Tiruviṭaimarutūr, Māhaliṅgasvāmin, time of Rajakesarivarman Tribhuvanacakravartin Kulottuṅga Cōḻa, year 9

Author of digital edition: Renato Dávalos (reda).

Summary: Endowment, by royal order (of Kulottuṅga II Cōḻa), of pāṇa-p-peṟu and pāṇa-k-kāṇi to a pāṇaṉ (probably the head of a group of singers) so that he sings to the Lord of Tiruviṭaimarutūr, appoints other pāṇars to sing, and trains temple-dancing girls. The endowment consists in gold, paddy produced from a minutely measured land, and a house-site.

Palaeographic description: No distinction between e and ē, nor between o and ō. n is almost consistently used instead of ṉ.

Languages: Sanskrit (san), Tamil (tam).

Version: (b7b08a8), last modified (9479a5f).

Edition

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī pūma¡nn!u patuma(m) pūtta (Ē)ḻu(la)kum tāmu¡n! ce(y)tavattā(l) paruti-(va)ḻi-t tōṉṟi ne(ṭu)māl i(va)¡n! eṉa cuṭarmuṭi cūṭi Irunila makaḷai Urimaiyil puṇarn=tu tirumakaḷ paṇaimulai ceñcān ta¡ṇ!aintu parumaṇi Āram pa¡n!ivarai nikaṟpa jayamakaḷ ceḻu¡m!-cantaṉa-c cuvaṭṭāl puyam irukaiyi-

⟨2⟩ lai-p (p)orupp-eṉa-t tōṉṟi nāmakaḷ tāṉum ¡c!ōmakaḷ cevvāy-p pavaḻa-c c(ē)yyōḷi paṭaittaṉa ni(y)ā¡n! eṉa tavaḷa naṉiṟa-t tanittuyai-y e¡n! eṉa-p pukaḻ-mati cintai makuḻu nāḷilum Oru kuṭai nilavu porupaṭai-t tikiri velēṉuṅ karuṅkali-y iruḷi¡n!ai-t turappa nīṭu-pallūḻi Ēḻ-kaṭal-p puṟattiṉum kō-

⟨3⟩ ṭā-t ta¡n!ikkōl i¡n!it’ ulāva mī¡n!amum citaittu vāṉ-uyar poṉ neṭu mēruviṟ puli vīṟṟiruppa Umpar i-yānai Ōr-eṭṭiṉukkum tampam eṉ¡n!a-t ta¡n!itta¡n!i ticai-toṟum vicai⟨ya⟩stambha niṟpa-p pacipa(k)ai Ā(tiy)ākiya vīcu taṇ-puṉalum mēti¡n!i vaḷaṉum jāti-y oḻukkamum nīti-y aṟamuma piṟaḻātu nikaḻa pāvum paḻa-p parappum

⟨4⟩ paṇaikkai māvum allatu vaṉ-ṟalai-p paṭutal kaṉaviluṅ ka(ri)t-eṉa varun=ti pu¡n!alilum palvēṟu puḷḷilum allatu ciṟai-y e¡n!a-p-paṭutal iṉṟi pallavar teluṅkar māḷavar kaliṅkar teṉ¡n!ar kaṭārar coḷar ciṅkaḷar toṅkaṇar (srī)-hastar aṅka⟨r⟩ vaṅka(ra)r mattam-attirar ka(ṅ)kar jo¡n!a-

⟨5⟩ kar kaikayar jī¡n!ar eṉṟ’ aṟaikaḻal vēntar mallāva racarum uṟaimaiyil varinta tiṟaiku(ṇan) tiṟai¿n=t?a Ampo¡n! malaṟko(ṭi) cempiya¡n! kiḻā(naṭi)-y orumaruṅ kuṭa namarnt’ iruppa Aruḷpuri camaiya-p poṟkōṭi-y imaiya-p-pāvaiyum civa¡n!um pōl puva(na) muḻut-uṭai- yā(ḷ)-ḷōṭum v¡i!ṟṟ-irunt-aruḷiya kō-v-irājakecari-patmar-āna tribhuvana-cakravartikaḷ śrī-kulottuṅ-

⟨6⟩ ka-c(ō)ḷa-devaṟku yāṇṭu 9 Āvatu mutal kāṇi peṟṟa paṭikku pāṇa(ṉ) Iru-muṭi-cōḻa¡n! pirā¡n!-āṉa Acañcala-p pēraya(ṅ)¡n!ukku Uyyakkoṇṭ⟨ā⟩r-(va)ḷanāṭṭu tiraim¡u!r-nāṭṭu Uṭ(ai)yār tiruviṭaimarut-uṭaiyāṟku pāṭavum Ik-kōyilil taḷiyillār tēv(ā)raṭiyārai (p)āṭṭuvikkavum pāṇarai Iṭa-k kaṭava(n)¡n!-āka Iva¡n!ukkum iva¡n! va(ṅ)-

⟨7⟩ śattāṟkum Ik-kōyil pāṇapeṟ-āka mu¡n!pu peṟṟu varum kācum nellum uḷpaṭa yāṇṭu Onpat-āvatu mutal nāḷ O¡n!ṟukku ūr-k-kā(l)lāl nel kalam-āka vanta nellu Ik-kōyilil pala-paṇi nivanta-(k)-kā¡ṟ!aroṭuṅ kūṭa nivantaṅ kaṭṭi In-nelukku vēṇṭum nilam mu¡nn!-uṭaiyārai tavirttu It-tēvar tēvatā¡n!am-ā¡n!a ūr-

⟨8⟩ ka(ḷ)ḷi(l)lē pāṇa-kāṇiyum nila-j¡i!vitamum(-āka A)ṭaittu mu¡n!pu pāṇar kuṭi-y-irupp-ā¡n!a maṉaiyum Iva¡n!ukku viṭṭu Ip-paṭikku kalv(e)ṭṭi koḷvat’ āka Onpat-āvatu mutal prasādam peṟṟamaikku prasātañ ce⟨y⟩taruḷi¡n!a tiru-mukam malaiya-p-pirāyarum tiru-mantira-Ōlai putukkuṭaiyārum Eḻuttiṭṭa tirumuka-p paṭiyum puro-

⟨9⟩ vari śrī-karaṇattu mukaveṭṭi neṭuma(ṇa)m-uṭaiyā¡n!u⟨m⟩ purovari śrīkara(ṇa)-nāyakam po¡n-n!-uḻā¡n!um purovari śrīkaraṇa-mukaveṭṭi paṇṇai nallūr-uṭaiyā¡n!um purovari śrī-karaṇa-mukaveṭṭi vēḷār-kiḻava¡n!um purovari śrī-karaṇa-mukaveṭṭi Aracūr-uṭaiyā¡n!um purovari śrī-karaṇa-nāyakam ceṟṟūr-uṭaiyā¡n!um purovari-k kūṟu pa(ṅ)ka(ḷa)-rāyarum ciṅkaḷa-rā(yarum) (va)ya(nā)ṭṭ-araiya-

⟨10⟩ rum Eḻuttiṭṭa Uḷvari-p paṭi It-tēvar (tē)vatā¡n!am-āna Uyyakoṇṭār-va(ḷa)-nāṭṭu tiraim¡u!r-nāṭṭu cempiya¡n! kuḷattūril kulōttuṅka-cōḻa-vatikku kiḻakku mu(ñ)ci-k kaṇṇāṟṟukku teṟku kiṭāraṅ-koṇṭa-cōḻa-vatikku mēṟku ta(rā-p)-paḷḷa-k-kaṇṭattukku vaṭakku naṭuviṟ-kaṇṭattu nilam o¡n!ṟ-ē mu-k-kāl-ē Arai-k-kāṇi muntirikai k¡i!ḻ araiyum Itan teṟku kiṭāraṅ-ko-

⟨11⟩ ṇṭa-cōḻa-vatikku mēṟku brahmatēyam tirai(m)¡(u)!¡(rr)! (ellai)kku vaṭakku pāmpuṇi kiḻā¡n! nilattukku kiḻakku nilam mu-k-kāl-ē nālu-mā Arai-k-kāṇi muntirikaiyum Āka nilam Iraṇṭ’ araiyē nālu-mā-k kāṇi Arai-k-kāṇi k¡i!ḻ araikku nilav-ōpātiyāl nel munnūṟṟu nāṟpa(t)t’ o¡n!(pa)ti¡n! kala(ttin)āl uṟai(n)ā(ḻi)-y eṟṟi nel munnūṟṟ’ aṟu-pati¡n! kalattukkum

⟨12⟩ Ivai kōyiṟ kaṇakku-k kuṇṭaiyūr kiḻava¡n! eḻuttu Ip-paṭikku Iv(ai) tēvarka¡n!mi tirucciṟṟampala-paṭṭa¡n! Eḻuttu Ip-paṭikku Ivai śrī-kāriyam mu(la)ṅkuṭaiyān Eḻuttu I(v)ai tiruviti A¡n!paṟkaraci¡n! Eḻuttu yāṇṭu 6-vatu cempiya¡n! kuḷattūril tārā-p-paḷḷa-kaṇṭattu p(ā)mpuṇi (ki)ḻā¡n! nila(ttu)kku kiḻakku mu¡n!(pu U)ṟ(ai)-

⟨13⟩ nāḻi nellukk’ e¡n!ṟu n¡i!kki pi¡n!pu pukunta ni(la)m {8 symbols = fractions} Āka nilam Iraṇ(ṭ-ē) mu-k-kāl-ē Oru-mā-v arai Arai-k-kāṇiyi¡n!āl nel munnūṟṟ’ aṟu-pati¡n! kalatt(ā)lum I(v)ai k(ō)yiṟ kaṇakku kuṇṭaiyūr kiḻava(n) eḻuttu Ip-paṭikku Ivai tē(varkan)mi tirucciṟṟampala-pa(ṭṭan eḻuttu) Ip-paṭikku I(v)ai śrī-kāriyam mulaṅkuṭaiyā(n) eḻut(tu) Ip-paṭikku (I)-

⟨14⟩ vai śrī-māheśvara-kaṇkāṇi tiruvā(ti) Anpaṟkaraci¡n! eḻuttu

Apparatus

⟨6⟩ °c(ō)ḷa° • The kompu only is unclear in c(ō)¡ḷ!⟨ḻ⟩a.

⟨7⟩ pāṇapeṟ-āka ⬦ pāṇapeṟāka SII • Palaniappan reads pāṇpeṟāka, supposedly because he expects pāṇa-p-peṟ-āka, but we find below tirucciṟṟampala-paṭṭa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩, whereas tirucciṟṟampala-p-paṭṭaṉ is the standard expected form.

⟨8⟩ pāṇa-kāṇiyum ⬦ pāṇakāṇiyum SII • Palaniappan reads pāṇkāṇiyum.

⟨13⟩ k(ō)yiṟ-kaṇakku • The kompu only is unclear in k(ō)yiṟ.

Translation

⟨1⟩ Prosperity! Fortune!

⟨1–5⟩ who graciously sat with ... [meykkīrtti of Kulottuṅga II Cōḻa]

⟨5–6⟩ 9th year of the glorious king Kulottuṅgacōḷa, emperor of the three worlds, alias Kōpparakesarivarman.

⟨6–7⟩ According to the acquisition of the previous land rights (mutal kāṇi peṟṟa), [it was given] to the singer (pāṇaṉ) Acañcala-p Pērayaṉ, alias Irumuticōḻa Pirān so that he

  • takes charge of appointing singers;
  • teaches (pāṭṭuvikka) the dancing girls (tēvāraṭiyār) attached to the temple (taḷiyillār) to sing;
  • sings to the Lord of Tiruviṭaimarutūr in Tiraimūr-nāṭu within the Uyyakkoṇṭārvaḷa-nāṭu.

⟨7⟩ The land that is needed for this [amount of] paddy, fixed (kaṭṭi) for the temple affairs (nivanta), was agreed (kūṭa) by the temple staff (nivantakkārar) who perform various services (palapaṇi) in the temple. The paddy that came [will be utilized] so that daily pots of paddy [measured] by the village measure (ūrkkālāl), which, from the ninth year onwards, includes (uḷpaṭa) gold coins and paddy that were received previously (muṉpu peṟṟu varum) for singing (pāṇapeṟ’ āka) in the temple.

⟨7–8⟩ From the ninth year [of the king Kulottuṅgacōḻa] onwards, the royal order (tirumukam), which has been gracefully commanded (prasātam ceytaruḷiṉa) for obtaining grace (prāsadam peṟṟamai), is now engraved in stone in this manner: a house (maṉai) is granted (viṭṭu) to him, which was formerly a dwelling place (kuṭiyiruppāṉa) for the singers that have been removed (aṭaittu) so that, after evicting (tavirttu) the previous residents (muṉṉuṭaiyār), [he receives] a land for his subsistance (nila-jīvitam) and land rights for singing (pāṇakāṇi) in these villages, which are a tēvatāṉam (devadāna) for this god.

⟨8⟩ This is in accordance with the royal order signed by the royal officer (tirumantiravōlai) Putukkuṭaiyār and by Malaiya-p Pirāyar.

⟨8–10⟩ [This is] also according to the tax exemption (uḷvari) that [the following people] have signed:

  • Neṭumaṇamuṭaiyāṉ, the official of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇattu mukaveṭṭi),
  • Poṉṉuḻāṉ, the head of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇa-nāyakam) Poṉṉuḻāṉ,
  • Paṇṇai Nallūruṭaiyāṉ, the official of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇa-mukaveṭṭi),
  • Vēḷār Kiḻavaṉ, the official of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇa-mukaveṭṭi),
  • Aracūruṭaiyāṉ, the official of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇa-mukaveṭṭi),
  • Ceṟṟūruṭaiyāṉ, the head of the revenue department (purovari śrīkaraṇa-nāyakam),
  • Paṅkaḷarāyar, the land revenue official (purovari) of the … (kūṟu),
  • Ciṅkaḷarāyar,
  • and Vayanāṭṭāraiyar

⟨10–11⟩ [It is thus given] so that there be (āka)

  • 1 (oṉṟē) + 3/4 (mukkālē) + 1/160 (araikkāṇi) + 1/320 (muntirikai) + 1/640 (kīḻarai) [amounting to 1127/640] of land in the middle parcel (naṭuviṟ-kaṇṭam), located to the north of the Tarāppaḷḷa parcel (kaṇṭam), west of the Kiṭāraṅkoṇṭacōla channel (vatikku), south of the Muñci branch canal, east of the Kulōttuṅkacōḻa channel, which is in Cempiyaṉ Kuḷattūr in the Tiraimūr-nāṭu, located in the Uyyakoṇṭārvaḷa-nāṭu, which is a land donated (tēvatāṉa) to this god, as well as
  • 3/4 (mukkālē) + 1/5 (nālumā) + 1/160 (araikkāṇi) + 1/320 (muntirikai) [amounting to 307/320] to the east of the land of Pāmpuṇi Kiḻāṉ, which is situated on the northern border of Tiraimūr brahmatēyam (Skt. brahmadeyam), west of of the Kiṭāraṅkoṇṭa-cōḻa channel, south of this [aforementioned boundary].
  • By the obligation of the land (nila v-ōpāti) [which amounts to] 2 (iraṇṭu) + 1/2 (araiyē) + 1/5 (nālumā) + 1/80 (kāṇi) 1/160 (araikkāṇi) + 1/640 (kīḻaraikku) [amounting to 1741/640] the 349 pots of paddy, which was the share of the village (uṟaināḻi), is increased (eṟṟi) [for a total] of 360 pots of paddy.1

⟨12⟩

  • This is the signature of Kuṇṭaiyūr Kiḻavaṉ, the accountant of the temple;
  • in this manner, these is the signature of Tirucciṟṟampalapaṭṭaṉ, the temple official (tēvarkaṉmi);
  • in this manner, these is the signature of Mu(la)ṅkuṭaiyān, the temple official (śrīkāriyam);
  • these is the signature of Tiruviti2 Aṉpaṟkaracu.

⟨12–13⟩ so that {unknown area} of land previously was added in the 6th year by removing the previous the share of the village (uṟaināḻi) of paddy to the east of the land of Pāmpuṇi Kiḻāṉ from the Tarāpaḷḷa parcel, which is in Cempiyaṉ Kuḷattūr.

⟨13⟩ [To obtain] 360 pots of paddy [that are obtained] by 2 (iraṇṭē) + 3/4 (mukkālē) + 3/40 (orumāvarai) + 1/320 (araikkāṇi) [amounting to 453/160] of land.

⟨13–14⟩

  • This is the signature of Kuṇṭaiyūr Kiḻavaṉ, the accountant of the temple;
  • in this manner, this is the signature of Tirucciṟṟampalapaṭṭaṉ, the temple official (tēvarkaṉmi);
  • in this manner, this is the signature of Mu(la)ṅkuṭaiyān, the temple official (śrīkāriyam);
  • in this manner, this is the signature of Tiruvāti3 Aṉpaṟkaracu, the glorious … (śrī-māheśvara-kaṇkāṇi).

Bibliography

Reported in Hultzsch 1895 (ARIE/1894-1895/B/1895/141).

Edited in Krishna Sastri 1925 (SII 5.705); partially translated by Orr 2000 and by Palaniappan 2016.

This digital edition by Renato Dávalos (2024), based on Krishna Sastri 1925. This translation by Renato Dávalos and Emmanuel Francis (2024).

Primary

[SII] Krishna Sastri, H. 1925. South-Indian inscriptions (texts). Volume V: Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada countries. South Indian Inscriptions 5. Madras: Government Press. Pages 295–296, item 705.

Secondary

Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1895. G.O., &c., Nos. 855, 856, 12th October 1895. Epigraphy. Forwarding to the Government of India report on the Epigraphical work accomplished during 1894-95, and approving of the programme of work for the next field season. Madras: Government of Madras, Public Department. Page 14, appendix B/1895, item 141.

Orr, Leslie C. 2000. Donors, devotees, and daughters of god, temple women in medieval Tamilnadu. New York: Oxford University Press. Pages 102–103.

Palaniappan, Sudalaimuthu. 2016. “Hagiography versus history: The Tamil Pāṇar in Bhakti-oriented hagiographic texts and inscriptions.” In: The Archaeology of Bhakti, II: Royal bhakti, local bhakti. Edited by Emmanuel Francis and Charlotte Schmid. Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École française d'Extrême-Orient, pp. 303–346. Pages 331–332.

Notes

  1. 1. The total amount could be expressed also as 2 [vēli] and 461/640. This would be the total sum of the two other areas of land described above.

  2. 2. Tiruvāti in line 13.

  3. 3. Tiruviti in line 12.