rājarāja I. The present record contains, though incidentally, an earlier reference to dramatic performances by introducing the term nāṭakacālai in line 1. The inscription gives us also an idea of how the important documents of a temple were engraved on stones and preserved in underground cellars and how when the temples had to be renovated they were copied over and re-engraved.

Kāḍupaṭṭigaḷ Nandippōttaraiyar may possibly be Nandivarman Pallavamalla of the Udayēndiram grant. 4

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakesarivanmaṟkku yāṇṭu 4 āvatu nāḷ [3]25 ṉāl tiruviṭai[maru]til devar nāṭakacālaiye ittevar śrīkāryyam tiruttak[kaṭa]va tiraimur sabhaiyārum tiruviṭaima[rutil] nakarattārum [tirukk]oyiluṭaiyārkaḷum teva-

⟨2⟩ rkaṇakku marutaṉ piramakuṭṭaṉum śrīkāryamārā[y*]kiṉṟa pūcalāṉkuṭaiyārum iruntu devaṟku [v]aiytta poliyūṭṭiṉāl vaitta viḷakku ārāynta iṭattu inta śrīkoyil kaṟṟaḷi [e]ṭuppataṟku muṉ poliyūṭṭukkup [pira]māṇa(m)māy uḷḷa kaṟkaḷ ⟨Page 261⟩

⟨3⟩ ellām aṭimaṉaikkiḻe iṭṭi 1 kalliṉpaṭi eṭuttukkoṇṭu iṭṭamaiyil muṉpaṭi eṭuttapaṭi māṟṟiṉaparicey tirukkaṟṟaḷimele kaṉmel veṭṭikkoḷ[ka*] [ve]ṉṟu ēvak kaṉmel veṭṭiṉapaṭi kāṭupaṭṭikaḷ na[n*]tippottarai-

⟨4⟩ yar kumaramā[r*]ttāṇṭaṉ 2ṉeṉaṉum viḷa[kki*]ṉukku vaicca poṉ 60 ipp[o]ṉ aṟupatiṉ kaḻaiñcum koṇ[ṭa] tiraimur cavaiy[ā*]r aṭṭakkaṭava[tā]ṉa 3 ney uri iṉāl viḷakku 1 2m 4

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 4th year and the [3]25th day of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, there being present in the theatrical hall (nāḍayaśālai) of the god at Tiruviḍaimarudil, the assembly of Tiraimūr whose business it was to regulate the temple affairs (śrīkāryam) of this god, the merchants (nagarattār) of Tiruviḍaimarudil, the trustees of the sacred temple, the temple-accountant Marudaṉ Piramakuṭṭaṉ, and the temple manager (śrīkāryamārāygiṉṟa) Pūśalāṉkuḍaiyār, an account was made up of the lamps maintained from the interest (on money) deposited for (the benefit of) the god.

(L. 2.) All the documentary stones of (i.e., relating to) (investments on) interest (by the temple) having been copied over 5 and kept as on the stones which were placed below in the underground cellars, prior to the renovation of this temple (śrīkōyil) in stone, it was ordered that in the same manner as the transferred copies were made before (from the originals) (they) may now be re-engraved on the stones of the sacred stone temple; and (the following copy) was thus engraved on the stone:—Kāḍupaṭṭigaḷ Nandippōttaraiyar gave 60 kaḻañju 6 of gold for a lamp called Kumaramārttāṇḍaṉ. One lamp (has to be maintained) from (one) uri of ghee to be measured (daily) by the (members of the) assembly of Tiraimūr who received this sixty kaḻañju of gold.

⟨SIIv03p0i0125⟩ No. 125.—ON THE NORTH BASE OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE VARAHA-PERUMAL TEMPLE AT TIRUVADANDAI. 7

The record is dated in the 6th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of gold for a lamp to the Maṇavāḷa-Perumāḷ temple at Tiruviḍavandai situated in Paḍuvūr-nāḍu, a subdivision of Āmūr-kōṭṭam.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakecaripanma[r*]kku yāṇṭu āṟāvatu āmūrkoṭṭattup

⟨2⟩ paṭuvūrnāṭṭu tiruviṭavantai ūroṅ kaiyeḻuttu [||*] coṇāṭṭu

⟨3⟩ vaṭakarai innamparki[ḻ]ān nakkaṉ enāti kaiyā[l yā]ṅkaḷ ko[ṇṭukaṭava] po-

⟨4⟩ n muppatiṉ kaḻañcu ippon koṇṭukaṭavom ippoṉ muppatiṉkaḻañcu po nnukku ivur-

⟨5⟩ ruṭaiya 8 maṇavāḷapperumāḷukku nantāviḷakku oṉṟinukku niccam uḻakkeṇṇaippaṭi toṇṇū- 9 ⟨Page 262⟩

⟨6⟩ ṟṟu nāḻi eṇṇai aṭṭuvomākavum oṭṭikkuṭuttup pon koṇṭo-

⟨7⟩ m ipponnāl eṇṇai cantirātittavarkkaṭṭu 1vomākavum poṉ ku-

⟨8⟩ ṭuttu poliyūṭṭu collappeṟātomākavum oṭṭikkuṭutto[m*] [ū]-

⟨9⟩ rom itaṟṟiṟampil uṇṭikaiyum paṭṭikaiyum kāṭṭi tanmāsanattile nic-

⟨10⟩ cam nālekāṟkāṇam 2paṭuvomākavum a[ṉ*]ṟāḷ kovukku nittam mañcāṭi

⟨11⟩ poṉ manṟupāṭu iṟuppomākavu[m] ittaṇṭamu[m*] maṉṟupāṭum iṟut-

⟨12⟩ tu ivveṇṇai muṭṭāmait tiruvuṇṇāḻikaivāriyar vacame eri-

⟨13⟩ kka aṭṭuvomāka iṭṭukkuṭutto[m*] [ū]rom[||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 6th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, we the villagers (ūrōm) of Tiruviḍavandai in Paḍuvūr-nāḍu, (a subdivision) of Āmūr-kōṭṭam signed (the following deed):—

(L. 2.) (Whereas) we have received thirty kaḻañju of gold from the hands of Nakkaṉ Ēnādi, the headman of Iṉṉambar on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī) in the Chōḷa country (Śō-ṇāḍu), (we affirm that) we have received this gold and agree to measure 90 nāḻi of oil (as interest) on this 30 kaḻañju of gold, at (one) uḻakku of oil every day, for (burning) one perpetual lamp in (the temple of) Maṇavāḷa-Perumāḷ of this village. We (thus) agreed and received the gold and shall measure for this gold the (quantity of) oil (agreed upon) as long as the moon and the sun (endure). We the villagers (also) agree that we shall not pay gold and say (that it is for) interest 3. If we fail (to do) this, we shall submit (to a fine of) four and a quarter kāṇam for each day (of default), in a court of justice after producing the uṇḍigai and paṭṭigai (effects ?) and we shall also pay as maṉṟupāḍu (one) mañjāḍi of gold for every day (of default), to the then-reigning king. And paying this fine and the maṉṟupāḍu, we the villagers (still) agree to measure out without (further) default to (the persons of) the tiruvuṇṇāḻigai-vāriyam this (stipulated quantity of) oil for burning (the lamp).

⟨SIIv03p0i0126⟩ No. 126.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE MANDAPA IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE CHANDRASEKHARA TEMPLE AT TIRUCHCHENDURAI. 4

This inscription, dated in the 2nd year of Parakēsarivarman, registers a grant of land by Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri to the stone temple built by her at Tiruchchenduṟai, to meet the cost of the expenses of a festival in connexion with the solar eclipse. Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri may have been a daughter of Pūdi or Maṟavaṉ Pūdiyār referred to in another inscription of king Parakēsarivarman at Tiruchchenduṟai 5. The king Parakēsarivarman himself has to be identified with either Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa or Āditya Karikāla II. both of whom held the title Parakēsarivarman 6. The provision made for festivals on the day of the solar eclipse might suggest that in this second year of king Parakēsarivarman there should have been at least one such eclipse. If Parakēsarivarman is identified with Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa who succeeded to the throne in A.D. 971, we find that ⟨Page 263⟩ according to Dr. Schram's “Eclipses of the Sun in India,” there were two solar eclipses in the year 972 which was the second year of Uttama-Chōḷa. Consequently it is not unlikely that the king referred to in this inscription is king Uttama-Chōḷa.

TEXT. 1

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ko parakecaripa[n*]ma[r*]kku yāṇṭu iraṇṭāvatu tirucceṉtuṟaikkaṟṟaḷi[ppe]-

⟨2⟩ rumāṉaṭikaḷukku pūti ātittapiṭāriyeṉ kāccuvaṉṟattaṉārāyaṇaṉiṭai nāṉ ira[ṇ]-

⟨3⟩ ṭāvatu 2 koṇṭa toṭṭa[m*] muppattaiñkaḻañcu 3 poṉṉukku koṇṭa toṭṭamum p[āratā]-

⟨4⟩ yaṉ īcāṉamāṟa(ṉ)ṉiṭai vilaikoṇṭa toṭṭamum ivviraṇṭu toṭṭamum nāṉ vilaikoṇ[ṭuṭai]ya

⟨5⟩ pari[ce]y sūryyagrahaṇattukku tiruc[c]eṉtuṟaipperumāṉaṭikaḷukku tiruviḻāppuṟamāka toṭṭa[tti]l

⟨6⟩ pokam koṇṭu tiruviḻāppuṟamāka nir[o]ṭu aṭṭi kuṭutteṉ nāṉ eṭuppitta kaṟṟaḷipperu[māṉaṭi]-

⟨7⟩ ka(ḷ)[ḷu]kku pūti ātittapiṭāriyeṉ itu paṉmāheśvara[ra*]kṣai |||—

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 2nd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, I, Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri, gave with libation of water these two garden (lands) as per the same terms under which I purchased (them) (viz.,) the garden (land) which I purchased for 35 kaḻañju of gold in the second year (of the king's reign) from Kāchchuvaṉ (Kāśyapa) Tattanārāyaṇaṉ and the garden (land) purchased from Pāradāyaṉ (Bhāradvāja ?) Īśāna Māṟaṉ, to the lord of the stone temple at Tiruchchenduṟai for maintaining festivals (tiruviḻāppuṟam) of the lord of Tiruchchenduṟai on (the day of) the solar eclipse, (stipulating that) the maintenance of the (said) festivals of the lord of (this) stone temple constructed by me Pūdi Ādittapiḍāri (should be met only) from the produce of the (said) gardens. (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0127⟩ No. 127.—ON THE WEST WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE GHRITASTHANESVARA TEMPLE AT TILLASTHANAM. 4

This inscription is dated in the 3rd year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of gold for a lamp by a certain Koṟṟaṉ Aruṇmoḻi alias Vāṉavaṉ Pēraraiyaṉ of Āṟṟūr in Māṅgāḍu-nāḍu. The money presented was apparently utilized in purchasing a land which adjoined another granted by Naṅgai Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār. This lady has been already referred to as the wife of Parāntaka Iḷaṅgōvēḷār and to have made a grant of land to the same temple in the 13th year of Rājakēsarivarman (Gaṇḍarāditya). It is now difficult to determine who this king Parakēsarivarman is in whose reign the gift of Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār could be referred to. Subsequent to Gaṇḍarāditya who ruled for about 18 years there must have ruled at least four kings before Rājarāja I. succeeded to the throne in A. D. 985, viz.,—Ariṁjaya, Sundara-Chōḷa Parāntaka II., Āditya Karikāla and Uttama-Chōḷa of whom the first probably and the two last bore the surnames Parakēsarivarman. Consequently ⟨Page 264⟩ Parakēsarivarman of our inscription must be identified with either Arimjaya whose records have not been found hitherto or with Uttama-Chōḷa. In all probability the reference appears to be to the latter.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] ko para[k]esari[panm]ākku yāṇṭu 3 āvatu tiruneyttāṉattu • • • • • [mā*]ṅkāṭṭunāṭṭu ā-

⟨2⟩ ṟṟūruṭaiyāṉ k[oṟ]ṟaṉ [aru]ṇmoḻi āyiṉa vāṉava[ṉ perarai]yaṉ oru n[ontā viḷak]ku iravum pakalum e-

⟨3⟩ [rip]pataṟkku kuṭut[ta p]o[ṉ] • • ivvirupattayṅkaḻañ[cu poṉ]ṉuṅ k[o]ṇ[ṭu] • • • macakkalil mekka[ṭai]

⟨4⟩ kāṟ ceyyum viṟpa[ṟ]ai k[e] • • • • • kellaikkālkk[āvu]kku vaṭakku[m kiḻpāṟkellai] naṅkai varakuṇape-

⟨5⟩ rumāṇā 1 viḷa[kku*]kku vait[ta] kāṟ ceykku [meṟkkum va]ṭa[pā]ṟkellai antaṉūr [v]āykkālukkutteṟkum me-

⟨6⟩ lpāṟkellai kallātey kiṭantiṭanta tiṭalukku[k kiḻa*]kkum ivvicaitta perunāṉkellaiyi-

⟨7⟩ l uṇṇilamoḻiviṉṟi viṟṟu vilaiāvaṇañ ceytu kuṭuttoṅ koṟṟaṉaruṇmoḻi ā-

⟨8⟩ ṉa vāṉavaṉ peraraiyaṉukkut tiruneyttāṉattu sabhaiyomum ūroṭum2 devaka[r*]mika-

⟨9⟩ ḷomum itu panmāheśvarar rakṣai —

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 3rd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, Koṟṟaṉ Aruṇmoḻi alias Vāṉavaṉ Pēraraiyaṉ a native of Āṟṟūr (a village) in [Mā]ṅgāḍu-nāḍu, gave [25 kaḻañju] of gold for burning one perpetual lamp day and night. • • • • at Tiruneyttāṉam. Having received this twenty-five kaḻañju of gold, • • • • • • quarter śey (of land) to the west of the cultivated field (maśakkal) • • • [whose southern boundary] (is) to the north of the shrine of minor deities (?) at the boundary line (ellaikkāl-kāvu); • • • of Viṟpaṟai the eastern boundary (is) to the west of the quarter śey (of land) given for a lamp by Naṅgai Varaguṇa-Perumāṉār; the northern boundary (is) to the south of (the channel called) Andaṉūrvāykkāl and the western boundary (is) to the east of the mound which has never been levelled (for cultivation). We, the assembly, the villagers (ūrōm) and the temple servants (dēvakanmi) of Tiruneyttāṉam sold to Koṟṟaṉ Aruṇmoḻi alias Vāṉavaṉ Pēraraiyaṉ (the land) situated within the four great boundaries thus described without excluding any (portion) of land within (uṇṇilam) and executed a sale-deed (vilai-āvaṇam). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0128⟩ No. 128.—MADRAS MUSEUM PLATES OF UTTAMA-CHOLA.

These copper-plates belong to the Madras Museum. A full description of them together with that of the huge ring and seal on which they are hung and a short abstract of contents, have been given by Professor Hultzsch in his Report on Epigraphy for the halfyear ending March 1891, page 4, paragraph 9 3. The plates are published below for the first time with text and translation. Mr. Sewell does not mention them in the list of copperplate grants which he gives at the beginning of his Lists of Madras Antiquities, Volume II. It cannot be ascertained how and when the plates were acquired by the Museum. ⟨Page 265⟩

Early Chōḷa copper-plate grants published so far are only two in number. These are known as the large and the small Leyden grants which belong to the time of Rājēndra-Chōḷa I. Hence the subjoined plates which bear on them the record of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷadēva, the uncle of Rājarāja I., and the grandfather of Rājēndra-Chōḷa I., will be the earliest Chōḷa record 1 published.

A few plates of the set are missing at the beginning and one at least at the end. The portion of the record on the existing five copper-plates consists of a short Sanskrit prose passage (ll. 1 to 6), three Sanskrit verses (ll. 6 to 11) and Tamil prose (ll. 11 to 121). The construction of the Tamil portion is often involved and irregular 2. The word nēra in l. 87, e.g., is used in the still current commercial sense of adjustment of receipts and payments and the meaning of viśam in l. 111 is not quite intelligible 3. As regards the palaeography and orthography of the plates the following may be noted. The initial vowels e and ē are not distinguished, though in other inscriptions of this period the distinction is marked by adding the sign of length (kāl) to the short e. This method of distinguishing the long from the short is however observed in o, in ll. 52 and 53. The secondary i and ī signs are distinguished, the latter by a loop attached to the end of the semi-circular cap which represents the former, e.g., nī and vī in ll. 22 and 23 respectively. The i super-added to ḍa or ṭa is, as usual, marked by the semi-circular cap; but in certain cases as in ll. 26, 34, etc., it is shown by the head of the letter itself being bent and drawn out almost into a loop. The vowel signs u and ū added to m are distinguished, the former by a plain curve bent towards the left and attached to the prolonged vertical of ma from its middle and the latter by the same curve doubled like the English numeral 3. The same remarks apply as well to ḷu and ḷū. When added to ka the u and ū-signs are doubled in either case, the distinction, however, being that in the former the curve bends to the left and in the latter to the right. In ya, va and pa these signs are marked as at present by a vertical line attached to the right limb of the letter in the one case, and by a curve affixed to the latter, in the other. In the case of the letters na, ṉa, la and ña the ū-sign is denoted by adding to the u-sign a detached kāl -symbol which at present however is joined to the u-sign of the letter. Sandhi (puṇarchchi) is but optionally adopted. The doubling of consonants has been omitted evidently by mistake in ll. 68, 70, 71, etc. Case terminations are added to the last word of a group (e.g., ll. 16f, 82). In l. 44 aiñkaḻañcu is written for aiṅkaḻañcu. The forms nicatam and nicata both occur. So also the forms ukaccakaḷ, uvaccarkaḷ and uvaccar (ll. 54, 64, 86).

The Sanskrit portion states that 200 pieces of gold were deposited with two classes of paṭṭaśālins residing in the quarters (of Kachchippēḍu) known as Karuvuḷānpāṭi, Kaṁsahappāṭi, Atimānappāṭi and Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri and that the residents of two of the above-said quarters were appointed managers of the temple by the king (Uttama-Chōḷa). Also this same Chōḷa king ‘who destroyed Madhurā’ is stated to have ordered that the residents of Śōḻāniyamam, another quarter of Kachchippēḍu, should give to the god at Ūraka two prastha and one kuḍubaka of rice and ⟨Page 266⟩ one prastha of oil and thus be exempted from all other taxes payable to the king. These residents of Śōḻāniyamam together with the managers appointed from among the weavers who made cloths for the king and lived in the four quarters mentioned above, were further required to write out by turns the accounts of the temple of Vishṇu at Ūragam.

The Tamil portion which begins in line 11 is dated in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman alias Uttama-Chōḷadēva and records that while the king was seated in the Chitra-maṇḍapa inside his palace (kōyil) at Kachchippēḍu, his officer Śōḻamūvēndavēḷār whose name was Nakkaṉ Kaṇichchaṉ of Śikkal (l. 25 f.) requested that the income of the god of the temple of Ūragam which consisted of (1) kōlniraikūli and kālaḷavu-kūli collected at Kachchippēḍu, (2) of the (produce from) lands purchased at Kachchippēḍu and Tuṇḍuṇukkachchēri and (3) of interest (in paddy and in money) accruing on investments by the temple, might be apportioned for the several services in the main temple and in the two shrines of the hall called Karikālateṟṟi (l. 65) and that the residents of the two quarters of Kachchippēḍu, viz., Kambuḻānpāḍi and Atimānappāḍi (l. 23) may be appointed to supervise and carry out this apportionment. The king entrusted the matter in the hands of the chief who made the request and the latter settled the required apportionment of income.

The lands purchased and the investments made are detailed with reference to the original documents written on stone. These were:—(1) document dated in the 22nd year of king Parakēsarivarman, by which the assemblies of Kūram and Ariyar-Perumbākkam having received 250 kaḻañju of gold from the temple had agreed to measure every year as interest thereon 500 kāḍi of paddy; (2) document dated in the same year by which the assembly of Uḻai-ūr received 50 kaḻañju and agreed to measure annually an interest thereon of 150 kāḍi of paddy; (3) document dated in the 9th year of king Vijaya-Kampavarman, by which the assembly of Oḻukkaippākkam received 24 kaḻañju and agreed to pay an interest every year of one kaḻañju and four mañjāḍi of gold.

With line 72 commences a fresh grant made in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman (Uttama-Chōḷa), to the temple of Ūragam at Kachchippēḍu for maintaining the Śittirai-tiruviḻā festival of that god. For this purpose 200 kaḻañju of gold were deposited with the residents of Kambuḻāṉpāḍi, Atimānappāḍi, Kañjagappāḍi and Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri on perpetual interest of 30 kaḻañju for one year, at the rate of one piḷavu on each kaḻañju per month. This money (i.e., 30 kaḻañju) being fully adjusted (nēr) for expenses detailed in lines 81 to 89, the lamp-holders for the festival and the flaghoisters had to be secured by the residents of the four quarters mentioned above (free of cost).

Lines 99 to 100 register a few other items of expense apparently in connexion with the same festival. It is stated that in the 18th year of Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam’ (i.e., Parāntaka I), a concession had been granted, viz., exemption from municipal taxes, to the residents who had newly settled down in the quarter called Śōḻāniyamam (of Kachchippēḍu) in consideration of their giving certain fixed quantities of oil and rice to the temple of Ūragam, which the Tōḷāchcheviyār alias Ēlākkaiyar the former residents of this quarter were regularly contributing but had discontinued on account of their decline. This concession. was now (i.e., in the 16th year) ratified by king (Uttama-Chōḷa). It was further ordered that the residents of this quarter, viz., Śōḻāniyamam, must provide also an accountant who would be given every day from the temple treasury 2 kuṟuṇi of paddy and every year 2 kaḻañju of gold. ⟨Page 267⟩

According to lines 100 to 103 a further grant of 23 kaḻañju was made to the residents in the three Śaiva quarters (Śaṅkarappāḍi) of Kachchippēḍu, viz., Raṇajayappāḍi, Ēkavīrappāḍi and Vāmanaśaṅkarappāḍi, in order to maintain a perpetual lamp in the temple and to burn twilight lamps from the oil supplied by the residents of Śōḻāniyamam mentioned in the previous paragraph.

Other miscellaneous items of provision (ll. 103 to 108) included the cost of the sacred festivals of Uttarāyaṇa-Saṁkrānti and Chitrā-Vishu, the organization of the gōshṭhī of devotees, etc. The president of the City Corporation, the members of the Annual Supervision Committee and the residents of Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri and Kañjagappāḍi were required to check the accounts at the end of each festival, while the residents of these two quarters were to supply also the watchman of the temple (ll. 110 ff.). (The city assembly) was further entrusted with the authority of appointing the managers for carrying out the temple business, the watchman and the accountant and of exempting these from payment of all municipal taxes (l. 113 f.). The document was drawn up by Nārppatteṇṇāyiramaṅgalādittaṉ, an arbitrator (madhyastha) of Vīrappāḍi, a quarter of Kachchippēḍu (l. 119 f.).

From the above abstract of contents it is clear that the preserved Sanskrit portion of the grant refers in brief to what has been elaborately detailed in ll. 72 to 115 of the Tamil portion. Consequently the contents covered by lines 11 to 71 of the Tamil portion together with the genealogical portion of the grant, if any—all in Sanskrit—should have been lost in the missing plates at the beginning of the record. The reference to previous kings in the body of the Tamil portion is very interesting inasmuch as it enables us to identify king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa, the 16th year of whose reign is quoted twice in ll. 11 f. and 72 f., with the uncle and immediate predecessor of Rājarāja I. These references as stated already are the 22nd year of a certain Parakēsarivarman (l. 28 f.), the 9th year of Vijaya-Kampavarman (l. 34 f.) and the 18th year of Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai (Madura) and Īḻam (Ceylon)’ (l. 96 f.). Vijaya-Kampavarman has been attributed to the 9th century A.D. by Professor Hultzsch, and Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam’ is Madiraikoṇḍa Parāntaka I. 1 whose reign extended over the first half of the 10th century A.D. Consequently the unidentified Parakēsarivarman referred to in l. 28 f. appears to be no other than Parakēsarivarman Vijayālaya, who was the first of the resuscitated line of the Tanjore Chōḷas and to whom Professor Kielhorn doubtfully attributes certain Chōḷa records from Conjeeveram, Ukkal and Śuchīndram ranging in date from the 4th to the 34th years of his reign 2.

The inscription also supplies some valuable information about the town Kachchippēḍu (i.e., the modern Conjeeveram). Four quarters are referred to, viz., Kambuḻāṉpāḍi (ll. 74 and 88) spelt in the Sanskrit text as Karuvuḷānpāṭi (ll. 1 and 3); Atimāṉappāḍi (ll. 2 and 75); Kañjagappāḍi (Sanskrit Kaṁsahappāṭi) (ll. 1f. and 75 f.) ⟨Page 268⟩ and Eṟṟuvaḻichchēri (ll. 2 and 76) which were mostly inhabited by weavers who were patronised by the king (l. 10) and consisted of two sections of paṭṭaśālins. The appointment of these paṭṭaśālins as the managers of the temple and the royal patronage extended them suggests the high social status which they must have been enjoying at this early period. Even now the name Piḷḷaipāḷaiyam given to the weavers’ quarters suggests the favourite position which these weavers occupied either with reference to the temple or to the king—the word piḷḷai or piḷḷaiyār being frequently applied in this sense. Mr. Thurston under the heading Śāliyans 1 mentions the two main divisions of that class, one of which was paṭṭaśāliyaṉ evidently the paṭṭaśāliṉ mentioned above. The Śaiva quarters Raṇajayappāḍi, Ekavīrappāḍi and Vāmanaśaṅkarappāḍi of Conjeevaram are also mentioned. Śōḻāniyamam seems to have been still another such quarter of Conjeeveram in which according to lines 89 to 93 the inhabitants were exempted from all taxes in consideration of their payment of fixed quantities of rice and oil to the temple of Ūragam. In this connexion it is also interesting to learn that this quarter of Śōḻāniyamam was at first inhabited by a class of people known as Tōḷāchcheviyar or Ēlākkaiyar. Tōlāchcheviyar literally means ‘those whose ears are not bored’ and Ēlākkaiyar ‘those whose hands would not accept gifts’. The first is perhaps the opposite of Karṇaprāvṛitas mentioned in a Tanjore inscription 2 and of Toḷḷaikkādar a term applied to the tribes of Maravaṉ, Kaḷḷaṉ, Śāṇāṉ, etc., according to Winslow's Tamil Dictionary. Two other chēris of Kachchippēḍu which we learn from the inscription were Tuṇḍuṇukkachchēri whose lands were watered by the two irrigation channels named respectively ‘the high-level sluice’ and ‘the low level-sluice’ and Vīrappāḍi. Whether these several quarters (pāḍi or chēri in Tamil and vāṭī or vāṭaka in Sanskrit) were suburban villages adjoining Conjeeveram or the different quarters of that city cannot be ascertained 3 Conjeeveram must have also been the seat of the king 4 whose palace is referred to in l. 13. The temple of Ūragam (Sanskrit Ūraka) at Kachchippēḍu is mentioned in the Nālāyiraprabandham and has been identified by Professor Hultzsch with the present Ulagaḷanda-Perumāḷ some of whose inscriptions mention the temple by that name. The Karikāla-teṟṟi hall which formed an important portion of the temple must have been so called after the ancient Chōḷa king Karikāla. The present temple of Ulagaḷanda-Perumāḷ which is in a badly neglected condition shows that the surrounding hall, if at all contemporaneous with the central shrine, must have been renovated in a much later period and could not represent the old Karikāla-teṟṟi.

Kōlnirai-kūli and kālaḷavu-kūli which were assigned to the temple of Ūragam (l. 15 f.) are explained in the Sanskrit portion (l. 4) as ‘tolls on (articles) measured by weight (tulā) and by capacity (prastha)’. The city had a strong guild of merchants (nagara l. 110, nagarattār l. 119, or mānagarattōm l. 120 f.) who apparently represented the city council with a chief person (mānagaramāḷvāṉ) at their head. The guild was given full liberty to supervise the proper management of the temple business, to appoint the watchman and clerks of the temple and to exempt these latter from payment of (municipal) taxes. An item of ⟨Page 269⟩ interesting information supplied by the record is that a Brāhmaṇa knowing the Vēdas was appointed for worship in the temple of Ūragam, only in case a man conversant with the Vaishṇava system of temple-worship (kōyil-nambu) 1 was not available. Vedic Brāhmaṇas as a rule do not appear to have had anything to do with temple-worship from early times. The details of expenditure recorded in the grant on account of the several festivals were audited by the Chief Merchant and the Annual-Supervision Committee and all difficulties in way of the proper conduct of the charities were to be removed by the Vaishnava devotees of the temple, in the 18 nāḍus.

The geographical names that occur in the inscription, viz., Kūram, Ariyar Perumbākkam, Uḻai-ūr and Oḻukkaipākkam, are all situated in the Chingleput district and are respectively identical with Kūram and Āriyaperumbakkam in the Conjeeveram taluk and Oḻaiyūr and Oḻukarai (?) in the Madurantakam taluk. Śikkal the native village of the officer Śōḻamūvēndavēḷāṉ is identical with Śikkil near Negapatam in the Tanjore district.

TEXT.

Plate Ia.

⟨1⟩ 2yati sma [||*] sa ca teṣāṁ yugmavaṁśapaṭṭaśālinānteṣveva karuvuḷānpāṭikaṁsahappā-

⟨2⟩ dyatimānappādyeṟṟuvaḻiccerītyākhyāteṣu vāṭakeṣu tathā taddhemaśatadvayannyadha-

⟨3⟩ tta3teṣvava vāṭakeṣvatimānappāṭikaruvuḷānpāṭītivāṭakadvayajātāṁstantuvā[y]ā-

⟨4⟩ ntasyaiva harestulāprasthādimānasambhūtepvarttheṣu hemavṛiddhyupanateṣvartthe[ṣu*]

⟨5⟩ cāyavyayālokināṁ śrīkāryyakṛitāmabhāvāt sa e[va*] rājā śrīkāryyakara-

⟨6⟩ ṇāya tāneva sva[ya*]nnyayuṅkta(ḥ) ||4dātavyammāsamātre kuḍubakasahitantaṇḍu-

⟨7⟩ laprasthayugmantailaprasthañca coḻāniyamanilayanairūrakasthatridhāmne [|*] nā-

⟨8⟩ deyaṁ rājabhāvyaṁ karamiti madhuronmāthinā śūnyabhāvāccoḷenājñāpitai-

⟨9⟩ stairatha nagarajanairapyanujñātametat ||4āyavyayāvathālikhya coḻāniyamavā-

⟨10⟩ sibhiḥ [|*] māsakrameṇa caikaikandarśanīyau kuḍumbibhiḥ [||*] rājavastrakṛitāmeṣāñcatu-

⟨11⟩ rvvāṭanivāsinām [|*] hareḥ kāryyaniyuktaiśca sārddhamūrakavāsinaḥ ||4 śrī koppara-

⟨12⟩ kecaripanmarāṉa śrīuttamacoḻadevarkku yāṇṭu patiṉāṟāvatu uṭai-

Plate Ib.

⟨13⟩ yār kaccippeṭṭu koyiliṉuḷaḷāl teṟkil cittiramaṇṭapatteḻun-

⟨14⟩ taruḷi irukka atikārikaḷ coḻamūventaveḷār emperumāṉ i[k*]kaccippeṭṭu

⟨15⟩ ūrakattu niṉṟaruḷiṉa devarkku ikkaccippeṭṭuk kolniṟaikūliyum kāla-

⟨16⟩ ḷavukūliyum ivarkku pokamāy varum maṟṟum ittevarkke kaccippeṭṭum tu-

⟨17⟩ ṇ[ṭu]ṇukkacceriyilum vilaikoṇṭuṭaiya bhūmiyum maṟṟum poli-

⟨18⟩ ūṭṭuḷḷaṉavum muṉpu ittevarkku nivantañceytilāmaiyi-

⟨19⟩ l nivantañ ceyyavum ikkaccippeṭṭu iraṇṭu ceri ittevaruṭai-

⟨20⟩ ya śrīkāriyaṅ kaṭaikkāṇavum aruḷicceyvateṉṟu viṇṇappañceyya [|*] i-

⟨21⟩ kkaccippeṭṭu ūrakattu niṉṟaruḷiṉa devarkku ivvūr kolniṟaikūliyum kālaḷa-

⟨22⟩ vukūliyum vilaikoṇṭuṭaiya bhūmikaḷum poliūṭṭuḷḷaṉavum nīy[e]y ni-

⟨23⟩ vantañceyavīyeṉṟum ivvūrkkampuḻāṉpāṭiyum atimāṉappāṭiyum i-

⟨24⟩ vviraṇṭu ceri[yu]m idevar śrīkāriyamā[r]āya[vu]m ipparicu nivan[ta*]ñ ceykave- ⟨Page 270⟩

⟨25⟩ ṉṟum aruḷicceyya [|*]atikāri cikkaruṭaiyāṉ nakkaṉ kaṇiccaṉāṉa co-

⟨26⟩ ḻamūventaveḷāṉ viṇṇappattāl nivantañ ceyvittapaṭi kālaḷa-

⟨27⟩ vukūliyum kolniṟaikūliyum idevar vilaikoṇṭuṭaiya nilaṅkaḷil

⟨28⟩ pokamum idevar poliūṭṭu śilālekhaippaṭi kopparakecaripanmaṟku

⟨29⟩ yāṇṭu irupattiraṇṭāvatu kūrattu sabhaiyārum ariyaṟperumpākkattu

⟨30⟩ sabhaiyārum koṇṭa poṉ iruṉūṟṟaimpatiṉ kaḻañciṉukku

⟨31⟩ taṅkaḷūr eṇṇāḻippoṟkālāl orāṭṭaināḷaikku aṭṭakka-

⟨32⟩ [ṭa*]va policai nellu aiññūṟṟuk kāṭiyum uḻaiyūr sabhaiyār śilā-

⟨33⟩ le[kh]aippaṭi koṇṭa poṉ aimpatiṉ kaḻañciṉāl orāṭṭaināḷai-

⟨34⟩ kku [a]ḷakka[ka*]ṭava policainellu ṉūṟṟaimpatiṉ kāṭiyum ko vi-

⟨35⟩ caiyakampapanmaṟku yāṇṭu oṉpatāvatu oḻukkai[p*]pākkattu sabhai-

⟨36⟩ yār śilālekhaippaṭi koṇṭukaṭava poṉ irupattunāṟkaḻañciṉāl orā-

Plate IIb.

⟨37⟩ ṭṭaināḷaikkiṭakkaṭava policaippoṉ kaḻañce nālumañcāṭiyum ni-

⟨38⟩ vantañ ceytapaṭi [|*] tiruvamirtu mūṉṟu santikku nel mukkuṟuṇi aṟunāḻiyu-

⟨39⟩ m kaṟiyamutu iraṇṭukku mūṉṟu santikku nel nāṉāḻiyum neyyaḻutu nicatam

⟨40⟩ uḻakkiṉukku nel aiññāḻiyum tayiramutu potu uriyāka mūṉṟu santikku [ta]-

⟨41⟩ yiramutu nāḻi urikku nel muṉṉāḻiyum aṭaikkāyamutu mūṉṟu santikku

⟨42⟩ nel muṉṉāḻiyum viṟakiṉukku nel iru nāḻiyum ārātikkum

⟨43⟩ vetabrāhmaṇaṉ oruvaṉukku nel patakkum ivaṉukku puṭavai mutal

⟨44⟩ orāṭṭaināḷaikku poṉ ai[ñ]kaḻañcum paricārakañ ceyyu māṇi oruvaṉukku

⟨45⟩ nel aṟunāḻiyum ivaṉukku puṭavaimutal orāṭṭaināḷaikku poṉ

⟨46⟩ kaḻañcum tirumeykāppāṉ oruvaṉukku nicata nel kuṟuṇiyum ivaṉu-

⟨47⟩ kku puṭavaimutal orāṭṭai nāḷaikku po[ṉ*]ṉirukaḻañcum nantaṉavaṉam uḻap-

⟨48⟩ pār iruvarkku nicata nel kuṟuṇi nāṉāḻiyum ivarkaḷukku puṭavaikku poṉ

Plate IIIa.

⟨49⟩ kaḻañcum caṅkirānti oṉṟiṉukku ācāryyapūcaṉai uṭpaṭa poṉ kaḻañceykālā-

⟨50⟩ ka caṅkirānti paṉṉiraṇṭiṉukku poṉ patiṉaiṅkaḻañcum tirumeyppūccu-

⟨51⟩ kkum tirupukaikkum tiṅkaḷ araikkāl poṉṉāka orāṭṭaināḷaikku

⟨52⟩ poṉ kaḻañcaraiyum tirunamaṉikai mūṉṟukku ōrāṭṭaināḷaikku po-

⟨53⟩ ṉ mukkālum tiruparicaṭṭam mūṉṟukku ōrāṭṭaināḷaikku poṉ kaḻañ-

⟨54⟩ cum ukaccakaḷ talaippaṟai oṉṟum mattaḷi iraṇṭum kaṟaṭikai oṉ-

⟨55⟩ ṟum tāḷam oṉṟum cekaṇṭikai oṉṟum kāḷam iraṇṭum kai-

⟨56⟩ maṇi oṉṟumāka āḷ oṉpatiṉukku puṭavaimutaluṭpaṭa uḻaiūr poli-

⟨57⟩ ūṭṭu nel ṉūṟṟaimpatiṉ kāṭiyum kaccippeṭṭu nakarattār pakkal vilaiko-

⟨58⟩ ṇṭuṭaiya nilattil cittiravallipperuñceṟuvāṉa paṭṭiyum tuṇṭu-

⟨59⟩ ṇukkacceriyil vilaikoṇṭuṭaiya nilattil meṭṭumatakāṟu pāñca

⟨60⟩ centaṟaippottaṉ nilattukku vaṭakkil taṭi muṉṟum 1 kāṭāṭikuṇ-

Plate IIIb.

⟨61⟩ ṭiliṉ vaṭakkil ceṟuvu voṉṟum paḷḷamatakāṟu p[ā]ñca nilattuḷ

⟨62⟩ koṉeriyār pokattil vaṭakkil kuṇṭilumāka taṭi aiñciṉāl pa-

⟨63⟩ ṭṭi nilamumāka innilam iraṇṭupaṭṭiyum ippoliyūṭṭu nel ṉūṟ-

⟨64⟩ ṟaimpatiṉ kāṭiyum uvaccarkaḷ oṉpatiṉmarkku nivantamākavum tirume-

⟨65⟩ ḻukkiṭuvārkku nicata nel muṉṉāḻiyum karikālateṟṟiyil iruvar deva[r]k-

⟨66⟩ ku muṉṟu1 santikku nicatamariciyaṟunāḻiyāka nicatamarici kuṟuṇi nā-

⟨67⟩ ṉāḻikku nel mukkuṟuṇi aṟunāḻiyum kaṟiyamutu muṉṟu1 santi-

⟨68⟩ kku nel nāṉāḻiyum viṟakukku nel muṉṉāḻiyum muṉṟu1 santikku ney[ya*]-

⟨69⟩ mutu uḻakkiṉukku nel [ai*]ññāḻiyum iruvar devarkkum tirunontāviḷakki-

⟨70⟩ raṇṭiṉukku ne[y*]yurikku nel kuṟuṇi nāṉāḻiyum tirumeyppūccukkum

⟨71⟩ tirupukai[k*]kum tiṅkaḷ mañcāṭippoṉṉāka orāṭṭaināḷaikku poṉ paṉ-

⟨72⟩ ṉiraṇṭu mañcāṭiyum ivviruvar devarkkum nivandhamākavum [|*] kopparakecaripa- ⟨Page 271⟩

Plate IVa.

⟨73⟩ nmaṟku yāṇṭu patiṉāṟāvatu kaccippe[ṭ]ṭu ūrakattu niṉṟaruḷiṉa devarpakkal i-

⟨74⟩ vvūr kampuḻāṉpāṭiyār koṇṭa poṉ eḻupattumukkaḻañcaraiyum a-

⟨75⟩ timāṉappāṭiyār koṇṭa poṉ eḻupattumukkaḻañcaraiyum kañ[ca*]ka-

⟨76⟩ ppāṭiyār koṇṭa poṉ muppattaiṅkaḻañcum eṟṟuvaḻicceriyār

⟨77⟩ koṇṭa poṉ patiṉeṇkaḻañcum ākap poṉ irunūṟṟukkaḻañ-

⟨78⟩ ciṉukku kaḻañciṉvāy piḷavu policaiyāka orāṭṭainā-

⟨79⟩ ḷaikku vanta policaippoṉ muppatiṉ kaḻañcu ippo-

⟨80⟩ ṉ muppatiṉ kaḻañcum idevar cittiraitiruviḻāvukku nivantañceyta-

⟨81⟩ paṭi tiruviḻā eḻunāḷaikkum eṇṇaikku pon eḻu kaḻañcum eḻunāḷaikku nā-

⟨82⟩ ṟupūvum nāṟucāntukkum poṉ irukaḻañcum eḻunāḷum koṭṭi cey-

⟨83⟩ yum devaraṭiyarkku koṟṟukkum pūcaṉaikkumāka poṉ aiṅkaḻañcum eḻu-

⟨84⟩ nāḷum brāhmaṇabhojaṉattukku aṉṟāṭa+kattāl 1 neṟkoṇṭu

Plate IVb.

⟨85⟩ ūṭṭuvatāṉa poṉ patiṉ(k) kaḻañcum devar paḷḷiccivikai kāvuñcivi-

⟨86⟩ kaiyārkkum ciṟappuvanta uvaccarkkum eḻunāḷaikku poṉ kaḻañcum

⟨87⟩ kaṇṭaḻivu poṉ aiṅkaḻañcu[m*] ākap poṉ ner[|*] tiruviḻāvukku viḷakku pi

⟨88⟩ ṭippārum koṭi eṭuppārum kampuḻāṉpāṭiyārum atimāṉappāṭiyārum

⟨89⟩ eṟṟuvaḻicceriyārum kañcakappāṭiyārum [|*] idevar ceriyāṉa coḻāniya-

⟨90⟩ mattu muṉpuḷḷa toḷācceviyarāṉa elākkaiyar eccaṟṟamai-

⟨91⟩ yil ivvelākkaiyyar pūrvvamarjjāti iṟai iṟukka[k*]kaṭavarallāmai-

⟨92⟩ yil iccerikku puṟattuniṉṟu vanteṟiṉa kuṭikaḷai maṉaiyāl tiṅkaḷ nāḻi

⟨93⟩ uḻakkeṇṇaiyum irunāḻi arici[yu*]m idevarkke yiṟaiyāka koṇṭu maṟṟu inna-

⟨94⟩ karañcuṭṭiṉa iṟai eppeṟpaṭṭatum koḷḷātitākavum ivarkaḷai itaṉṟi maṟ-

⟨95⟩ ṟu iṟai kāṭṭiṉār keṅkai iṭaikumari iṭai ceytār ceyta pāvaṅ koḷva-

⟨96⟩ tākavum eṉṟu ipparicu matiraiyum īḻamuṅkoṇṭa śrīparakecaripanmaṟku

Plate Va.

⟨97⟩ yāṇṭu patiṉeṭ[ṭ]āvatu ikkaccippeṭṭu nakarattār ceyta vyavasthaipaṭiyey [i]

⟨98⟩ devarum ivakkaḷai 2 i[v*]viṟaiyeya koḷvatākavum icceriyār idevarkku

⟨99⟩ kaṇakku iṭuvatākavum ivaṉukku idevar paṇṭāratte nicatam kuṟuṇi nellum

⟨100⟩ āṇṭuvarai irukaḻañcu poṉ iṭuvatākavum ivvūr iraṇajayappāṭi ekavirap

⟨101⟩ pāṭi vāmaṉacaṅkarappāṭiyumāka mūṉṟu cericcaṅkarappāṭiyārum koṇṭa poṉ

⟨102⟩ irupatiṉ kaḻañciṉāl muṉpu niṉṟa ceriyāre kaṭava nontāviḷakkon-

⟨103⟩ ṟum coḻ[ā*]niyamattāraṭṭum eṇṇai santiviḷakkerippatākavum iṟa-

⟨104⟩ ṇṭu śrīkoyiluḷ tevarkaḷai uttaramayanasaṅgrāntiyum cittiraiviṣuvum sna-

⟨105⟩ paṉamāṭṭuvataṟkum tiruviḻāviṟku viḷakku piṭippāṟkum koṭi eṭukkumāḷuk-

⟨106⟩ kum tirumuṟṟam pukunta paruṣaināyaṉmāṟku arici 3tuṇiyum koṣṭi ceytāṉu-

⟨107⟩ kku arici 3tuṇippatakkum pūjaṉaippoṉ araikkaḻañcum maṟṟum śrīkoyiluḷ

⟨108⟩ kuṟaivuḷḷaṉa nivantam pārāte kaṇṭḻivile ceyvatākavum ittevar śrīk[ā]-

Plate Vb.

⟨109⟩ ryyam iṭaiyūṟuḷḷaṉa patiṉeṭṭunāṭaṭiyārumē kaṭaikkaṇṭu 4tirantukuṭup[pā]-

⟨110⟩ rākavum iññakarattu nakaramāḷvāṉum āṭṭaivāriyarum eṟṟuvaḻicceriyārum

⟨111⟩ kañcakappāṭiyārum ittevar vicam aḻintatu āṇṭutoṟum tiruviḻāc ceyta-

⟨112⟩ vaḷave kaṇakku kāṇpatākavum iccuṭṭappaṭṭa iraṇṭu ceriyārume tevarpaṇ-

⟨113⟩ ṭārattu vaitta nivantaṅ koṇṭu tirume[y*]kāppu iṭuvatākavum ittevar śrīkāryya-

⟨114⟩ m kaṭaikkāṇpāraiyum tirumeykāppāṉaiyum kaṇakkeḻutuvāṉai-

⟨115⟩ yum nakarame javasthaiceytu iṟaikoḷḷappeṟātatākavum śrīkoyi-

⟨116⟩ lukku śrīkoyil nampā[y] nirampiṉāraip piṟātuviṭil 5 vetamva[l*]la brā- ⟨Page 272⟩

⟨117⟩ hmaṇaṉaiye ārātikka iṭuvatākavum ipparicu atikārañceyvāreva aṟai[ō]-

⟨118⟩ lai ceyteṉ iññaka[ra*]ttir virappāṭi madhyastaṉ nāṟpa[ta*]te[ṇ*]ṇāyiramaṅkalātitta-

⟨119⟩ neṉ eḻuttu [|*] ikkaccippeṭṭu nakarattārpakkal vilaikoṇṭa nilam oloka-

⟨120⟩ mārāyapperuñceṟuvil kiḻakkil meṟ mikutikkuṟaivu uṭpaṭa viṟṟukkuṭuttom mā-

⟨121⟩ ṉakarattom [|*] inta śāsanam eḻuttu veṭṭiṉa aṟantāṅki pormikaviraṉā1

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) • • • • • and he likewise invested (for interest) these two hundred pieces of gold in those same quarters (vāṭaka) called Karuvuḷāṉpāṭi, Kaṁsahappāṭi, Atimāṉappāṭi and Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri of those paṭṭasālins of the two families. There being no managers (śrīkāryakṛit) to supervise the receipts and expenses of that same (temple of) Hari (i.e., Vishṇu),—of the income arising out of the interest on gold (invested) and the tolls on (things) measured by weight, capacity, etc., that same king himself appointed for doing the work of (temple) management (śrīkārya) those same weavers born in the two quarters, viz., Atimāṉappāṭi and Karuvuḻāṉpāṭi of those same (four) quarters.

(L. 6.) The Chōḷa (king) who was the destroyer of Madhurā (i.e., Uttama-Chōḷa Madhurāntaka) commanded that the residents of Śōḻāniyamam must give per month two prasthas and one kuḍubaka of rice and (one) prastha of oil to (the god) Tridhāmam (Vishṇu) standing in (the temple of) Ūraka and that no taxes which may be levied by the king be collected (from these) in consideration of (their) poverty. Thereupon the city-magnates also authorized this. Consequently the house-holders residing in Śōḻāniyamam together with the managers of (the temple of) Hari whose abode is in Ūraka, must write out in turn one after another the (accounts of) income and expenditure and show (them) every month to these weavers of royal garments living in the four quarters (mentioned above).

(L. 11.) In the sixteenth year (of the reign) of the glorious king Parakēsarivarman alias the illustrious Uttama-Chōḷadēva, when (this) lord was pleased to remain in the (hall called) Chitra-maṇḍapa on the southern side within (his) palace 2 at Kachchippēḍu, the officer (adhikāri). Śōḻamūvēndavēḷār seeing that no provision for expenses (nibandam) was previously made for this god, made the request that the king (emberumāṉ) may be pleased to order that the kōlniṟai-kūli and kālaḷavu-kūli of this Kachchippēḍu together with the proceeds in the enjoyment of this (god) from the lands purchased for this same god in Kachchippēḍu and Tuṇḍuṇukkachchēri and other (income) derived by interest (poliyūṭṭu), (may be used) to provide for the nibandam of the god who is pleased to stand in (the temple of) Ūragam 3 at this Kachchippēḍu and that the two chēris of this Kachchippēḍu may manage the business (śrīkārya) of this god.

(L. 21.) (The king) was pleased to order (as follows):—“You shall yourself have the (necessary) provision made for the nibandam of the god who is pleased to stand in (the temple ⟨Page 273⟩ of) Ūragam at this Kachchippēḍu, (from) the kōlniṟai-kūli and kālaḷavu-kūli of this village, (from) the lands acquired (by the temple) by purchase and (from) the income derived by interest. The two chēris of this village, viz., Kambuḻāṉpāḍi and Atimāṉappāḍi, shall manage the business of this god. In this way shall you carry out the nibandam.”

(L. 25.) (Thus) at the request of the officer Nakkaṉ Kaṇichchaṉ alias Śōḻa-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Śikkal, the nibandam, which was caused to be made (from) the kālaḷavu-kūli, and the kōlniṟai-kūli; from the income from the lands purchased by this god; from the five hundred kāḍi of paddy which (being the income) as interest of this god according to the investment deed (engraved) on stone in the 22nd year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman was measured out by (the measure called) eṇṇāḻippoṟkāl of their village for one year, (as interest) on the 250 kaḻañju of gold deposited with the members of the assemblies of Kūram and Ariyar Perumbākkam; from the one hundred and fifty kāḍi of paddy which was measured out as interest for one year on fifty kaḻañju of gold received by the members of the assembly of Uḻaiyūr (in the same year of the same king) according to the deed (engraved) on stone; and from one kaḻañju and four mañjāḍi of gold which was paid as interest, for one year, on the twenty-four kaḻañju of gold received by the members of the assembly of Oḻukkaipākkam, according to the deed (engraved) on stone in the 9th year of (the reign of) king Vijaya Kampavarman, was thus organised.

(L. 38.) Three kuṟuṇi and six nāḻi of paddy for sacred offerings (to be given) at the three junctures (sandhi) (of the day); four nāḻi of paddy for two vegetable offerings (to be given) at the three junctures (of the day); five nāḻi of paddy for (one) uḻakku of the daily ghee offering; three nāḻi of paddy for (one) nāḻi and (one) uri of curd which was (to be offered) at the three junctures (of the day) at the rate of one uri of curd each time; three nāḻi of paddy for areca-nut offering at the three junctures; two nāḻi of paddy for firewood; one padakku of paddy for one Brāhmaṇa who knows the Vēdas and performs worship; five kaḻañju of gold (given) to this man as cloth money (puḍavai-mudal) for the period of one year; six nāḻi of paddy for one māṇi who does service (in the temple); one kaḻañju of gold (given) to this man as cloth money (puḍavai-mudal) for the period of one year; one kuṟuṇi of paddy daily for one man who watches the sacred images (of the temple); two kaḻañju of gold (given) to this man as cloth money (puḍavai-mudal) for the period of one year; one kuṛuṇi and four nāḻi of paddy per day for two persons who work in the flower garden; (one) kaḻañju of gold (given) to these for cloth 1; fifteen kaḻañju of gold for the twelve Saṁkrāntis at the rate of (one) kaḻañju and a quarter of gold for each Saṁkrānti, including the priests’ honorarium (āchārya-pūjaṉai); (one) kaḻañju and a half of gold for a period of one year for (sandal-paste) rubbed over the sacred body (of the god) and sacred smoke (incense), at the rate of one-eighth poṉ per month; three-quarters of a poṉ for the period of one year for three sacred baths (namanigai); (one) kaḻañju of gold for the period of one year for three sacred cloths. One hundred and fifty kāḍi of paddy (which is the income) by interest (measured out) by Uḻai-ūr (were assigned) inclusive of cloth money to nine persons of musicians (ugachchagal), viz., one (who beats) the talaipparai, two drummers (mattaḷi), one (who beats) the karaḍigai, one (who strikes) the tāḷam, one (who beats) the śegaṇḍigai, two (who blow) the trumpets and one (who sounds) the hand-bell (kai-maṇi). One paṭṭi (of land) called ⟨Page 274⟩ Śittiravallipperuñjeru (included) in the lands purchased from the merchants (nagarattār) of Kachchippēḍu and (one) paṭṭi of land of five taḍis, consisting of three taḍis (included) in the land purchased at Tuṇḍuṇukkachchēri which lies to the north of the land of Śendaraippottaṉ and is irrigated by the channel which flows from the high level sluice, of one śeruvu to the north of the (field) Kāḍāḍi-kuṇḍil and of (one) kuṇḍil to the north of (the land which is in the) enjoyment of Kōṉēriyār and is (included) in the lands irrigated by the channel which flows from the low-level sluice,—in all, these two paṭṭis of land and the above-mentioned one hundred and fifty kāḍis of interest-paddy shall provide the expenses (nibanda) on account of the nine persons who form the musical troupe. Three nāḻi of paddy (were provided) daily to those who smear (the temple) with cow dung. Also (the following) are to be the expenses (nibanda) of the two gods mentioned below:— three kuṟuṇi and six nāḻi of paddy on account of the two gods in the sculptured hall of Karikāla (Karikāla-teṟṟi), at six nāḻi of rice (and) one (kuṟuṇi) and four nāḻi of rice (to be offered respectively) at the three junctures daily (of the day) to (each of) these two gods; four nāḻi of paddy for vegetable offerings (to be given) at the three junctures (of the day); three nāḻi of paddy for firewood; five nāḻi of paddy for (one) uḻakku of ghee-offering (required) at the three junctures (of the day); one kuṟuṇi and four nāḻi of paddy for (one) uri of ghee (required) for two sacred perpetual lamps to the two gods; twelve mañjāḍi of gold for (sandal paste) rubbed over the sacred body (of the images) and for the sacred smoke (incense) for the period of one year at the rate of (one) mañjāḍi of gold per month.

(L. 72.) In the 16th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, from the god who was pleased to stand (in the temple) of Ūragam at Kachchippēḍu, the residents of Kambuḻāṉpāḍi (a quarter) of this village, received 73 kaḻañju and a half of gold; the residents of (the quarter) Kañjagappāḍi received 35 kaḻañju of gold and the residents of (the quarter) Eṟṟuvaḻichchēri received 18 kaḻañju of gold. (Thus) for the total gold of 200 kaḻañju, the interest which accrues for the period of one year at the rate of one piḷavu 1 on each kaḻañju (for a month), was thirty kaḻañju of gold. These thirty kaḻañju of gold were used in providing for the expenses (nibanda) of the Śittirai-tiruviḻā (festival) of this god in the following manner:—7 kaḻañju of gold for oil (required) for the seven days of the festival, 2 kaḻañju of gold for sweet-smelling flowers and scented sandalpaste on (these) seven days; 5 kaḻañju of gold for food and presents to the devotees who form the koṭṭi (gōshṭhī) 2 during (these) seven days; 10 kaḻañju of gold for the food of the Brāhmaṇas during (these) seven days by purchasing paddy • • • 3 and feeding (them); (one) kaḻañju of gold for the palanquin-bearers who carry the palanquin of the bedchamber of the god and for the musicians invited for the seven days of the festival; and 5 kaḻañju of gold for miscellaneous expenses. Thus the gold being equal (to the expenses specified), the lamp-bearers and flag-hoisters for the festival (shall be) the residents of Kambuḻāṉpāḍi, Atimāṉappāḍi, Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri and Kañjagappāḍi. ⟨Page 275⟩

(L. 89.) Whereas Toḷāchcheviyar alias Ēlākkaiyar, the former residents of Śōḻāniyamam, a chēri (quarter) of this god, have decreased in numbers and these Ēlākkaiyar are unable to pay taxes as per old custom, the inhabitants who come from outside this chēri and settle (in it) (shall) give (one) nāḻi and (one) uḻakku of oil and two nāḻi of rice per house per month as tax (payable) only to this god, and shall not pay any other taxes fixed by the town magnates. Those who show (in the books) against them any taxes other than the said (taxes) shall incur the sin committed by the people who commit (sin) between Gaṅgā (the Ganges) and Kumari (Cape Comorin).

(L. 96.) Thus this god shall receive these taxes from these inhabitants in the manner described above, according to the very settlement (vyavasthai) made by the merchants of this Kachchippēḍu in the eighteenth year of (the reign of) the glorious Parakēsarivarman who took Madirai (Madura) and Īḻam (Ceylon). The accounts of this god shall be maintained by (one of) the inhabitants of this chēri and he shall be paid from the treasury of this god (one) kuṟuṇi of paddy per day and two kaḻañju of gold per year.

(L. 100.) The Śaṅkarappāḍiyāṟ 1 of the three quarters, viz., Raṇajayappāḍi, Ēkavīrappāḍi and Vāmana-Śaṅkarappāḍi of this village having received twenty kaḻañju of gold shall burn one perpetual lamp which these inhabitants of the above-mentioned quarters have agreed (to do) and an evening lamp from the oil supplied by the inhabitants of Śōḻāniyamam.

(L. 103.) For bathing the gods in the two sacred temples (śrīkōyil) (on the occasion of) Uttaramayana (Uttarāyaṇa)-Saṁkrānti and Śittirai-Vishu, for the lamp bearers and the man who hoists the flag during (these) festivals and for the chiefs of the assembly (parushai) who enter the sacred court (of the temple, to supervise), one tūṇi of rice (has been provided); for one who organises the gōshṭhi 2, (one) tūṇi and (one) padakku of rice; and half a kaḻañju of gold as honorarium (for the same). Other items (of expense) in the sacred temple which are omitted (to be mentioned) shall be met from miscellaneous expenditure, without taking note of the provision (nibanda) (made above).

(L. 108.) The (Śrīvaishṇava) devotees of the 18 nāḍu shall alone supervise and set right all obstructions to the management of the (temple) business of these gods. The Chief Merchant (nagaram-āḻvāṉ) of this guild (nagara), (the members of the) Annual Supervision Committee (āṭṭai-vāriyar), the residents of Ēṟṟuvaḻichchēri and Kañjagappāḍi, shall, every year, look into the accounts of the expenses (incurred) on (viśam 3) these gods, soon after the festivals are celebrated. The residents of the above-mentioned two chēris alone shall provide for the watch of the sacred images as per the settlement (nibandam) deposited in the treasury of the gods.

(L. 113.) The mercantile guild shall itself choose the superintendent of the sacred business (in the temple) of these gods, the watchman of the sacred images and the accountant and shall not receive (any) taxes (from them). If persons fully knowing the (duties of) worship in sacred temples are not obtainable for (this) sacred temple, a Brāhmaṇa versed in the Vēdas shall alone be appointed to perform the worship.

(L. 117.) Thus at the command of the officers, I, Nāṟpatteṇṇāyira Maṅgalādittaṉ, an arbitrator (madhyastha) of Vīrappāḍi of this city, executed (i.e., wrote) this document (aṟai-ōlai) by order. (This is) my writing. We (the members) of the great ⟨Page 276⟩ guild of merchants sold with excess and deficiency (in measurement), the land (lying) east to west 1 in the (field) Lōkamārāyapperuñjeru (which we had) purchased from the citizens of this Kachchippēḍu. Arantāṅgi Pōrmugavīraṉ• • who engraved the letters of this charter (śāsanam). • • • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0129⟩ No. 129.—ON THE WEST AND SOUTH WALLS OF THE NAGESVARASVAMIN TEMPLE AT KUMBAKONAM. 2

This inscription is dated in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers the gift of a lamp to the temple of Tirukkīḷ-kōṭṭam at Tirukkuḍamūkkil (i.e., the Nāgēsvara temple at Kumbhakōṇam). The astronomical details given in the record were verified by Diwan Bahadur L. D. Swamikkannu Pillai and found to be correct for Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa, the uncle of Rājarāja I. The date corresponds to Thursday, the 22nd April A. D. 975 3.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ kopparakeśaripatmaṟkku yāṇṭu 4 āvatu vaṭakaraippā-

⟨2⟩ mpūrnāṭṭut tevatānam • • • • •

⟨3⟩ meṣanāyaṟṟu viyāḻakkiḻamaiyum navamiyum peṟṟa makattaṉṟu tirukkuṭamukkil mulaparuṭaip perumakkaḷom

⟨4⟩ aṟivāḷaṉaḻittā • • • kaṇkaṇṭā • • • ykkoḷaril kāri koḻampaṇai 4ccārttit tirukkiḻkkoṭṭattu paramasvāmikku vaiytta tirunontāviḷakku oṉṟiṉukku • • • • • viṟṟukkuṭutta nilamāvatu 5

TRANSLATION.

In the 4th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, on the day of Makhā which corresponded to a Thursday and to the ninth tithi of the month of Mēsha, we the great men of the chief assembly (mūlaparuḍai) of Tirukkuḍamūkkil• • • which was a dēvadāna in Pāmbūr-nāḍu on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī), sold the following land • • • on account of one sacred perpetual lamp which was placed for the great god (paramasvāmin) at Tirukkīḻ-kōṭṭam on behalf of Kāri Koḻambaṉ, one of the [Kai]kkōḷas• • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0130⟩ No. 130.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE UMAMAHESVARA TEMPLE AT KONERIRAJAPURAM. 6

This inscription is dated in the 6th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. It registers the grant of a land for a lamp to the temple of Ādityēśvaram-uḍaiya-Mahādēva at Tirunallam.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [svasti śrī] [||*] [u]ttamaco[ḻarāṉa k]opparakesa[ripa]rmmarkku yāṇṭāṟāvatu 7 tirunallattu ādityeśvaramuṭaiya mahādevarkku eḻi[ṉū]rkiḻavaṉ • • ṉṉā • • • candrādityavat oru nontāviḷakkeriya karanikariṭai yāṉ 8 de[vaṉay]koṇṭu itaṟku de- ⟨Page 277⟩

⟨2⟩ vabhūmi[yiley ni]kkiṉa nilam miṭurp pālāciriyaṉ kuḷavampantal nilattukku meṟkum teṉpāṟkellai ṛiṣabhavāhana[vā]ykkālukku vaṭakkum [melpāṟkellai pā]lāciriyaṉ cāttaṉ kāriyum tampiyum nilattukkum [ūr]vāykkā[lu]kkum kiḻakkum vaṭa-

⟨3⟩ pā[ṟ]kellai i[va][r*][kaḷ] nilattukke[y] teṟ[ku]māṉa nilam kāleyaraimāmuntirikaikkiḻmukkāleyaraikkāṇiyaraikkāṇi [i]nnilam [candr]ādityavat oru [nontāviḷakkeriya] nikkittu itu panmāheśvararakṣai ivvi[ḷakku] ivaṉ vaitta[tu] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 6th year of (the reign of) Uttama-Chōḷa alias king Parakēsarivarman, the headman of Eḻiṉūr• • • for burning one perpetual lamp, as long as the moon and the sun (endure), to (the temple of) Ādityēśvaramuḍaiya-Mahādēva at Tirunallam. (The boundaries of) the land which I, on behalf of Dēvaṉ 1 in presence of the ‘Karaṇikas,’ (set apart) for this (purpose) and excluded from the lands of the god (are as follow):—(The eastern boundary is) to the west of the land (called) Kuḷavampandal (belonging to) Pālāśiriyaṉ of Mīḍūr; the southern boundary is to the north of (the channel called) Ṛishabhavāhana-vāykkāl; the western boundary is to the east of the land (belonging to) Pālāśiriyaṉ Śāttaṉ Kāri and (his) younger brother and to the channel of the village; the northern boundary is to the south of the land (belonging to) these same (persons).

(L. 3.) (The total extent of) the land thus (described) (viz.,) (one) quarter, one-fortieth, one three-hundred and twentieth and 1/320 of three-fourths, one hundred and sixtieth and one hundred and sixtieth 2. This land was excluded (being set apart) for burning one perpetual lamp as long as the moon and the sun (endure). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity). This lamp was given by this person.

⟨SIIv03p0i0131⟩ No. 131.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE NAGESVARASVAMIN TEMPLE AT KUMBAKONAM. 3

This is another record of Parakēsarivarman which supplies the astronomical details of week-day, month and nakshatra and enables us to fix the exact date of the record. Diwan Bahadur Swamikkannu Pillai has calculated and found the details to be correct for the eighth year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa who ascended the throne in A.D. 969-70. The date corresponds to Thursday, the 30th January A.D. 979. 4 Uḍaiyār-Gaṇḍarādittatteriñja-Kaikkōḷar 5 must have been the name of a regiment called after king Gaṇḍarāditya, the father of Uttama-Chōḷa.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ [sva]sti [śrī] [||*] ko[ppara]-

⟨2⟩ kecari[ panma] ṟkki[yā]-

⟨3⟩ ṇṭu 8 eṭṭāvatu i-

⟨4⟩ vvāṇṭu vaṭakaraipp[ā]-

⟨5⟩ mpūrnāṭṭut tevat[ā]- ⟨Page 278⟩

⟨6⟩ ṉa[m*] tiru[k*]kuṭamukkil tiruk-

⟨7⟩ kiḻkkoṭṭattil [pa]-

⟨8⟩ ramasvāmikku ivvāṭṭaiy kum-

⟨9⟩ panāyaṟṟil viyāḻakkiḻamai pe-

⟨10⟩ ṟṟa a[viṭṭa]ttin nāṉṟu uṭaiyā-

⟨11⟩ r • • • • • 1ñca kaikko-

⟨12⟩ ḷa[rai] • • • • taṉ picca(ṉ)ṉāṉa -

⟨13⟩ • • yaṅku • • • araiyaṉ

⟨14⟩ vac[ca] ti[ruṉon]tā[vi]ḷakku 1 oṉ-

⟨15⟩ ṟukku • • • • [t]16 ivay 2-

⟨16⟩ koṇṭu • • • • • tevaṉpuṟam

⟨17⟩ • • ā • • • • ṟāṭi mātevaṉ

⟨18⟩ kāri [a]ṭṭakaṭa[va] ne • • • iva-

⟨19⟩ • • • viḷakkum ca • • •

⟨20⟩ • • • itu pa[nmā]heśvararakṣai [||*]

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 8th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman —in this year—on the day of Aviṭṭa (Śravishṭhā) which corresponded to a Thursday in the month of Kumbha of this year, • • • taṉ Pichchaṉ alias • • • araiyaṉ • • • • Uḍaiyār [Gaṇḍarādittateri]ñja-Kaikkōḷa • • • gave 96 • • for one perpetual sacred lamp to (the temple of) the god (paramasvāmin) of Tirukkīḻkōṭṭam at Tirukkuḍamūkkil which was a dēvadāna of Pāmbūr-nāḍu on the northern bank (of the Kāvērī). Having received these, the [shepherd] Mādēvaṉ Kāri • • • Dēvaṉpuṟam, shall measure out • • ghee • • lamp also. This is placed under the protection of (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras.

⟨SIIv03p0i0132⟩ No. 132.—ON THE NORTH BASE OF THE SECOND PILLAR IN THE ROCK-CUT CAVE IN THE PUNDARIKAKSHA-PERUMAL TEMPLE AT TIRUVELLARAI. 3

This unfinished inscription is dated in the 8th year of Parakēsarivarman and registers a gift of [2]0 kaḻañju of gold for offerings to the god Kṛishṇa and his consort Rukmiṇī. The donor was Īrāyiraṉdēvi-Ammaṉār, the wife of ‘the lord who died on the back of an elephant’.

This is the earliest reference in South-Indian Inscriptions to the worship of Kṛishṇa and Rukmiṇī. By the clause ‘the lord who died on the back of an elephant’ we have probably to understand Prince Rājāditya who, in the large Leyden grant, is stated to have met with his death on the back of an elephant in an encounter with Kṛishṇarāja (i.e., the Rāshṭrakūṭa king Kṛishṇa III.) 4 King Parakēsarivarman must, therefore, be identified with either Madhurāntaka Uttama-Chōḷa or with Āditya-Karikāla II.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakesaripanmaṟkku yāṇṭu 8 āvatu tiruveḷḷaṟai periyaśrī-

⟨2⟩ koyilil śrīkṛiūṣṇarkkum śrīrukmiṇippi 5rāṭṭiyārkkum uṭaiyār āṉaimeṟṟu-

⟨3⟩ ñciṉār deviyār 6 irāyiraṉṟeviyammaṉār kuṭuttapaṭi eḻutiyatu śrīkṛiūṣṇarkku ⟨Page 279⟩

⟨4⟩ iraṇṭu vāvum aṣṭamiyum1 saṅgrāntiyum innāḷ[ḷoṉṟaikku] nāṉāḻi nāṉāḻi 2 arici-

⟨5⟩ [y]āl amu[tu*]paṭimmutu 3 ceyvikka vaitta poṉ tiruveḷḷaṟaikallā[l*] mutala-

⟨6⟩ • • • rupatiṉ kaḻañcum viḷakkoṉṟukku vaitta poṉ tiruveḷḷaṟaikallāl 4

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 8th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, (the following) was engraved (i.e., recorded) as the gift (made) by Īrāyiraṉdēvi-Ammaṉār, the consort of ‘the lord who died on the back of an elephant’ (Uḍaiyār Āṉaimēṟṟuñjiṉār) to the glorious (god) Kṛishṇa and the glorious goddess Rukmiṇī in the sacred big temple (periya-śrīkōyil) at Tiruveḷḷaṟai. [Twenty] kaḻañju of gold (weighed) by the stone (called after) Tiruveḷḷaṟai, were deposited for offering food prepared from four nāḻi of rice to the glorious (god) Kṛishṇa on each one of the (following) days (viz.,) the two vāvu (?), Ashṭami (eighth tithi) and Saṅkrānti. And for one lamp, was deposited • • gold (weighed) by the stone (called after) Tiruveḷḷaṟai.

⟨SIIv03p0i0133⟩ No. 133.—ON THE WEST WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE ADIMULESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUPPALATTURAI. 5

The inscription is dated in the 8th year of Parakēsarivarman and refers to the re-engraving of tain documents of land-gifts made in the 18th and 20th years of the reign of Parāntaka I. The original documents, which had been engraved on the steps (paḍikaṭṭu) of the old central shrine of the temple of Tiruppāttuṟai had become weather-worn and it is stated that the assembly of Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam ordered their restoration.

Among the boundaries of the lands granted are mentioned Vīraśrī-Kāmugavadi, Ādichcha-vāykkāl, Kōdaṇḍarāmavadi and Uttamaśīli-vāykkāl already referred to in the other inscriptions from Tiruppalāttuṟai.

The ruling king Parakēsarivarman must be identified with one of the three kings, viz., Ariñjaya, Āditya-Karikāla II. or Uttama-Chōḷa Madhurāntaka who bore that epithet, and ruled between Madiraikoṇḍa Parāntaka I. and Rājarāja I. I am inclined to think that the reference is probably to the last.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakesaripanma[r*]kku [y]āṇṭu 8 ā[va]tu ten-

⟨2⟩ karai brahmadeyam śrīuttamaciliccaturvvetimaṅka[la]ttup pe-

⟨3⟩ ruṅkuṟisabhaiyom ittiruppāttuṟai mahādevabhaṭṭā-

⟨4⟩ rakar paḻaiya śrīvimānattup pa[ṭi]k[ka]ṭṭil veṭṭina eḻuttuppaṭi c[o]rtta-

⟨5⟩ paṭi ivvā[ ṇṭu6 ślā] lekhai ceyta paricā[va]tu matiraikoṇṭa [k]opparake[sa]-

⟨6⟩ riparmma[r*]kku yāṇṭu 18 āvatu ivvūr uṭkuṟai vīraśrīkāmuka[va]tikku meṟ-

⟨7⟩ kku āticcavāykkālukku vaṭakkukiḻakkuniṉṟum nālāṅ ka[ṇ*]ṇāṟ[ṟu]m añcā-

⟨8⟩ • • • • • ⟨Page 280⟩

⟨9⟩ • • • • iṟai i[ḻi]ccu it[teva]tāna[mākakkuṭutta nilam] • • n[ni]lamum

⟨10⟩ ivvatikke me[r*]kku pālaivā[y*]niroṭukālukku vaṭakku kotaṇṭarāmavati[kku] vaṭakkunokkina cer-

⟨11⟩ (v)vaikkuk kiḻakku āṟṟi[l*] niroṭukālukkut teṟkukiḻakkuniṉṟum 2 kaṇṇāṟṟu me-

⟨12⟩ ṟkkaṭaiya pātiyum 3 ka[ṇ*]ṇāṟum 4 ka[ṇ*]ṇāṟum 5 ka[ṇ*]ṇāṟumāka naṭuvupaṭṭa nilamum ūriniṉ-

⟨13⟩ ṟu vaṭakkunokkippona m[e]lai vaḻikku mekku uttamacilivā[y*]kkālukku

⟨14⟩ vaṭa[k]kut teṟkuniṉṟu muta[ṟca]tirattu vaṭakkiṭaiya muṭapuṟattu akkiśarmma-

⟨15⟩ kra[ma]vitta[n] pakkal vi[laik]oṇṭu muḷarikuṭikiḻavan kumaraṉ coḻappe-

⟨16⟩ raiyan iṟaiyiḻiccu cantrātit[ta]vaṟ iravum pakalum eriya iraṇṭu nontāviḷakki-

⟨17⟩ nukkāka vaicca nilam orumāvum yāṇṭu 20 āvatu tirumiḻalaikka[mu]tuvanila-

⟨18⟩ nārāyaṇan [vilaikoṇṭu] iṟaiyiḻiccu uccampotu tiruamitukkāka kuṭutta nilamā-

⟨19⟩ vatu ūriniṉṟum 1• • • • •

⟨20⟩ kaṇṇāṟṟu uttamacilivāykkālukkutteṟku iraṇṭāñcatirattu

⟨21⟩ vaṭakkaṭaiya 4 yil [me][r*]kkaṭaiya oru māvum ivvaḻikke me[r*]kku

⟨22⟩ iraṇṭāṅ ka[ṇ*]ṇāṟṟu ivvāykkālukke teṟku mutaṟcatirattu teṟ-

⟨23⟩ kaṭaiya viṟ[ṟu i]ṟaiyiḻiccu a[r]ccanābhogamākak kuṭutta nilam

⟨24⟩ iraṇṭumācciṉṉa nilamum ūriniṉṟum vaṭakkunokkina melai-

⟨25⟩ vaḻikku meṟku mutaṟka[ṇ*]ṇāṟṟu uttamacilivāykkālukkut teṟku [mu]-

⟨26⟩ taṟcatirattu vaṭakkaṭaiya nīkki itinoṭumaṭaiya iraṇṭumāvil va[ṭa]-

⟨27⟩ me[r*]kkaṭaiya kuḷam kāṇiccinna nikki viṟṟu iṟaiyiḻiccit tiruviḻāppuramākakku-

⟨28⟩ ṭutta nilam orumāvaraicci[nna] nilamu mātiruvatikkuk kiḻakku pālai 2

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 8th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, we, (the members) of the big assembly of the prosperous Uttamaśīli-chaturvēdimaṅgalam (which was) a brahmadēya on the southern bank (of the Kāvērī), made in this year the following (copies of inscriptions) according to the weathered writings 3 engraved on the steps of the old central shrine (śrī-vimāna) of (the god) Mahādēva-Bhaṭṭāraka of this (village) Tiruppāttuṟai.

(L. 5.) In the 18th year of (the reign of) king Madiraikoṇḍa Parakēsarivarman, the land which is not included in the uṭkuṟai of this village, (which lay) to the west of (the path called) Vīraśrī-Kāmugavadi, to the north of (the channel called) Ādichcha-vāykkāl and • • fourth and fifth kaṇṇāṟu from the eastern side of • • was made tax-free and granted as a dēvadāna• •

(L. 10.) The western half of the second kaṇṇāṟu from the east and the ground included in the third, fourth and the fifth kaṇṇāṟu, (lying) to the west of this same path (vadi), to the north of the channel (called) Pālaivāy, to the east of the field (śērvai ?) facing (the path called) Kōdaṇḍarāma-vadi on (its) northern side and to the south of the channel from the river.

(L. 12.) One mā of land made tax-free and granted for burning two perpetual lamps day and night as long as the moon and the sun (endure), by Kumaraṉ Śōḻappēraiyaṉ the headman of Muḷarikuḍi, after having purchased (it) from Akkiśarma-Kramavittaṉ of Muḍapuram. (This was) to the west of the western road passing from (this) village facing northwards, (and) to the north of (the channel called) Uttamaśīli-vāykkāl and formed the northern side of the first śadiram from the south. ⟨Page 281⟩

(L. 17.) In the 20th year (of the reign), Kamuduvaṉ Nīlanārāyaṇaṉ of Tirumiḻalai purchased the following land, made (it) tax-free and granted (it) for the sacred midday offerings:—One mā (of land) to the west of the four mā on the northern side of the second śadiram which lay • • path running westwards from the village and to the south of (the channel called) Uttamaśīli-vāykkāl in • • kaṇṇāṟu.

(L. 21.) Also two mā and odd (chinnam) of land, was sold, made tax-free and given (for worship) as archanā-bhōga. (The land was) to the west of this same path and to the south of this same channel, forming the southern portion of the first śadiram in the second kaṇṇāṟu.

(L. 24.) Also one and a half mā and odd of land, sold, made tax-free and given (for festivals) as tiruviḻāppuram—(it being the balance left) after deducting one kāṇi and odd of (land occupied by) a tank on the north-western side, from the two mā (of land) adjoining the one mā which is (also) excluded and lies on the northern side of the first śadiram to the south of (the channel called) Uttamaśīli-vāykkāl, in the first kaṇṇāṟu to the west of the western road which passes northwards from (this) village.

(L. 28.) To the east of (the pathway) Mātiruvadi• • • • • Pālai 1—

⟨SIIv03p0i0134⟩ No. 134.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE VIRATTANESVARA TEMPLE AT KANDIYUR. 2

This inscription which is dated in the 9th year of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷadēva registers provision for food-offering made by the officer Villavaṉ Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Puduvūr in Tirunaṟaiyūr-nāḍu, to the temple of Mahādēva (Śiva) of the sacred Vīraṭṭāna at Tirukkaṇḍiyūr. Tirukkaṇḍiyūr is one of the eight Vīraṭṭāna temples mentioned in the Dēvāram.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] śrī[u]ttamac[o]ḻa[ devarāṉa] 3 kopparakesarivarmma[r*]kku yāṇṭṭu4 9 [āva]tu tirukkaṇṭiyūrttiruviraṭṭānattu mahād[eva][r*]kku tirunaṟaiyūrṇaṭṭu 5 putuvū[r] putuvū(r)ruṭaiyāṉ m[ā]yāṉ kāñca(ṉ)ṉāṉa [vi]llava[ṉ]muve[nta]ve(ḷ)[ḷā](ṉ)ne[ṉ] tiru[vi]raṭṭāṉa[t*]tu mahādevarkku oru [tirunaṉt]ā[viḷa]kku

⟨2⟩ neyyāl erippataṟku[m] imahāde[va]rkku tiṅka(ḷ)ḷtoṟum eṉ (p)piṟatta[n]āḷḷā[ka] 6 coti nāṉṟu perutiruvamutu c[ eyya candrā] dityaval vaiytta [patteṭṭukkutta]lari[ci] mukkuruṇikku nellu eḻukuruṇi 7ṉāṉāḻiyum naṟu ney urikku nellu patakkum tayir amutu nānāḻikku nel-

⟨3⟩ [lu] • • • āḻimuḻākkum tūp[paruppu] i[ru]ṉā[ḻikku] nellu kuṟuṇi muṉ[ṉā]ḻi[yum ca]ṟkarai [nāṟ]ppa[la]ttuk[kum v]ā(ḻ)ḻaippa[ḻam] • • [kku] nellu [ku]ṟuṇi • • • ruḻākkukku nellu • • nānāḻiyum aṭaiyamutu paṉṉiraṇṭṭukku 8 nellu muṉṉāḻiyum viṟarurku 9 nellu kuṟuṇi[yu] 10 ⟨Page 282⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 9th year of (the reign of) the glorious Uttama-Chōḷadēva alias king Parakēsarivarman, I, Māyāṉ Kāñjaṉ alias Villavaṉ Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Puduvūr residing in Puduvūr, (a village) of Tirunaṟaiyūr-nāḍu, (gave) for burning with ghee one sacred perpetual lamp to (the temple of) Mahādēva of the sacred Vīraṭṭāna at Tirukkaṇḍiyūr and for providing as long as the moon and the sun (endure), big (i.e., special) sacred offerings to this Mahādēva (Śiva) of the sacred Vīraṭṭāna, in each month on the day of Śōdi (Śvāti) which is the day of my nativity, were given seven kuṟuṇi and four nāḻi of paddy for (i.e., to be converted into) three kuṟuṇi of rice cleaned ten or eight times; one padakku of paddy for (one) uri of sweet ghee; • • and three uḻākku of paddy for four nāḻi of curds; (one) kuṟuṇi and three nāḻi of paddy for two nāḻi of good dhal; (one) kuṟuṇi of paddy for four palam of sugar and • • • plantain fruits; four nāḻi of paddy and • • • for (one) uḻākku of • • • ; three nāḻi of paddy for twelve areca-nuts and (one) kuṟuṇi of paddy for firewood.

⟨SIIv03p0i0135⟩ No. 135.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE UJJIVANATHASVAMIN TEMPLE AT UYYAKKONDAN-TIRUMALAI. 1

This inscription is built in at the right end by a modern structure raised in front of the Dakshiṇāmūrti shrine. Its importance consists in the Śaka and Kaliyuga dates which it supplies and thereby fixes the period of Uttama-Chōḷa's rule.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*]śakarayā[ṇ]ṭu 901 [ka]liyugavarṣa[m] 40[8]0 śrīuttamacoḻadeva- rāṉa kopparakesa• • • • •

⟨2⟩ ṭaikkā[y*] irupatum ilaiyamitu eṇpatum koṇṭu peruntiruvami[tu] ceytaruḷavum. • • • •

⟨3⟩ śrī kaṇṭaṉavinācakaṉum tampiyum nilattu[kku va]ṭakku melpālkkellai viṟṟāṉ nilattu • • • • • •

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! The Śaka year 901 (corresponding to the) Kaliyuga year 4080. The glorious Uttama-Chōḷadēva alias king Parakēsa[rivarman]• • • • • shall be pleased to receive the big sacred offering • • • • with twenty areca-nuts and eighty betel leaves • • • • • to the north of the land (belonging to) Śrīkaṇḍaṉ Avināśagaṉ and (his) younger brother. The western boundary • • • • the land (belonging to) the seller.

⟨SIIv03p0i0136⟩ No. 136.—ON THE NORTH-WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE KALYANASUNDARESVARA TEMPLE AT NALLUR. 2

This fragmentary inscription is dated in the 10th year of Uttama-Chōḷa. Tirunallūr is identical with Nallūr, a village 5 miles south of Kumbhakōṇam. Māṉakkuṟai Vīranārāyaṇaṉār was evidently an officer of the king deputed to check the accounts of the temple of Tirunallūr. ⟨Page 283⟩

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] śrīuttamacoḻarkku yā-

⟨2⟩ ṇṭu 10 āvatu tirunallūr mahā-

⟨3⟩ devaṟkku māṉakkuṟai viranārāyaṇanā[r]

⟨4⟩ śrīkāryyam ārācciyil uṭaiyār tirumu[kam]

⟨5⟩ [ko]ṭuvaṉtu śrīkāryyam ārāñcu viṭṭa ni

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 10th year of (the reign of) the glorious Uttama-Chōḷa and during the inspection of the temple management (śrīkāryam) by Māṉakkuṟai Vīranārāyaṇaṉār under the order of the king (the following lands) were given to Mahādēva (Śiva) (of the temple) at Tirunallūr, after due scrutiny of the temple business.

⟨SIIv03p0i0137⟩ No. 137.—ON THE WEST WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE NAGESVARASVAMIN TEMPLE AT KUMBAKONAM. 1

The importance of the subjoined inscription consists in the astronomical details of date it supplies and the name Vīranārāyaṇiyār which it gives as that of the queen of king Uttama-Chōḷa. The record apparently registers a grant of land to the temple of Tirukkīḻ-kōṭṭam (the present Nāgēśvara) at Tirukkuḍamūkkil (i.e., Kumbhakōṇam).

The astronomical details of the date have been verified by Diwan Bahadur L. D. Swamikkannu Pillai and found correct for the 13th year of the reign of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. The given date corresponds to Friday 9th June A.D. 982. 2

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī |— kopparake-

⟨2⟩ cariva nma[r*]kkiyāṇṭu [13] ā-

⟨3⟩ vatu ivvāṇ 3ṭāṉni[tti]-

⟨4⟩ ṅkaḷ patiṉeṉppakkam

⟨5⟩ piṉāḷ 4mullam veḷḷi [po]-

⟨6⟩ tu ivvāṇṭu ittiṅkaḷ

⟨7⟩ itu po[ḻu]titu paruvam [pā]-

⟨8⟩ mpūr nāṭṭuttevatā[ṉa] • • • •

⟨9⟩ kil muṉ ko • • • ṉ pālāvaṉattu • •

⟨10⟩ ivvū[r*] mulapa[ruṭ]aipperumakkaḷom [śrīu][t*]tamacoḻa-

⟨11⟩ r nampirāṭ[ṭi]yār • • • rayar maka[ḷār] viranārāya-

⟨12⟩ ṇiyār tiru[ki]ḻkkoṭṭattup perumā[ḷuk]ku tirup[pa]-

⟨13⟩ ḷḷittāma[t]tukku • • • • vilaikku viṟṟa

⟨14⟩ vilaiyāva • ivvūr • • • • [mulaparu]-

⟨15⟩ ṭaipperu[ma]kkaḷ u • • ya • tu • • • •

⟨16⟩ k[k]ai[yi]ṉ [u]ḻakkiṉāle nāḷāl • • • • •

⟨17⟩ ḷiy[ā]l 24[va]raik kaṭṭiṉa • • • kācu • •

⟨18⟩ ṇañ ceytu [ku]ṭuppataṟkellai [kiḻ]pā[ṟ]kellai kavi[ṇiya]ṉ [ni]-

⟨19⟩ lattukkum • • • • • • •

⟨20⟩ ṉ puṟampiyaṉ • • • • • • • •

⟨21⟩ melpāṟkellai • • • • • kuk kiḻakku • •

⟨22⟩ paṭṭaṉ paṟpaṉā[paṉ] kovintaṉ strītaṉa nilattuk • •

⟨23⟩ kecuvaṉum ta[mpiyum] nilattukku • • • • •

⟨24⟩ llaiyuḷḷa[ka*]p[paṭ]ṭa ni • • kkūṟṟa • • • •

⟨25⟩ tikkuṟaimai [uḷ]ḷaṭaṅka [u]ṇṇi[lam]oḻi[viṉṟi] • •

⟨26⟩ yāvaṇañ ceytu [koṇṭu vilaipporuḷ] • • •

⟨27⟩ raṇṭu ikkācu pa • • • • • 5 ⟨Page 284⟩

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the [13]th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman on the day of Mūla, on a Friday in the second 1 (or dark) fortnight and the 18th (day) of the month of Āṉi of this year, in the said year, month, day and fortnight, the great men of the chief assembly (mūlaparuḍai) of this village • • • in the dēvadāna [of Tirukkuḍamūkkil] in Pāmbūr-nāḍu • • • Vīranārāyaṇiyār daughter of • • • and queen of the glorious (king) Uttama-Chōḷa• • • • for garlands to the god (of the temple) of Tirukkīl-kōṭṭam• • • sold the following • • • The great men of the chief assembly of this village • • • • (one) uḻakku• • • per day • • • • • • kāśu. (The following are) the boundaries of • • • sold and given:—the eastern boundary (is) • • • • of the land belonging to Kaviṇiyaṉ• • • • • Purambiyaṉ• • • the western boundary • • east • • • • • the land which was the strīdhana of Paṭṭaṉ Paṟpanābhaṉ Gōvindaṉ• • to the land of Kēśavaṉ and (his) younger brother • • • situated within (these) boundaries • • • including excess and deficiency (in measurement) and without excluding the land within (uṇṇilam) • • • having executed the deed • • • the sale amount • • • kāśu• • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0138⟩ No. 138.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MAHALINGASVAMIN TEMPLE AT TIRUVIDAIMARUDUR. 2

The importance of this inscription consists in the fact that it furnishes both the Kaliyuga year and the regnal year of king Uttama-Chōḷa and thus enables us to fix the year of accession of this sovereign. Since the 13th year of the king corresponded to Kali 4083 (= A. D. 981-82), it follows that he must have ascended the throne in A.D. 969-70. His latest year known so far is the 16th which brings the close of his reign down to the date of accession of his successor Rājarāja I. which has been calculated and found to be 985-6 A.D.

The name Siṁhavishṇu-chaturvēdimaṅgalam given to Kañjaṉūr shows that the conquest of the Chōḷa dominion by the Pallava king Siṁhavishṇu so specifically claimed for him in the Vēlūrpāḷaiyam plates, 3 must evidently have been based on actual facts.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kaliyuga varuṣam nālāyiratteṇpat[ tumuṉṟu uttamacoḻa] rāki-

⟨2⟩ ya kopparakesaripanmaṟku yāṇṭu 1[3] āvatu vaṭa[ka]-

⟨3⟩ rai nallāṟṟūrnāṭṭu brahmadeya[m] kañcaṉūrākiya [siṁ]-

⟨4⟩ haviṣṇuccaturvvedimaṅgalattu peruṅkuṟip 4

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 13th year of (the reign of) Uttama-Chōḷa alias king Parakēsarivarman, (corresponding to) the Kaliyuga year four thousand and eightythree, • • the big assembly of Kañjaṉūr alias Siṁhavishṇu-chaturvēdimaṅgalam, a brahmadēya in Vaḍagarai Nallāṟṟūr-nāḍu• • • • • • ⟨Page 285⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0139⟩ No. 139.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE MANDAPA IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE VATATIRTHANATHA TEMPLE AT ANDANALLUR 1.

This is an unfinished inscription, dated in the 14th year of Parakēsarivarman. It registers a grant of land, by Śembiyaṉ Irukkuvēḷ alias Pūdi Parāntakaṉ, to the temple at Anduvanallūr Tiruvālanduṟai, which he had himself built. The donor has been identified by the late Rai Bahadur Venkayya, with Parāntakavarman the son of the Koḍumbāḷūr chief Vikramakēsarin. Consequently king Parakēsarivarman may be identified with Uttama-Chōḷa. 2

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] namaśśivāya [||*] kopparakecarivarmmaṟku yāṇṭu

⟨2⟩ 14 āvatu kiḷiyūrnāṭṭu antuvanallūrttiruvālan-

⟨3⟩ tuṟaiy parameśva[ rar*] kku cempiyaṉ irukkuveḷāyiṉa pūti

⟨4⟩ parāṉtakaṉ kaṟṟaḷi eṭuttu3 [ja]latampro[kṣaṇa]ñ ceyta nā[ṉ*]-

⟨5⟩ [ṟu] tevatānam ceytu kuṭutta ūr uṟaiyūrṟ 4kūṟṟattu eṭṭaraittaṉi-

⟨6⟩ l muḷḷikkuṟumpil tevaritu paḻantevatānam veli nīkki miñcuc[ce]-

⟨7⟩ ytu kuṭutta nilam e(ḻ)ḻarai iv e(ḻ)ḻaraiyālum ceyta nivaṉtam [|*]ce-

⟨8⟩ ṉnaṭaikku oṉṟeykāle aṟaimāvum [tiru]viḷakku eṭṭu noṉtāviḷakkiṉu-

⟨9⟩ kku nilam iruveliyum māṇikaḷ nālvarkku veliyum caṅku iraṇṭukku pat-

⟨10⟩ tum kāḷam iraṇṭukku pattum ceyakaṇṭikai oṉṟukku mummāvaraiyum tirup-

⟨11⟩ paḷḷittāmam iraṇṭukkukkālum tirumeḻukku muṉṟukku eḻumāvaraiyum

⟨12⟩ ney a[mi]tu potu uḻakkāka nicati muḻākkāṉapaṭiyināl nilam mukkālum

⟨13⟩ karaṭikai oṉṟukkuk kālum tiruppatiyam pā

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! Obeisance to Śiva ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, on the day when Śembiyaṉ Irukkuvēḷ alias Pūdi Parāntakaṉ, having constructed a stone temple to the god (paramēśvara) at Anduvanallūr-Tiruvālanduṟai in Kiḷiyūr-nāḍu, sprinkled (it) with water (i.e., consecrated it), (he) gave as dēvadānam at Muḷḷikkuṟumbu of Uṟaiyūrkūṟṟam in the (plot of land measuring) 8(1/2) (vēli), the village (i.e., land) 5 7(1/2) (vēli) which was the remainder (left) after deducting the (one) vēli of old dēvadāna (land) of the god. From these 7(1/2) (vēli of land) the (following) arrangement (nivanda) was made for temple expenses:—

(L. 7.) One (vēli) and a quarter and half mā for (worship in) the temple (śeṉṉaḍai); two vēli of land for eight sacred perpetual lamps; (one) vēli for four māṇis 6; ten (mā) for two conch (blowers); ten (mā) for two trumpet (blowers); three mā and a half for one (who beats the) gong; a quarter (vēli) for two sacred flower-garlands; seven mā and a half, for three coatings (of the god) (with sandal-paste); three quarter (vēli) of land for 3 uḻakku of ghee daily at the rate of (one) uḻakku each time; a quarter (vēli) for (sounding) one karaḍigai; • • • for [singing] the tiruppadiyam. ⟨Page 286⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0140⟩ No. 140.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE GANESA SHRINE IN THE NEDUNGALANATHA TEMPLE AT TIRUNEDUNGALAM. 1

The inscription is dated in the 14th year of Parakēsarivarman. It registers the gift of the produce of a certain field in Kaḷarikuṟichchi, for expenses in connexion with the fire oblations (agnikārya) in the temple at Tiruneḍuṅgaḷam in Kavira-nāḍu. The king is probably identical with Uttama-Chōḷa after whom Uttamaśōḻa-Brahmādhirāja mentioned in the inscription, was so called.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakesaripaṉmaṟkku yāṇṭu patinālāvatu kaviranāṭṭu[t] tiruneṭuṅka-

⟨2⟩ ḷattu mahādeva[r*]kku uttamacoḻabrahmātarājakaṉmi cempiyaṉa vaṭapuṟaiyūr-

⟨3⟩ nāṭṭu muventaveḷārkkāy śrīkāryyam ārā[y*]kiṉṟa velveṭṭik koviñjabhaṭṭaṉ idd[e]va[r]-

⟨4⟩ kku nicata mu[ṉ*]ṟu sanddhiyum agnikāryyattukku nivantañ ceyta paricāvatu nāṅkaḷ i[ṉ]-

⟨5⟩ nāṭṭu kaḷarikuṟicci miyvākkāṉkaraiyāl eṅkaḷukku āṭṭaivaṭṭamaṭṭakkaṭṭava 2 nellu-

⟨6⟩ ppaṉṉirukalamum koṇṭu potu araippiṭi (arai) ne[y*]yum meleriyu maṟṟum a-

⟨7⟩ gnikāryyattukku veṇṭuvatu koṇṭu ceyvippomānom ittirukkoyiluṭaiyom

⟨8⟩ itu paṉmāheśvara[ra*]kṣai ||—

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, Vēlveṭṭi-Gōvindabhaṭṭaṉ, who manages the temple business (śrikāryam) for Śembiyaṉ Vaḍapuṟaiyūrnāṭṭu-Mūvēndavēḷār, a servant (kanmi) of Uttamaśōḻa-Brahmādhirāja, thus made the following arrangement for fire oblations (agnikārya) (to be conducted) daily at the three junctures (of the day) (in the temple) of this god Mahādēva (Śiva) of Tiruneḍuṅgaḷam in Kaviranāḍu. Receiving the twelve kalam of paddy that shall be measured out annually to us from (the field ?) Mīyvākkāṉkarai in Kaḷarikuṟichchi (a village situated) in this nāḍu, we, the trustees of this sacred temple agree to secure for (each) time, half piḍi of ghee, mēleri 3 (and) other things required for the agnikārya and have it performed. This (shall be under) the protection of all Māhēśvaras.

⟨SIIv03p0i0141⟩ No. 141.—ON THE WEST WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MASILAMANISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUMULLAIVAYIL. 4

This inscription which is dated in the 14th year of king Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷadēva registers a gift of land to the temple at Tirumullaivāyil by Śembiyaṉmādēviyār the daughter of Maḻavaraiyar and queen of Gaṇḍarāditya-Perumāḷ. The land was purchased by her from the assembly of Ambattūr in ⟨Page 287⟩ Ambattūr-nāḍu which was a subdivision of Puḻaṟ-kōṭṭam. Tirumullaivāyil and Ambattūr mentioned in the record are villages in the Saidapet taluk of the Chingleput district.

The characters of the inscription are of a period much later than that to which the record belongs. It is probably a copy

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] kopparakesara1 parmmarāṉa uttamacoḻatevarkku yāṇṭu 14(l)lāvatu maḻavaraiyar makaḷār śrīkaṇṭirātittaperumā[ḷ] te[vi]yār cempiyaṉmāteviyār pakkal puḻaṟkoṭṭattu a[m]pattūrnāṭṭu ampattūr sabhaiyo-

⟨2⟩ m poṉ eṇpatiṉkaḻañcu koṇṭu iṟai iḻicci vaicca nilam kiḻeripaṭṭu melpāṟkellai [pā]ṇṭivāyttuṟaikkuk kiḻakkum teṉpā[ṟ*]kellai kirainallūr oḻuṟkai cāntikuṇṭilu[m]uṭppaṭa vaṭakkum kiḻpāṟkellai mu-

⟨3⟩ ṉaina[l*]lūrkku poṉa peruvatikku meṟkum vaṭapāṟkellai erikaraikku teṟkum ivūr _ 2nāppākellaiyuḻṭpaṭṭa nilam patinaṟucāṇ 3kollā koyilāṉpaṭṭi kuḻi āyirattiranūṟum 4 itiṉ kiḻaicceṟu kuḻi āyiramum

⟨4⟩ itaṉ teṟkil meṭṭettam kuḻi āyiramum paḷḷakkaḻuval kuḻi aṟuṉūṟum itaṉ teṟkil meṭṭettam kuḻi āyirattiruṉūṟum itaṉ vaṭakkil maṇaliṭum koraikkuḻiyumuppaṭa 5 kuḻi āyiramum puñcai viḷainilam mārttumālai ko-

⟨5⟩ llaiyuṭpaṭa 6kuḻa muvāyirattu iruṉūṟum āka kuḻi oṉpatiṉāyirattu muṉṉūṟum nam[pi]rāṭṭiyā[r] cempiyaṉmāteviyārkku yiṟaiyiḻicci viṟṟu kuṭuttom ampattūr sabhaiyom[|*] yiṉṉilaṅ koṇṭu tirumullaivāyiluṭai-

⟨6⟩ ya mātevarkku nicatam nāḻi eṇṇai aṭṭakkaṭavaṉāka aṭṭumiṭattu taṉkūṭṭamuṭaiyāṉ vaṇṇakkaṉāṉa vayaṉacuntaraṉ iṉṉilattukku eṅkaḷ eriyil talainīrum kaṭainīrum pāccikkoḷḷakkaṭavaṉākavum[|*]iṉṉilatti[l*] meṉo-

⟨7⟩ kkiya maramum 7kīṉokkiya kiṇaṟum aṉupavikka peṟula[r]ākavum[|*] 8iṉṉilaṅtaṭi yātoṉṟum pe[ca]pp[e]ṟātomākavum[|*] ipparita 9 viṟṟu kuṭuttom ampattūr mah[ā*]sabhaiyom[|*]ivarkaḷ paṇiyāl iv[vū]r mattiastaṉ cuṟṟi kaṇṭattaṭikaḷ[e]ṉ i-

⟨8⟩ vai eṉ e[ḻu]ttu [|*] itu10 panmāhe[sararakṣai] u

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1). Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 14th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman alias Uttama-Chōḷadēva, we (the members) of the assembly of Ambattūr in Ambattūr-nāḍu (which is a subdivision) of Puḻaṟ-kōṭṭam, having received eighty kaḻañju of gold from Śembiyaṉmādēviyār, the daughter of Maḻavaraiyar and queen of the glorious Gaṇḍarāditya-Perumāḷ gave the (following) land (called) Kīḻēripaṭṭu after exempting (it) from (all) taxes. (Its boundaries are):

the western boundary (is) to the east of (the ford) Pāṇḍivāyttuṟai;

the southern boundary (is) to the north of the swamp (oḻuṟkai) of Kīrainallūr including (the field called) Śāndikuṇḍil;

the eastern boundary (is) to the west of the big path leading to Muṉainallūr; (and) the northern boundary (is) to the south of the embankment of the tank. ⟨Page 288⟩

(L. 3.) We (the members) of the assembly of Ambattūr exempted from taxes and sold nine thousand and three hundred kuḻi of land in all, (measured) by the rod (equal in length to) sixteen spans (śāṇ) and situated within the (above described) boundaries on the four sides of this village 1, to Nambirāṭṭiyār Śembiyaṉmādēviyār; (viz.) Kōyilāṉpaṭṭi (field) (measuring one) thousand and two hundred kuḻi: the land (śeṟu) to the east of this (measuring one) thousand kuḻi: high land (mēṭṭēttam) to the south of this (measuring one) thousand kuḻi: low land (paḷḷakkaḻuval) (measuring) six hundred kuḻi: high land (mēṭṭēttam) to the south of this (measuring) (one) thousand and two hundred kuḻi: (land) to the north of this including maṇaliḍu and kōṟaikkuḻi (measuring) (one) thousand kuḻi: and land growing dry crops including (the field) Mārttumālai-kollai (and measuring) three thousand and two hundred kuḻi.

(L. 5.) Having received this land Taṉkūṭṭamuḍaiyāṉ Vaṇṇakkaṉ alias Vayaṉaśundaraṉ shall measure out daily (one) nāḻi of oil to (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tirumullaivāyil and (so long) as he measures, (he) shall (be entitled to) irrigate these lands with first water (talainīr) and last water (kaṭainīr) from our tank, shall enjoy (the right of) the trees growing overground and the wells sunk underneath in this land. We shall not say anything prohibiting (the enjoyment of) these lands. We (the members) of the big assembly of Ambattūr have thus sold (the lands). I, Śūṟṟi Kaṇḍattaḍigaḷ the madhyastha of this village wrote this at the command of these (i.e., the members of the assembly of Ambattūr). This is my hand (i.e., signature). (The assembly of) all Māhēśvaras shall protect this (charity).

⟨SIIv03p0i0142⟩ No. 142.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE MANIKANTHESVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUMALPURAM. 2

This inscription is dated in the 14th year and the 216th day 3 of Kō-nōṉ-iṉmaikoṇḍāṉ 4 while he was staying in his golden palace (poṉ-māḷigai) at Kachchippēḍu. In his introduction to South-Indian Inscriptions, Volume II, Part V, the late Mr. Venkayya surmised that poṉ-māḷigai 5 in the word poṉ-māḷigai-tuñjiṉadēva must denote the dancing hall of the god Naṭarāja at Chidambaram which is said to have been covered with gold both by Parāntaka I. and by an early Pallava sovereign 6. The reference in this inscription to the golden palace at Kachchippēḍu seems, however, to indicate that the term poṉ-māḷigai should refer to the palace and not to the golden hall of the Chidambaram temple. It is more appropriate that the death of Sundara-Chōḷa called Poṉmāḷigai-tuñjiṉadēva should have happened in a palace instead of a temple.

The record is of much historical interest. It refers first to a grant of revenue in paddy and in gold, made in the 21st and 22nd years of a Chōḷa king entitled Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūrtuñjiṉadēva, to the temple at Tirumālpēru. The grant, was not entered in the revenue ⟨Page 289⟩ registers, evidently by a mistake, and was therefore rectified in the 4th year of Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai and Īḻam.’ A fresh grant was also made to the temple in the 36th year of this same king. This latter grant being misappropriated by the assembly of Puduppākkam which was entrusted with the management of the gift, a complaint was lodged before the king, here referred to as Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ, in the 14th year of his reign. The offending members were fined for the mistake committed and orders were issued that the defaulting members of the assembly should in future conduct the trust honestly.

Rai Bahadur V. Venkayya has fully discussed the contents of this inscription and their historical bearing in the Madras Epigraphical Report for 1907, p. 71 f. He points out that Toṇḍaimānāṟṟūr-tuñjiṉadēva, who preceded Parakēsarivarman the conqueror of Madirai and Īḻam, could be no other than the latter's father Āditya I., and that the title which means ‘who died at Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr’ must indicate that Āditya I., who was the actual conqueror of Toṇḍai and the hero who deprived the Gaṅga Pallavas of the last vestiges of their authority, died in the Toṇḍai country in the village Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr (i.e., the modern Toṇḍamanāḍ near Kāḷahasti). It is not clear who king Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ was in whose 14th year the present record was written. In identifying him it has to be observed that he rectified a mistake which was committed in the 36th year of Parāntaka I. and which was brought to his notice in his 14th year. Mr. Venkayya was inclined to identify Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ with Āditya Karikāla (II) whose latest date known from inscriptions, however, is his 5th year. Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ may have been Rājakēsarivarman Gaṇḍarāditya, the immediate successor of Parāntaka I. But the appearance of the same names among the signatories in this record as well as in another document distinctly of the time of Uttama-Chōḷa, makes it almost certain that the Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ of the Tirumālpuram inscription is no other than king Uttama-Chōḷa.

The publicity given to the order by communicating it to the headmen of all Brahmadēya villages, the residents of the Dēvadāna, Paḷḷichchanda, Kaṇimuṟṟūṭṭu and Vēṭṭappēṟṟu villages in Maṇaiyil-nāḍu, the long list of officers that held various public offices such as Āṇatti, Vāykkēḻvi, Ōlai-nāyagam, Puravuvari, Varippottagam, Kaṇakku, Variyiliḍu, Paṭṭōlai and Mugaveṭṭi who executed the order and witnessed the transaction, and the perspicuity with which the facts themselves are detailed in the record, are worthy of note.

Of the villages mentioned Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr and Puduppākkam may be identified with Śittāttūr and Puduppākkam in the Walajapet taluk of the North Arcot district. The terms puravu and iravu applied to the income in paddy have not been clearly understood.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] koṉoṉ i-

⟨2⟩ ṉmaiy koṇṭāṉ maṇai-

⟨3⟩ yilkoṭṭattu maṇaiyilnā[ṭ*]-

⟨4⟩ ṭārkkum brahmateyakki-

⟨5⟩ ḻavark 1kum tevatāṉap-

⟨6⟩ paḷḷiccantakkaṇimuṟṟu-

⟨7⟩ ṭṭuveṭṭappeṟṟūrkaḷilā-

⟨8⟩ [r]kku[m*] nakaraṅkaḷil[ā*]rkkum yāṇṭu 10-

⟨9⟩ 4 āvatu na 2 216 ṉāl kaccippe-

⟨10⟩ ṭṭu nam viṭṭinuḷḷāl[p] poṉmāḷikai

⟨11⟩ ātipūmiyil nāmi[ru]kkac coḻamuven-

⟨12⟩ taveḷāṉ tirumālppeṟṟu m(ā)hādeva-

⟨13⟩ ṟkku ma[ṇai]yilkkoṭṭattu maṇaiyilnāṭṭu-

⟨14⟩ c ciṟṟiyāṟṟūr caṅkappāṭikiḻāṉ kāṇi ni[k]-

⟨15⟩ kip puravu muvāyirakkāṭiyum 3 iravu ⟨Page 290⟩

⟨16⟩ aiññūṟṟu aṟupattoru kāṭiyum poṉ irupatta[ṟu]kaḻa-

⟨17⟩ ñcaraiye mañcāṭiyun tevatāṉaiṟai-

⟨18⟩ yiliyāy ippuravum iravum poṉ-

⟨19⟩ ṉum tevarkku iṟuppatāka ikkoṭṭa ttup puricainā-

⟨20⟩ ṭṭup pirahmateyapputuppākkattu sa- [ bhaiyā] ṟkkut te-

⟨21⟩ vatāṉabrahmatecamākat toṇṭaimāṉāṟṟūrttuñciṉa uṭ[ai]-

⟨22⟩ yāṟkku irupattoṉṟāvatu kuṭuttu iru[pa]ttiraṇṭā[vatu piṭā]-

⟨23⟩ kai naṭantu śāsanam ceytukoṭuttu variiliṭā[tey kiṭa]-

⟨24⟩ nta ivvūrai matiraiyum īḻa[mu]ṅko[ṇ]ṭa ko[pparakeca]-

⟨25⟩ ripa[nma]ṟku yāṇṭu nālāvatu tevatāṉa brahmadeyamāka vari-

⟨26⟩ yiliṭṭa itaṉāl puravum iravum poṉṉum putup[pā]-

⟨27⟩ kkattu [sa]bhaiyārey tevaṟkku iṟuttu va[rāniṉṟā]-

⟨28⟩ rkaḷ icciṟṟiyāṟṟūr caṅkappāṭikiḻāṉ kāṇi[yā]l [mu]-

⟨29⟩ talāy varukiṉṟa puravu muvāyirakkāṭiyum matiraiyum [ī]ḻa[mu]-

⟨30⟩ ṅkoṇṭa kopparakecaripanmaṟku yāṇṭu muppattāṟāvatu-

⟨31⟩ [ti]rumāṟpeṟṟu mātevaṟkey tevatāṉa iṟaiyili[yā]kavariyi[l]-

⟨32⟩ liṭṭu ipparicu kuṭutta iccaṅ[ka]ppāṭikiḻ[ā]ṉ kāṇiyaip [putup]-

⟨33⟩ pākkattu sabhaiyār paṟṟiyuṇṭu tevarkku yiṟaiyiṟātoḻi-

⟨34⟩ kiṉṟārkaḷeṉṟu tevakaṉmikaḷum [u]ṇṇāḻikai[yu]ṭai-

⟨35⟩ yārum paṉmāyeśvararum vantu aṉiyā[ya][mi]ṭukiṉṟārkaḷ eṉ-

⟨36⟩ ṟu namakkuccolla tirumālpeṟṟitte[va]kaṉmikaḷ u[ṇṇā]-

⟨37⟩ ḻikai uṭaiyārkaḷaiyum paṉmāyeśvararaiyum putuppākkat[tu] sa-

⟨38⟩ bhaiyā[raiyum] aḻaittu nā[m ā]rāynta iṭat[tu]

⟨39⟩ putuppākkattu sa-

⟨40⟩ bhaiyār ciṟṟiyāṟ[ṟū]-

⟨41⟩ rc caṅkappāṭikiḻā-

⟨42⟩ ṉ kāṇiyāl tevarkku

⟨43⟩ iṟaiyiṟātey teva[tā]-

⟨44⟩ ṉaṅkaḷai aṉupavit[tu]-

⟨45⟩ varukiṉṟamaiy i[cai]-

⟨46⟩ nta[m]aiyil putuppākka-

⟨47⟩ ttu sabhaiyā[rai]t ta-

⟨48⟩ ṇṭaṅ koṇṭu icca-

⟨49⟩ ṅkappāṭikiḻāṉ kāṇi-

⟨50⟩ [yāl pura]vu [mu]vāyirakkāṭiyum tirumālpeṟṟumā-

⟨51⟩ tevarkkup putuppākkattu sabhaiyārey iṟuppa-

⟨52⟩ tāka ivarkaḷukke yāṇṭu 14 āvatu mutal teva-

⟨53⟩ tāṉappirahmateyamāy itaṉāl puravu muv[ā]yirakkāṭi-

⟨54⟩ yum ciṟṟiyāṟṟuūrāl muṉṉiṟuttu varukiṉṟa puravu muvā-

⟨55⟩ yirakkāṭiyum iravu aiññūṟṟu aṟupatto[ru]kāṭiyum

⟨56⟩ [poṉṉi] rupattaṟukaḻañcarai [y]e mañcāṭiyum [ā]ka[p] puravu

⟨57⟩ āṟā[yi]rakkāṭiyum iravu aiññūṟṟu aṟupatt[o]rukāṭiyum

⟨58⟩ poṉ irupattuaṟukaḻañcaraiye mañcāṭiyun tirumāl-

⟨59⟩ peṟṟumātevarkkupputuppākkattu sabhaiyār iṟuppatākat

⟨60⟩ tevatānabrahmateyamāy iṟaiyili[y]ā[ka] variyiliṭṭukkoḷka-

⟨61⟩ [ve]ṉṟu nāñ colla naṅkarumamārāykiṉṟa paruttikkuṭaiyā-

⟨62⟩ ṉ kotukulavaṉ cāttanāṉa parakecarimuven[ta]veḷā-

⟨63⟩ ṉum naṭuvirukkaip[pa]yalait tiyampakapaṭṭanu[m] cikkaruṭai-

⟨64⟩ yāṉ nakkan kaṇicca[ṉā]ṉa coḻamuventaveḷānum

⟨65⟩ āṇattiyum vā[y]kkeḻviyumāykkeṭṭu nam [o]laiye-

⟨66⟩ ḻutum a[ṇ]ṇāṟṟūru[ṭ]aiyāṉ uttaramantiri paṭṭālakaṉeḻu-

⟨67⟩ ttiṉālum nam olaināyakaṉ coḻamuventav[e]ḷāṉ

⟨68⟩ oppiṉālum pukkattiṭṭiṉpaṭi variyiliṭṭukk[o]ḷkave-

⟨69⟩ ṉṟu naṅ karumamārāykiṉṟa parakecarimuventaveḷā-

⟨70⟩ (ṉ)nevap puravuvariccempiyaṉ uttarama- ntiriyā-

⟨71⟩ [ṉa iṟ]aiyāṉku-

⟨72⟩ [ṭi]t talaima[ka]ṉ ta-

⟨73⟩ ṇṭipūtiyum pavva-

⟨74⟩ ttirikkiḻavaṉ aṭi-

⟨75⟩ kaḷ nakkaṉum pe-

⟨76⟩ raraicūruṭaiyā(ṉ)-

⟨77⟩ 1 nāṉa utaiyativā-

⟨78⟩ karaṉum virāparaṇa[mu]-

⟨79⟩ ventaveḷāṉā[ṉa]

⟨80⟩ kaḻaṉivāyilu[ṭai]-

⟨81⟩ yāṉ veṉ[ṟā]ṉ

⟨82⟩ kaṟpakamum varip-

⟨83⟩ pottakam tiru[nā]-

⟨84⟩ lūr kiḻavaṉ tāḻi ca- ⟨Page 291⟩

⟨85⟩ ntira[c]ekaraṉum muka-

⟨86⟩ veṭṭi paḻaṉakkuṭai-

⟨87⟩ yāṉ araiyaṉ • •

⟨88⟩ yilum vittāruṭai-

⟨89⟩ yāṉ aṭikaḷ vi-

⟨90⟩ racoḻaṉum i[ṟai]-

⟨91⟩ yāṉceri uṭaiyā-

⟨92⟩ ṉ [pa]ṅkaṉ kaṭampaṉu-

⟨93⟩ m mukkuṟumpuṭai-

⟨94⟩ yāṉ kiruḻ(ṇ)ṇaṉ

⟨95⟩ irācātittaṉum

⟨96⟩ toṇṭaināṭṭu-

⟨97⟩ [p pu]ravuvaric cāt-

⟨98⟩ taṉūruṭaiyāṉ ni-

⟨99⟩ ṉ[ṟā] ṉakkaṉum ci-

⟨100⟩ [ṟu]kuṭaiyāṉ a[rai]-

⟨101⟩ yaṉ civakkoḻun-

⟨102⟩ tum [cem]pākkamuṭaiyā-

⟨103⟩ ṉ [ku]ṉṟāṭi tiruppo-

⟨104⟩ riyum [va]-

⟨105⟩ rippot-

⟨106⟩ takkaṇakku

⟨107⟩ • [m]eṉāraṇama-

⟨108⟩ ṅkala[ muṭai-

⟨109⟩ yāṉ] • •

⟨110⟩ yāṉ ṟāḻi-

⟨111⟩ yum neṟkku-

⟨112⟩ ṉṟamuṭaiyā-

⟨113⟩ ṉ parañco-

⟨114⟩ tipaṭṭālakaṉu-

⟨115⟩ m variyilli-

⟨116⟩ ṭṭu 1 uṭaiyūru-

⟨117⟩ ṭaiyāṉ cuva-

⟨118⟩ raṉ cāt[ta*]ṉum

⟨119⟩ paṭṭolaik kuṟicciyuṭaiyā[ṉ]

⟨120⟩ irāca[vi]ṉaiyāparaṇaṉum iruntu yā [ṇ]-

⟨121⟩ ṭu 14 āvatu nāḷ 21[8] ṉāl tirumā[ṟ]-

⟨122⟩ peṟṟu m(ā)hādevar tevatāṉam [i]ṟaiyi[li]-

⟨123⟩ yāṉa taṅkaḷ nāṭṭuc ciṟṟiy[ā]ṟṟūr caṅka[p]pā-

⟨124⟩ ṭikiḻāṉ kāṇiyāl [puravu muvā]yi[ra]kkā-

⟨125⟩ ṭiyum puricaināṭṭu brahma[teya]m putu-

⟨126⟩ ppākkattu sabhaiyāre iṟuppat[ā]-

⟨127⟩ ka ivarkaḷukku tevatāṉabrahmadeya-

⟨128⟩ [māy] itaṉālp puravu [mu]vāyirakkā[ṭi]-

⟨129⟩ yum ciṟṟiyāṟṟūrā[re] ivarkaḷ muṉ-

⟨130⟩ ṉiṟuttuvarukiṉṟa puravu muvāyirak-

⟨131⟩ kāṭiyum iravu aiññūṟṟu aṟupat-

⟨132⟩ torukāṭiyum poṉ irupattaṟuka[ḻa]-

⟨133⟩ ñcaraiye mañcāṭiyum āka [nel]-

⟨134⟩ lu āṟāyirattaññūṟṟu aṟupa-

⟨135⟩ ttorukāṭiyum po[ṉ]ni[ru*]patta[ṟu]kaḻa-

⟨136⟩ ñcaraiye mañcāṭiyum tirumāl-

⟨137⟩ peṟṟu mahātevarkku putup[pākka]-

⟨138⟩ ttu sabhaiyāre iṟuppat[ā]ka [i]-

⟨139⟩ varkaḷukkuttevatāṉa[brahma]-

⟨140⟩ teyam variyi[liṭṭuk kuṭu]-

⟨141⟩ ttom ivai • • [ā]-

⟨142⟩ tittaṉ āṉa miṉavaṉ [muve]nta-

⟨143⟩ veḷāṉeḻuttu • •

⟨144⟩ ṭaiyāṉ nakkaṉ • •

⟨145⟩ coḻamuventa • • •

TRANSLATION.

(Line 1.) Hail ! Prosperity ! (This is the order of) Kō-nōṉ-iṉmai-koṇḍāṉ 2 to the residents (nāṭṭār) of Maṇaiyil-nāḍu in Maṇaiyil-kōṭṭam, to the headmen (kiḻavar) of Brahmadēya (villages), to the residents of the Dēvadāna, Paḷḷichchanda, Kaṇimuṟṟūṭṭu and Vēṭṭappēṟṟu villages and to the residents of towns:—

(L. 8.) On the 216th day of the 14th year (of our reign) we being on the first floor of the golden hall (poṉ-māḷigai) within our mansion at Kachchippēḍu, the officer Śōḻa-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ informed us thus:—

(L. 12.) “Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr in Maṇaiyil-nāḍu (a subdivision) of Maṇaiyilkōṭṭam with (its income of) three thousand kāḍi of puravu, five hundred and sixty-one kāḍi of iravu and twenty-six and a half kaḻañju and (one) mañjāḍi of gold, excluding the kāṇi of Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ, was assigned as a tax-free dēvadāna to (the temple of) Mahādēva (Śiva) at Tirumālpēṟu in the twenty-first year of (the reign of) the king (uḍaiyār) who ⟨Page 292⟩ died at Toṇḍaimāṉāṟṟūr, and was made over to (the members) of the assembly of Puduppākkam which was a brahmadēya in Puriśai-nāḍu of this kōṭṭam, as a dēvadāna and brahmadēya (with the stipulation) that they should pay the said puravu, iravu and gold to the god.”

(L. 23.) “(This village) which was handed over in the 22nd (year of the same reign) after its hamlets had been circumambulated and the (necessary) documents executed, was not, (however), entered in the accounts (vari). It was registered (subsequently) in the accounts (vari) as a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya in the fourth year (of the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madirai (Madura) and Īḻam (Ceylon)’, and (accordingly) the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam were themselves paying to the god, the (said) puravu, iravu and gold.”

(L. 28.) “In the 36th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman, ‘who took Madiri (Madura) and Īḻam (Ceylon)’ the three thousand kāḍi of puravu accruing as produce from the estate (kāṇi) of Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ in this (village of) Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr, was (also) entered in the accounts as a tax-free dēvadāna (in favour of) the same (temple of) Mahādēva at Tirumālpēru.”

(L. 32.) “(Now), the managers of the temple (dēvakanmigaḷ), the men in charge of (its) central shrine (uṇṇāḻigaiy-uḍaiyār) and all the Māhēśvaras come and complain that the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam have been misappropriating and enjoying this kāṇi of Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ bestowed (on the temple) in the above said manner, without paying the taxes to the god.”

(L. 36.) On Our inquiry (into the matter) after summoning the managers of the temple at Tirumālpēṟu, the men in charge of the central shrine, (the assembly of) all Māhēśvaras and the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam, it was found that the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam had been enjoying the dēvadāna and had not been paying the taxes (derived) from the kāṇi of Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ in Śīṟṟiyāṟṟūṟ to the god. We ordered that a fine be levied on the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam and that from the 14th year (of Our reign) it (i.e., the kāṇi of Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ) be a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya of these same (with the stipulation) that the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam shall themselves pay to (the temple of) Mahādēva at Tirumālpēṟu three thousand kāḍi of puravu on the kāṇi of the said Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ.

(L. 53.) (We also ordered) that this three thousand kāḍi of puravu (thus settled), the three thousand kāḍi of puravu, five hundred and sixty-one kāḍi of iravu and twenty-six and a half kaḻañju and (one) mañjāḍi of gold which is (already) being paid on the village of Śīṟṟiyāṟṟūr,—in all six thousand kāḍi of puravu, five hundred and sixty-one kāḍi of iravu and twenty-six and a half kaḻañju and (one) mañjāḍi of gold, shall be paid by the members of the assembly of Pudduppākkam to (the temple of) Mahādēva at Tirumālpēṟu and be so entered in the accounts as tax-free dēvadāna and brahmadēya.

(L. 61.) Accordingly Kōdukulavaṉ Śāttaṉ alias Parakēsari-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Paruttikkuḍi who looks after Our affairs, the arbitrator (naḍuvirukkai) Triyambaka-bhaṭṭaṉ of Payalai and Nakkaṉ Kaṇichchaṉ alias Śōḻa-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ of Śikkar, being Aṇatti and Vāykēḻvi, received (this order). (The order was) written by the Uttaramantri Paṭṭālagaṉ of Aṇṇāṟṟūr who writes Our orders, and signed by Our Chief Secretary (Ōlai-nāyagaṉ) Śōḻa-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ. (And) Parakēsari-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ who looks after Our affairs, having commanded the entry in the registers in ⟨Page 293⟩ the terms (of the order) issued, Puravuvari Śembiyaṉ Uttaramantri alias Taṇḍipūdi the headman (talaimagaṉ) of Iraiyāṉkuḍi, Aḍigaḷ Nakkaṉ the headman (kiḻavaṉ) of Pavvattiri, Udayadivākaraṉ (a native of) Pēraraiśūr, Vīrābaraṇa-Mūvēndavēḷāṉ alias Veṉṟāṉ Karpagam of Kaḻaṉivāyil, the Varippottagam (officer) Tāḻi Śandiraśēgaraṉ the headman of Tiruṉālūr, the Mugaveṭṭi (officer) Araiyaṉ• • of Paḻanakkuḍi, Aḍigaḷ Vīraśōḻaṉ of Vittār, Paṅgaṉ Kaḍambaṉ of Iraiyāṉśēri, Kṟishṇaṉ Rājādittaṉ of Mukkuṟumbu, Niṉṟāṉ Nakkaṉ of Śāttaṉūr, the Puravuvari of Toṇḍaināḍu, Araiyaṉ Śivakkoḻundu of Śiṟuguḍi, Kuṉṟāḍi Tiruppori of Śembākkam, the Varippottaga-kaṇakku (officer), • • Tāḻi of [Mē]-Nāraṇamaṅgalam, Parañjōdi Paṭṭālagaṉ of Nerkuṉṟam, the Variyiliḍu (officer) Śuvaraṉ Śāttaṉ of Uḍaiyūr and the Paṭṭōlai (officer) Rājavijayābaraṇaṉ of Kuṟichchi,—being present.

(L. 121.) In the 14th year and 218th day (of Our reign), the three thousand kāḍi of puravu from Śaṅgappāḍikiḻāṉ's estate (kāṇi)—a tax-free dēvadāna of (the temple of) Mahādēva at Tirumālpēru in Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr belonging to your naḍu, being payable by the members of the assembly of Puduppākkam a brahmadēya in Puriśai-nāḍu, (since it was given over) to them as a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya, and the three thousand kāḍi of puravu, five hundred and sixty-one kāḍi of iravu and twenty-six and a half kaḻañju and (one) mañjaḍi of gold which these residents of Siṟṟiyāṟṟūr have been previously paying (on the village of Śiṟṟiyāṟṟūr)—in all six thousand five hundred and sixtyone kāḍi of paddy and twenty-six and a half kaḻañju and (one) mañjāḍi of gold, shall (thus) be paid by the members themselves of the assembly of Puduppākkam to (the temple of) Mahādēva at Tirumālpēru. This was entered in the accounts and given over to them as a dēvadāna and a brahmadēya.

(L. 141.) This • • • the signature of Ādittaṉ alias Mīṉavaṉ Mūvēndavēḷāṉ, Nakkaṉ • • Śōḻamūvēnda• • of • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0143⟩ No. 143.—ON A SLAB BUILT INTO THE FLOOR OF THE VERANDAH ROUND THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE ADHIPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUVORRIYUR. 1

This inscription which is dated in the 15th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa mentions Śeṉṉi-Yeṟipaḍaichchōḻaṉ Uttamaśōḻaṉ who was probably an officer of the king. The first part of the name suggests that this chief would have been connected with Śeṉṉi-yeṟi-paḍai, i.e., the warlike army of Śeṉṉi.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] śrīu-

⟨2⟩ ttamacoḻadevark-

⟨3⟩ kopparakesariva[ rmma-

⟨4⟩ ṟku] yāṇṭu patiṉaintā-

⟨5⟩ vatu uttamacoḻar [ti]-

⟨6⟩ ruvoṟṟiyūr mahād[e]-

⟨7⟩ varkku śrībalideva-

⟨8⟩ raiyum kāḷameṭ[ṭu]-

⟨9⟩ ṅ kavarippiṇākka[ḷ]

⟨10⟩ irupattunālvarkku-

⟨11⟩ k kavarikaiyyum [de]-

⟨12⟩ va[r]āyamey koṇ[ṭu]

⟨13⟩ poṉṉāle cey-

⟨14⟩ vittuk kuṭukkaveṉ[ṟa]-

⟨15⟩ ruḷucceyyac cey-

⟨16⟩ viyttiṭṭapaṭi[y] ceṉ-

⟨17⟩ ṉi yeṟipaṭaiccoḻa-

⟨18⟩ ṉuttamacoḻaṉe.

⟨19⟩ [pa]tiṟ[ṟa]cattitama 2 ⟨Page 294⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 15th year of (the reign of) king Parakēsarivarman the glorious Uttama-Chōḷadēva, Uttama-Chōḷa having been pleased to order to make and present in gold to (the temple of) Mahādēva at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr, (an image of) Śrībalidēva, eight trumpets, and fly-whisks for the twenty-four fly-whisk-women from the taxes of the king, (these) were made and presented (by) Śeṉṉi-Yeṟipaḍaichchōḻaṉ Uttamaśōḻaṉ • • •

⟨SIIv03p0i0144⟩ No. 144.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE APATSAHAYESVARA TEMPLE AT ADUTURAI. 1

The inscription is dated in the 16th year of king Parakēsarivarman alias Madhurāntakadēva Uttama-Chōḷa and states that the temple of Tirukkuraṅgāḍutuṟai (i.e., the modern Āḍutuṟai near Tiruviḍaimarudūr) was built of stone by the king's mother Uḍaiyapirāṭṭiyār Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias Śembiyaṉmādēviyār and that certain documents of grants made to the god in former times having become old and damaged were now re-engraved on the walls of the newly-constructed temple.

The temple of Tirukkuraṅgāḍutuṟai is already mentioned in the Dēvāram and as such it should have been in existence in some form or other in the seventh century A. D. It is not unlikely, therefore, that prior to the construction of it in stone by the king's mother there was, perhaps, a smaller stone structure 2 with inscriptions (laksaṇha) on it. Consequently what is recorded here must refer to the renovation of the temple by the queen mother. In this connexion it may be noted that two inscriptions of the Pāṇḍya king Mārañjaḍaiyaṉ 3 which are earlier in point of time than the present record and are also found on the temple walls, must have been copies of older grants.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ sva[sti]śrī|||- śrīmaturāntakadevarāṉa śrī utta[ma*]coḻarait tiruvayi[ṟu] vāytta uṭaiyapirāṭṭiyār mātevaṭika[ḷārāṉa śrī]cempiyaṉmā[t]eviyār tiraimurnāṭṭu tirukku[ra*]ṅkāṭu[tu]ṟai āḻvārkku eṭuppittariḷiṉa 4 ittirukkaṟṟa[ḷiyi]ley muṉpu [ittevarku candr] ātittaval ceytaṉa la[kṣa]ṇapaṭi kaṇṭu i-

⟨2⟩ [v*]vilakṣaṇaṅkaḷ mūttupoka śrī uttamacoḻadevarāṉa koparakecaripa[ṉ]maṟku yāṇṭu 16 āvatu kalmel [veṭṭiṉa] |||-

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In this sacred stone temple which Uḍaiyapirāṭṭiyār Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias the glorious Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār who had obtained in her sacred womb the glorious Madhurāntakadēva alias the glorious Uttama-Chōḷa—had graciously caused to be built to the god (āḻvār) at Tirukkuraṅgāḍutuṟai in Tiraimūr-nāḍu, were engraved on stone, in the 16th year of (the reign of) the glorious Uttama-Chōḷadēva alias king Parakēsarivarman (such) lakshaṇas (i.e., inscriptions ?) as were made to this god in former times (to last) as long as the moon and the sun, and which lakshaṇas on examination were found to have become old. ⟨Page 295⟩

⟨SIIv03p0i0145⟩ No. 145.—ON A PILLAR LYING TO THE SOUTH OF THE TANK IN FRONT OF THE ADHIPURISVARA TEMPLE AT TIRUVORRIYUR. 1

This inscription is dated in the 16th year of Parakēsarivarman Uttama-Chōḷa. It refers to a scrutiny of accounts of the temple of Tiruvoṟṟiyūr made in this year and registers the assignment of a gold salver to the temple by the headman of Eḻinūr in Puṟaṅgarambai-nāḍu. The district in which Puṟaṅgarambai-nāḍu was situated is not given; but we know from other records that it was in Arumoḻidēva-vaḷanāḍu also called Teṉ Kaḍuvāy 2. The village of Eḻinūr mentioned in the record may be identified with Eḻalūr in the Tirutturaippūṇḍi taluk of the Tanjore district.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī3 [||*] śrīuttamacoḻatevarāṉa koppara-

⟨2⟩ keśaripanmaṟkku yāṇṭu patiṉāṟāvatu 4 tiruvo-

⟨3⟩ ṟṟiyūr āḷvār śrīkāryyamārāykinṟa coḻaṇā-

⟨4⟩ ṭṭup puṟaṅ[ka]rampaināṭṭu eḻi[ṉū]r kiḻavaṉ nanti[cu]ra(ṉ)ṉāṉa pa[ra]-

⟨5⟩ kesariviḻupparaiyaṉ devarā[yamey] kūṭṭi cantrātittavaṟ āḻvār-

⟨6⟩ kkamutuceyya iṭṭa poṉṉiṉ kuḻittaṭṭu oṉṟiṉāl niṟai paṇṭā[ra]-

⟨7⟩ kkallāṟ tuḷainiṟai eṇṇūṟ[ṟeṇ]pa[t]teṇkaḻa[ñ]cu[|*] itaṉuḷ [va]ḷa-

⟨8⟩ ñciyar cīyan puṟava[ri]ṉirañ[ca]ṉan kāḷattukku māṇikkaceṭṭikkumāka

⟨9⟩ ut[tam]āgram iraṇṭu ka[la]ttiṉukku • • 5 ḷi vaitta pon tuḷai-

⟨10⟩ niṟai [nāṟ]patiṉ kaḻañ[cu] [||*]

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! In the 16th year of (the reign of) the glorious Uttama-Chōḷadēva alias king Parakēsarivarman, Nandīśuran alias Parakēsari-Viḻupparaiyaṉ, the headman of Eḻinūr, (a village) in Puṟaṅgarambai-nāḍu (which was a subdivision) of Śōḻa-nāḍu, who scrutinises the sacred business of the god (āḷvār) at Tiruvoṟṟiyūr, assigned, after adding up the king's income, one gold salver with pits, weighing eight hundred and eighty-eight kaḻañju marked and pure (as tested by) the stone (-weight) of the treasury (paṇḍārakkal), for offering food to the god, as long as the moon and the sun (endure). In this (are included) the forty kaḻañju of marked and pure gold deposited by Śīyaṉ Puravariṉirañjaṉaṉ, (one of the) Vaḷañjiyar, for offering two dishes of superior food (uttamāgram), (in order to secure merit) for Kāḷaṉ 6 and Māṇikkaśeṭṭi.

⟨SIIv03p0i0146⟩ No. 146.—ON THE SOUTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE UMAMAHESVARA TEMPLE AT KONERIRAJAPURAM. 7

This inscription is engraved below a group of sculptures reproduced on the accompanying plate. It states that, during the reign of Madhurāntaka dēva alias Uttama-Chōḷa, his mother Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār caused to be built in the ⟨Page 296⟩ name of her husband Gaṇḍarādityadēva, a stone temple at Tirunallam, i.e., the modern Kōnērirājapuram, which is one of the ancient Śaivite places of worship mentioned in the Dēvāram. The inscription serves as a key to understand the sculptures below which it is engraved. The female figure kneeling down in a worshipping posture is queen Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār and the one close to the liṅga is Gaṇḍarāḍityadēva. The two figures behind the queen are her attendants. The name Ādityēśvara-Mahādēva which occurs in other inscriptions of Kōnērirājapuram indicates that it was derived from Gaṇḍarāditya.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [|=] kaṇaṭarādittadevar teviyār mātevaṭikaḷ[ār]āṉa śrīcempiyaṉmāteviyā-

⟨2⟩ r tammuṭaiya tirumakaṉār śrīmadhurāntakatevarā[ṉa] [śrī]uttamacoḻar tirurājyañceyta-

⟨3⟩ ruḷāniṟkat tammuṭaiyār śrīkaṇṭarādittadeva[r tirun]āmattāl 1tirunallamuṭaiyārkku-

⟨4⟩ t tirukkaṟṟaḷi eḻuntaruḷuvittu ittirukkaṟṟaḷi[yiley] tirunallamuṭaiy[ā]rait tiruvaṭitto-

⟨5⟩ ḻukiṉṟārāka eḻuntaruḷuvitta śrīkaṇṭarādittade[va]r ivar |||u |||u |||u

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! Mādēvaḍigaḷār alias the glorious Śembiyaṉ-Mādēviyār, queen of Gaṇḍarādityadēva, constructed in the sacred name of her husband (viz.,) the glorious Gaṇḍarādityadēva, a stone temple to the lord (i.e., the god) of Tirunallam (at the time) when her illustrious son, i.e., the glorious Madhurāntakadēva alias the glorious Uttama-Chōḷa, was graciously ruling. This is (the image of) the glorious Gaṇḍarādityadēva which was (caused to be) made in this sacred stone temple in the posture of worshipping the sacred feet of the lord (i.e., the god) of Tirunallam.

⟨SIIv03p0i0147⟩ No. 147.—ON THE SAME WALL. 2

This inscription again is a label explaining an image; and is engraved above and on the sides of it.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [||*] śrīmaturānta-

⟨2⟩ katevarāṉa uttamacoḻa-

⟨3⟩ rait tiruvayiṟu vāytta

⟨4⟩ uṭaiyapirāṭṭiyār 3 [|||t] tirukkaṟ[ṟa]-

⟨5⟩ ḷi eṭuppitta [āla]ttūruṭai-

⟨6⟩ yāṉ cāttaṉ kuṇapattaṉāṉa

⟨7⟩ haracaraṇacekaraṉ ivar

⟨8⟩ paṭ[ṭa]ṅ kaṭṭiṉa p[e]r

⟨9⟩ rājakesarimuve

⟨10⟩ ntaveḷārivar |- ⟨Page 297⟩

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! This is Śāttaṉ Guṇabattaṉ alias Haracharaṇaśēgaraṉ of Ālattūr that built the sacred stone temple of Uḍaiyapirāṭṭiyār who had (obtained) in (her) sacred womb the glorious Madhurāntakadēva alias Uttama-Chōḷa. The title with which he was honoured (in his office) was Rājakēsari-Mūvēndavēḷār. (This is) he.

⟨SIIv03p0i0148⟩ No. 148.—ON THE NORTH WALL OF THE CENTRAL SHRINE IN THE SIVAYOGANATHASVAMIN TEMPLE AT TIRUVISALUR. 1

This inscription, which is fragmentary, registers the gift of a gold koḷgai set with gems, to the god at Tiruviśalūr. The place is mentioned in the Dēvāram. It is not known exactly what koḷgai means. Kombiṟ-koḷgai occurs in the Tanjore inscriptions as an ornament for the tusk of Gaṇapati. Perhaps koḷgai is the cover or mask which is generally put over the liṅga in Śiva temples.

TEXT.

⟨1⟩ || svasti śrī [||*] ko parakesari[pa]nmarāṉa śrīkaṇḍharātitta[śrī]śrīmaturā[ ntakar] ait ti[ruvayi]ṟu vāytta uṭaiya • • • • 2

⟨2⟩ yaṉmahādeviyār tiruvicalūr paramasuvāmikku3 a[bhi]ṣekam cey[vit] • • • • • 4 [pa]ṇṭā[rat]til [ō] • • 5

⟨3⟩ ṉa [nāya]ṟṟu varakkāṭṭiṉatiruppoṟkoḷkai[y] melaik[kaṇ]ṭam 1 ṉālp pe • • • • • 6 ṉṉūṟṟu a[y]-

⟨4⟩ [m]pattu ay[ñkaḻa]ñcu itil eṟiṉa māṇikkam oṉṟu itiṉaiccūḻa e[ṟi]ṉa vayiram • • • • vaiccai• • •

⟨5⟩ ttu cuṟṟuppalacaviyuntūkaḻumā 4[1]73 nālāyi[rattu] orunūṟṟu eḻupattu mu[ṉ] • • • ḷḷikke • • •

TRANSLATION.

Hail ! Prosperity ! Uḍaiya[pirāṭṭiyār Śembi]yaṉ-Mahādēviyār who had (obtained) in (her) sacred womb king Parakēsarivarman alias the glorious Madurāntaka (the son of) the glorious Gaṇḍarāditya, deposited • • • (one) sacred gold koḷgai in the treasury, [on the day] when she bathed the great god at Tiruviśalūr. On the upper kaṇḍam (of it) (there were) • • three hundred and fifty-five kaḻañju of gold. On this was set one ruby (māṇikkam); surrounding this were set • • diamonds (vayiram) • • • • • • • palaśavi and tūgaḻumā (?) all round. (The whole weighed) 4,173—four thousand one hundred and seventy-three. • • •