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· <title>Timmapuram unfinished plates of Maṅgi Yuvarāja</title>
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15 <forename>Dániel</forename>
· <surname>Balogh</surname>
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20 <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
· <persName ref="part:daba">
· <forename>Dániel</forename>
· <surname>Balogh</surname>
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25 </respStmt>
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30 <idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00091</idno>
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· <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
· <p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
· Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
35 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
· Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
· California, 94041, USA.</p>
· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Dániel Balogh.</p>
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40 </availability>
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55 <handDesc>
· <p>Halantas. </p>
· <p>Original punctuation. </p>
· <p>Other palaeographic observations. Written in rather ungainly characters of uneven size and distribution.
· </p>
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· <p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)
· under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
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·<div type="edition" xml:lang="san-Latn" rendition="class:83225 maturity:83213">
·<div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
100 <ab><lb n="1"/><unclear>śrī-vija</unclear>yasiddhi</ab>
·</div>
·<div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
·<pb n="1r"/>
·<p>
105<pb n="1v"/>
·<lb n="1"/><supplied reason="lost">sva</supplied><unclear>sti</unclear><supplied reason="subaudible">.</supplied> samasta-bhuvanāśraya-śrī-saṁstūyamāna-<supplied reason="omitted">māna</supplied>vya-sagotrāṇ<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>ṁ h<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>riti-pu<lb n="2" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">trāṇā</supplied><unclear>ṁ</unclear> Aśvamedha-yājināṁ kauśik<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>-vara-prasāda-rājyānāṁ nārāyaṇa-vara-pras<unclear>ā</unclear><lb n="3" break="no"/><unclear>do</unclear>palab<unclear>dh</unclear>a-vara-varāha-lāṁchanā<surplus>ṁ</surplus>nāṁ mātr̥-gaṇa-paripālitānāṁ māna<lb n="4" break="no"/><unclear>v</unclear>ya-sagotrāṇāṁ caḷukyānāṁ kula-jaladhi-samudbhūta-rājasya śrīma<lb n="5" break="no"/>to jayasiṁgha-vallabha-mah<unclear>ā</unclear>rājasyendra-samāna-kīrtt<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>e</corr></choice>r indra-bhaṭṭā<pb n="2r" break="no"/><lb n="6" break="no"/>rakasya priya-tanaya<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> sva-pitur adhika-guṇa-gaṇo<choice><orig>d</orig><reg>dd</reg></choice>yo<choice><sic>d</sic><corr>t</corr></choice>ita-yaśo-vitāna-ro<lb n="7" break="no"/>ciṣṇo<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> <choice><sic>Anda</sic><corr>Aidaṁ</corr></choice>yu<choice><sic>ś</sic><corr>g</corr></choice>īna-mahāviṣṇo<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> viṣṇuvarddhana-mahārājasya priya-tanaya<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> <lb n="8"/>pravarddha</p>
·
·<pb n="2v"/>
·
110<pb n="3r"/>
·
·<pb n="3v"/>
·</div>
·
115<div type="textpart" n="C"><head xml:lang="eng">Palimpsest</head>
·<pb n="1r"/>
·<p><pb n="1v"/><lb n="1"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="2"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="6" unit="character" precision="low"/><unclear cert="low">bhuvanā</unclear><gap reason="lost" quantity="17" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="3"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/> <space type="binding-hole"/> <gap reason="lost" quantity="21" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="4"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="5" unit="character" precision="low"/><unclear>nā</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ṁ ca</supplied><unclear>ḷu</unclear><supplied reason="lost">k</supplied><unclear>y</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ānāṁ</supplied> <unclear>ku</unclear>lam ala<supplied reason="lost">ṁ</supplied>ka<unclear>ri</unclear>ṣṇ<supplied reason="lost">oḥ</supplied> <unclear>śrī</unclear>-<gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/>si<unclear>gha-vallabha</unclear>-<supplied reason="lost">ma</supplied><unclear>hārā</unclear>ja<lb n="5"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="8" unit="character" precision="low"/> vikramasyendra-<supplied reason="lost">bhaṭṭā</supplied><unclear>rakasya</unclear> <supplied reason="lost">sūno</supplied><unclear>r a</unclear>neka-samara-sa<supplied reason="lost">ṁghaṭṭa</supplied><pb n="2r" break="no"/><lb n="6"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="7"/><gap reason="lost" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="8"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/> <space type="binding-hole"/> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="21" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="9"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="10"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><pb n="2v"/><lb n="11"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="11" unit="character" precision="low"/> <unclear cert="low">karvve bra</unclear> <gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">rgga</unclear> <gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">śī</unclear> <gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">bhu</unclear>taṁ <unclear cert="low">kakaṁsa</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="7" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="12"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="8" unit="character" precision="low"/> <unclear cert="low">śāgni</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">ddhaporkandikanāga A</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="4" unit="character" precision="low"/> nā bra<supplied reason="lost">h</supplied>ma <gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/> ḥ <unclear cert="low">ceva</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="13"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="2" unit="character" precision="low"/> <supplied reason="lost" cert="low">ma</supplied><space type="binding-hole"/> vin<unclear>d</unclear>iśarm<unclear>m</unclear>aṇaḥ putr<unclear cert="low">ā</unclear>ya <unclear>ṣa</unclear>ṭ-karm<unclear>m</unclear>a-nira<supplied reason="lost">tā</supplied><unclear>ya</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">sa-</unclear>ma<unclear cert="low">ntre</unclear><unclear>tihāsa</unclear> <gap reason="illegible" quantity="5" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="14"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/><unclear cert="low">b</unclear>u-nāma <unclear cert="low">kṣetraṁ</unclear> ni<unclear>va</unclear>rttana-mā<unclear>tra</unclear> <unclear>bhūmi sūrya-grahaṇa</unclear>-nimitt<unclear cert="low">aṁ</unclear> <unclear>Udaka-pūrvva</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ṁ sa</supplied><lb n="15"/><unclear>rvva-kara-pa</unclear>rihāreṇāgrahār<unclear>ī</unclear>kr̥tya Ācandrārkka-tārakaṁ dattaṁ<supplied reason="subaudible">.</supplied> tasya kṣe<unclear>trasya</unclear> <unclear cert="low">A</unclear><gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="character" precision="low"/><pb n="3r"/><lb n="16"/><unclear cert="low">maṣṭāprā</unclear><gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/> <unclear cert="low">v</unclear>ip<unclear>i</unclear> <supplied reason="lost" cert="low">kara</supplied><unclear cert="low">ṇīyā</unclear><supplied reason="subaudible">.</supplied> <unclear>U</unclear>kta<unclear>ñ ca bhagavatā vyāsena</unclear></p>
·<lg n="1" met="anuṣṭubh">
·<l n="a">bahubhir vvasudhā <supplied reason="lost">da</supplied><unclear>ttā</unclear></l>
120<l n="b"><lb n="17"/><unclear>ba</unclear>hubhiś<unclear>c</unclear>ānu<unclear>pālitā</unclear></l>
·<l n="c">yasya <unclear>ya</unclear>sya <unclear>ya</unclear>dā bhūmi<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> <space type="binding-hole"/></l>
·<l n="d">tasya <unclear>ta</unclear>sya tadā phalaṁ</l>
·</lg>
·<lg n="2" met="anuṣṭubh">
125<l n="a">sva-dattā<unclear>ṁ</unclear><supplied reason="lost">pa</supplied><lb n="18"/><supplied reason="lost">ra-dattāṁ vā</supplied>] <space type="binding-hole"/></l>
·<l n="b"><unclear>yo</unclear> hareta vasundharāṁ</l>
·<l n="c">ṣaṣṭiṁ varṣa-sa<unclear>hasrāṇi</unclear></l>
·<l n="d">vi<unclear>ṣṭhāyāṁ jāyate kr̥mi</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied><space type="binding-hole"/></l>
·</lg>
130<ab><lb n="19"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/><lb n="20"/><gap reason="illegible" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/></ab>
·<pb n="3v"/>
·</div>
·
·
135
·</div>
·
·
·
140
·
·<div type="apparatus">
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
· </div>
145 <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
· <listApp>
· <app loc="1">
· <lem>samasta-bhuvanāśraya-śrī-saṁstūyamāna-</lem>
· <note>The standard phrase <foreign>śrīmatāṁ sakala-bhuvana-saṁstūyamāna-</foreign>. Beyond the garbled nature of the present text, it is worth noting that <foreign>samasta-bhuvanāśraya</foreign>, while a frequent epithet of kings bearing the name Vijayāditya, does not to my knowledge appear in any context before the time of Vijayāditya I.</note>
150 </app>
· <app loc="5">
· <lem>-mah<unclear>ā</unclear>rājasyendra-</lem>
· <note>If this inscription was ever meant to be a properly issued land grant, the text intended here would have been something like <foreign>-mahārājasya priyānujasyendra-</foreign>.</note>
· </app>
155 <app loc="6">
· <lem>-tanaya<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></lem>
· <note>The ending I supply is syntactically inappropriate and should in fact be <foreign>-tanayasya</foreign>. But convention seems rather to call for <foreign>sūnor</foreign> at this point, and the king list may be a clumsy adoption from that used in grants of Viṣṇuvardhana II.</note>
· </app>
· <app loc="8">
160 <lem>pravarddha</lem>
· <note>The text ends here. The continuation was probably not a date involving the phrase <foreign>pravarddhamāna-vijaya-rājya</foreign>, but a qualification similar to <foreign>pravarddhamāna-pratāpopanamita-ripu-nr̥pati-makuṭa-taṭa-ghaṭita-maṇi-mayūkha-mañjarī-puñja-piñjarita-caraṇāravinda-yugalaḥ</foreign>, as in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSVengiCalukya00005.xml">Guḍivāḍa plates (set 1) of Jayasiṁha I, which contains the only close parallel to the preceding qualification of Viṣṇuvardhana II (there applied to Viṣṇuvardhana I, in the form <foreign>sva-pitur anūna-guṇa-gaṇodyotita-rociṣṇor aidaṁyugīna-mahāviṣṇoḥ</foreign>).</ref></note>
· </app>
· </listApp>
· </div>
165 <div type="textpart" n="C"><head xml:lang="eng">Palimpsest</head>
· <listApp>
· <app loc="4">
· <lem><unclear>śrī</unclear>-<gap reason="illegible" quantity="1" unit="character"/>si<unclear>gha-</unclear></lem>
· <note>I cannot make out any of the character to the left of <foreign>si</foreign>, but it is certainly only one character. Nevertheless, <foreign>jayasiṁgha</foreign> was in all probability intended.</note>
170 </app>
· <app loc="9">
· <lem><gap reason="illegible" quantity="26" unit="character" precision="low"/></lem>
· <note>This is the line where the ARIE reports the deleted text <foreign><unclear>svāsi-dhār</unclear>ānamita-ripu-nr̥pati-makuṭa-<unclear>taṭa-ghaṭita</unclear>-maṇi-kiraṇa-rāga</foreign>.</note>
· </app>
175 <app loc="11">
· <lem><unclear cert="low">karvve bra</unclear></lem>
· <note>The readings offered for this line and the next are rather just diagnostic in nature and are likely to be incorrect in many details.</note>
· </app>
· </listApp>
180 </div>
·
·</div>
·
·
185
·
·<div type="translation" resp="part:daba">
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
· </div>
190 <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
·<p n="1-8">Greetings. His Majesty King <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mahārāja</foreign></supplied> Jayasiṁgha Vallabha <supplied reason="subaudible">was</supplied> a jewel of a king arisen from the ocean that is the family of the Caḷukyas—who are of the Mānavya <foreign>gotra</foreign> which is praised by <seg cert="low"><supplied reason="explanation">the goddess</supplied> Fortune who is the</seg> shelter of the entire universe <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>samasta-bhuvanāśraya</foreign></supplied>,<note>The text is garbled here; see also the apparatus to line 1.</note> who are the sons of Hāriti, who perform the Aśvamedha <supplied reason="explanation">sacrifice</supplied>, whose kingship is <supplied reason="subaudible">by</supplied> the grace of Kauśikī’s boon, who acquired the superior Boar emblem by the grace of Nārāyaṇa’s boon, who are protected by the band of Mothers, and who are of the Mānavya <foreign>gotra</foreign>.<note>In addition to other discrepancies in the text, the Mānavya <foreign>gotra</foreign> is mentioned twice.</note> <supplied reason="subaudible">His</supplied> <supplied reason="omitted">younger brother was</supplied> Indra Bhaṭṭāraka, equal in reputation to <supplied reason="subaudible">the divine</supplied> Indra. <supplied reason="subaudible">His</supplied> dear son <supplied reason="subaudible">was</supplied> King <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mahārāja</foreign></supplied> Viṣṇuvardhana <supplied reason="explanation">II</supplied>, a <supplied reason="subaudible">veritable</supplied> Supreme Viṣṇu of this epoch, who is resplendent with a profusion of glory is illuminated by a host of virtues in excess of those of his father. <supplied reason="subaudible">His</supplied> dear son, ever-increasing<note>As noted in the apparatus to line 7, the last inscribed word may belong to the phrase “whose pair of lotus feet are engilded by a mass of beam clusters from gems fitted to the surfaces of the crowns of enemy kings forced to bow by his ever-increasing valour”.</note></p>
· </div>
· <div type="textpart" n="C"><head xml:lang="eng">Palimpsest</head>
·<p n="1-12"><gap reason="ellipsis"/> King <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mahārāja</foreign></supplied> Jayasiṁgha Vallabha, who was eager to adorn the family of the Caḷukyas <gap reason="ellipsis"/> Indra Bhaṭṭāraka, whose valour <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="subaudible">his</supplied> son <gap reason="ellipsis"/> the clash of many a battle <gap reason="ellipsis"/></p>
195<p n="13-16"><gap reason="ellipsis"/> the son of <seg cert="low">Ma</seg>vindiśarman, devoted to the six duties <supplied reason="explanation">of a Brahmin</supplied> <gap reason="ellipsis"/> together with the Mantras and Itihāsas <gap reason="ellipsis"/> a field named <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <foreign>nivartana</foreign> extent of land <gap reason="ellipsis"/> has been given on the occasion of an eclipse of the sun, sanctified by <supplied reason="explanation">a libation of</supplied> water, converted into a rent-free holding <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>agrahāra</foreign></supplied> by a remission of all taxes, as long as the moon, sun and stars <supplied reason="subaudible">remain</supplied>. Of that field, <gap reason="ellipsis"/> The Reverend Vyāsa too has said:</p>
·<p rend="stanza" n="1">Many <supplied reason="subaudible">kings</supplied> have granted land, and many have preserved it <supplied reason="subaudible">as formerly granted</supplied>. Whosoever at any time owns the land, the fruit <seg rend="pun">reward <supplied reason="subaudible">accrued of granting it</supplied></seg> belongs to him at that time.</p>
·<p rend="stanza" n="2">He who would seize land, whether given by himself or by another, shall be born as a worm in faeces for sixty <supplied reason="subaudible">thousand</supplied> years.</p>
·<p n="19-20"><gap reason="ellipsis"/></p>
· </div>
200</div>
·
·
·
·
205
·<div type="commentary">
· <p>The findspot is recorded as Timmāpuram, Sarvasiddhi Taluk, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. I believe Sarvasiddhi Taluk should be NE of Kakinada, more or less corresponding to present-day Anakapalli district. Somasekhara Sarma (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:SomasekharaSarma1955-1956_01"/><citedRange>131</citedRange></bibl>) identifies Kumulūru as Pedda Gummulūru (or the nearby Chinna Gummulūru) in Sarvasiddhi Taluk, located near Gudivada (also said to be in Sarvasiddhi Taluk by Somasekhara Sarma) and the findspot Timmapuram. The most likely place is around 17.43342446086503, 82.75163439357617, where the India Place Finder and Open Street Maps show a Timmapuram coterminous with (or part of) a Pedda Gummuluru (Pedha Gumuluru on Google Maps). A small village called Gudivada is located about 6 km SE of this, whereas the major town Gudivada is over 200 km to the SW.</p>
·<p>The inscription is a palimpsest on recycled plates. The earlier writing, present on all the inner faces of the set, was erased with great care, perhaps by hammering the lines with a very hard and rough-surfaced tool or stone. The effect is that blurry haloes of the original writing can now be seen, and in many places hair-thin lines corresponding to the deepest parts of the original strokes are also visible. Some of the earlier inscription is thus fairly legible, giving the appearance of a complete grant, which I edit as the third part of this inscription. According to the ARIE report, the words <foreign><unclear>svāsi-dhār</unclear>ānamita-ripu-nr̥pati-makuṭa-<unclear>taṭa-ghaṭita</unclear>-maṇi-kiraṇa-rāga</foreign> can just be made out in the fourth line of page 2 recto. I cannot make out anything resembling these words, here or anywhere else, and hence wonder if the ARIE scholar had an eye that much better for this (yet did not care to report the much more easily legible parts of the erased text), or if this is a mistake. The fact that the earlier writing covers the inner faces, and proceeds in the same order as the present inscription from 1v to 3r, also implies that the earlier grant may have been erased after the original plates were issued and bound with a seal, and what we have here may be a partially reinscribed premodern forgery. See also the apparatus note to line 1.</p>
·</div>
210
·
·
·<div type="bibliography">
· <p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1907-1908"/><citedRange unit="page">10</citedRange><citedRange unit="appendix">A/1907-08</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">1</citedRange></bibl> with a description at <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1907-1908"/><citedRange>48-49</citedRange></bibl>. No previous editions known. The present edition was created for DHARMA by Dániel Balogh, on the basis of photographs taken by myself in February 2023 at the Government Museum, Chennai.</p>
215 <listBibl type="primary">
· <bibl/>
· </listBibl>
· <listBibl type="secondary">
· <bibl/>
220 </listBibl>
·</div>
·
·
·
225 </body>
· </text>
·</TEI>
Commentary
The findspot is recorded as Timmāpuram, Sarvasiddhi Taluk, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. I believe Sarvasiddhi Taluk should be NE of Kakinada, more or less corresponding to present-day Anakapalli district. Somasekhara Sarma (1955–1956, p. 131) identifies Kumulūru as Pedda Gummulūru (or the nearby Chinna Gummulūru) in Sarvasiddhi Taluk, located near Gudivada (also said to be in Sarvasiddhi Taluk by Somasekhara Sarma) and the findspot Timmapuram. The most likely place is around 17.43342446086503, 82.75163439357617, where the India Place Finder and Open Street Maps show a Timmapuram coterminous with (or part of) a Pedda Gummuluru (Pedha Gumuluru on Google Maps). A small village called Gudivada is located about 6 km SE of this, whereas the major town Gudivada is over 200 km to the SW.
The inscription is a palimpsest on recycled plates. The earlier writing, present on all the inner faces of the set, was erased with great care, perhaps by hammering the lines with a very hard and rough-surfaced tool or stone. The effect is that blurry haloes of the original writing can now be seen, and in many places hair-thin lines corresponding to the deepest parts of the original strokes are also visible. Some of the earlier inscription is thus fairly legible, giving the appearance of a complete grant, which I edit as the third part of this inscription. According to the ARIE report, the words (svāsi-dhār)ānamita-ripu-nr̥pati-makuṭa-(taṭa-ghaṭita)-maṇi-kiraṇa-rāga can just be made out in the fourth line of page 2 recto. I cannot make out anything resembling these words, here or anywhere else, and hence wonder if the ARIE scholar had an eye that much better for this (yet did not care to report the much more easily legible parts of the erased text), or if this is a mistake. The fact that the earlier writing covers the inner faces, and proceeds in the same order as the present inscription from 1v to 3r, also implies that the earlier grant may have been erased after the original plates were issued and bound with a seal, and what we have here may be a partially reinscribed premodern forgery. See also the apparatus note to line 1.