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· <title>Ruchida plates of Mahābhavagupta year 8</title>
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· <forename>Amandine</forename>
· <surname>Wattelier-Bricout</surname>
20 </persName>
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· <respStmt>
· <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
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25 <persName ref="part:amwb">
· <forename>Amandine</forename>
· <surname>Wattelier-Bricout</surname>
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30 </titleStmt>
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35
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40 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
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· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Amandine
· Wattelier-Bricout.</p>
45 </licence>
· </availability>
· <date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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· <change when="2023-05-19" who="part:amwb" status="draft">Addition of the correspondances of the final stanzas according to Sircar's list</change>
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· <div type="edition" xml:lang="san-Latn">
105
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
· <ab>
· <lb n="1"/><roleName>śrī</roleName>-<persName type="king">mahābhavagu
· <lb n="2" break="no"/>ptarāja</persName>-<roleName>devasya</roleName>
110 </ab>
· </div>
· <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
· <pb n="1r"/>
·<pb n="1v"/>
115 <ab><lb n="1"/><g type="spiralL"/></ab>
· <p>
· nama<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> puru<choice><sic>ś</sic><corr>ṣ</corr></choice>ottamāya<g type="ddanda">.</g> svasti vārakāt <roleName>parama-māheśvaro</roleName> mātā-pitr̥-pādānudhyāta<lb n="2" break="no"/>-<roleName>mahārājādhirāja</roleName>-<surplus>t</surplus><roleName>parameśvara</roleName>-<roleName>paramabhaṭṭāraka</roleName>-soma-kula-tilaka-<surplus>s</surplus><roleName>tr̥kaliṅgādhipati</roleName>-<roleName>śrī</roleName><lb n="3" break="no"/><persName type="king">mahābhavagupta</persName>-<roleName>rāja-devaḥ</roleName> kuśalī<g type="ddanda">.</g> cārapadraka-viṣayīpati-vasarullāka-vrāhmaṇā<supplied reason="omitted">n saṁ</supplied><lb n="4" break="no"/>p<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>jya tat-pratinivāsi-kuṭumvinaḥ samāharttr̥-sannidhātr̥-daṇḍapāśika-cāṭa-bhaṭa-rāja-va<lb n="5" break="no"/>llabha-jātīn sarvān samājñāpayati viditam astu bhavatām yathāsmābhiḥ sa-nidhiḥ<lb n="6"/>sopanidhiḥ sa-daśaparādho <surplus>niṣiddha</surplus> a-cāṭa-bhaṭa-praveśaḥ sarvvoparikaradāna-sameta<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied><lb n="7"/>sarvva-pīḍā-pariva<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied>jjitaḥ ā-candara-tārakārkka-kṣiti-samakālopabhoktuṁ mithuna-saṁkrā<supplied reason="omitted">ntyaṁ</supplied><lb n="8"/>guna-medhagreḥ vyakṣasyam jānadajñā-pañcārṣiya-pravaraḥ vaccha<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>sa<lb n="9" break="no"/>-bhārgava-gotrāya <surplus>cyavana-Apnuvān</surplus> <unclear>Au</unclear>rva-jamadajñetiḥ jāmadagnīvā<supplied reason="subaudible">taḥ Aurva<lb n="10"/>vātaḥ</supplied> <choice><sic>da</sic><corr>A</corr></choice>pnuvāna-vātaḥ cyavana-vātaḥ pachabhu-grāma-vāsitaḥ kośāmvi-vinirgathaḥ śrī-kāśa<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/><lb n="11"/>nagara-vāstavya-bhaṭa-nanukāya maheśvara-deva-sutāya Indradeva-naptukāya taiṭr̥<supplied reason="omitted">yīna</supplied>-śākhā<lb n="12" break="no"/>ya māta-pi<choice><sic>tr̥</sic><corr>tro</corr></choice>
· <pb n="2r" break="no"/><lb n="13" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">rātmanaś ca puṇyābhi</supplied>vr̥ddhaye<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>bhaṭṭārakāya <supplied reason="lost">kha<lb n="14" break="no"/>ṇḍāsphuṭita</supplied> saṁskāraṇāya ca gīta-nr̥tya-vādita vali-caru-sattra-pravarttanāya vāsarullāka<lb n="15" break="no"/>gramārddha-dattaḥ<g type="danda">.</g> śrī-kasariṇā ni<supplied reason="omitted">vāsa</supplied>vāsarullā-grāma<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> nānnukasya dattaḥ salila-dhārā<lb n="16" break="no"/>-pura<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied>sareṇa tām<surplus>v</surplus>ra-śāsanenākarīkr̥tya pratipādita<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied> Ity avagatya samucita<lb n="17" break="no"/>-bhoga-bhāga-kara-hiraṇyādikam upanayad<supplied reason="omitted">bhir</supplied> <surplus>d</surplus>bhavadbhiḥ sukhena prativastavyaṁ<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied> bhāvibhiś ca<lb n="18"/>bhūpatibhiḥ dharma-gauravād asmadnurodhāc ca sva-dattir ivānupālanīyā<g type="ddanda">.</g> tathā caiva<lb n="19"/><supplied reason="omitted">paṭhyate</supplied> dharmaśāstre<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied>
· </p>
120 <lg n="1" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">vahubhir vvasudhā dattā</l>
· <l n="b">rājabhiḥ sagarādibhiḥ</l>
· <l n="c">yasya yasya yadā bhūmi<lb n="20" break="no"/>s</l>
· <l n="d">tasya tasya tadā phalaṁ</l>
125
·
·</lg>
· <lg n="2" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">mā bhūd a-phala-śaṅkā vaḥ</l>
130 <l n="b">para-datteti pārthivāḥ<g type="danda">.</g></l>
· <l n="c">sva-dānāt phalam ā<lb n="21" break="no"/><supplied reason="omitted">antyaṁ</supplied></l>
· <l n="d">para-dattānupālane<g type="ddanda">.</g></l>
·
·
135</lg>
· <lg n="3" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">bhūmi<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> yaḥ pratigr̥h<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṇ</reg></choice>āti</l>
· <l n="b">yaś ca bhūmiṁ prayacchati</l>
· <l n="c">Ubhau tau pu<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṇ</reg></choice>ya<lb n="22" break="no"/>-<supplied reason="omitted">karmāṇau</supplied></l>
140 <l n="d">niyat<choice><sic>au</sic><corr>aṁ</corr></choice> svarga-gāminau</l>
·
·
·</lg>
· <lg n="4" met="anuṣṭubh">
145 <l n="a">ṣaṣṭhi<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> var<surplus>i</surplus><choice><sic>s</sic><corr>ṣ</corr></choice>a-sahasrāṇi</l>
· <l n="b">svarge modati bhūmidaḥ</l>
· <l n="c">Ākṣeptā<lb n="23"/><supplied reason="omitted">cānumantā</supplied> ca</l>
· <l n="d">tāny eva narake vaset<g type="danda">.</g></l>
·
150
·</lg>
· <lg n="5" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">sva-dattām para-dattām vā</l>
· <l n="b">yo ha<choice><sic>red</sic><corr>reta</corr></choice> <supplied reason="omitted">vasundharāṁ</supplied></l>
155 <l n="c"><supplied reason="omitted">sa</supplied><lb n="24"/>viṣṭhāyāṁ kr̥mir bhūtvā</l>
· <l n="d">pitr̥bhiḥ saha pacyate<g type="danda">.</g></l>
·
·
·</lg>
160 <lg n="6" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">suvarṇṇam ekaṁ gām ekāṁ</l>
·
· <lb n="25"/><l n="b"><pb n="2v"/><supplied reason="omitted">bhūmer a</supplied>py arddham aṅgulaṁ</l>
· <l n="c">haran narakam āyāti</l>
165 <l n="d">yāvad ā<supplied reason="omitted">b</supplied>hūta-saṁplava<choice><sic>ḥ</sic><corr>M</corr></choice></l>
·
·
· </lg>
· <lg n="7" met="indravajrā">
170 <l n="a">Agner a<lb n="26" break="no"/>patyaṁ prathamaṁ suvarṇṇa<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></l>
· <l n="b">bhūr vvaiṣṇavī sūrya-sutāś ca gāv<choice><sic>o</sic><corr>aḥ</corr></choice></l>
· <l n="c"><supplied reason="omitted">yaḥ kāñcanaṁ gāñ ca mahīñ ca dadyād</supplied></l>
· <l n="d">dattās trayas tena bhavanti lokā<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></l>
·
175
· </lg>
· <lg n="8" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a"><lb n="27"/>harat<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>e</corr></choice> hāray<choice><sic>atar</sic><corr>ed</corr></choice> yas tu</l>
· <l n="b">manda-vuddhis tamo-vr̥taḥ<supplied reason="omitted">.</supplied></l>
180 <l n="c">sa vaddho vāruṇai<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></l>
· <l n="d">pāśair tt<choice><sic>ri</sic><corr>ir</corr></choice>ya<lb n="28"/>g-yoniñ ca gacchati<surplus>ḥ</surplus></l>
·
·
·</lg>
185 <lg n="9" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">ta<choice><sic>ṭākā</sic><corr>ḍāgā</corr></choice>nāṁ sahasreṇa</l>
· <l n="b">vāja-peya-śatena ca</l>
· <l n="c">gavāṁ koṭi-pradāne<lb n="29" break="no"/>na</l>
· <l n="d">bhūmi-harttā na śudhyati<surplus>ḥ</surplus></l>
190
·
·</lg>
·<ab>yaḥ kāñcanaṁ gāñ ca mahīñ ca dadyād</ab>
· <lg n="10" met="puṣpitāgrā">
195 <l n="a">Iti kamala-dalāmvu<lb n="30" break="no"/>-vindu-lolā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></l>
· <l n="b">śriyam anucintya manuṣya-j<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>vitañ ca</l>
· <l n="c">sa-kalam idam udāhr̥tañ ca vudhvā</l>
· <l n="d">na hi pu<lb n="31" break="no"/><supplied reason="omitted">ruṣaiḥ</supplied> para-k<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>rtt<choice><sic>o</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>yo vilopyāḥ</l>
·
200
·</lg>
· <lg n="11" met="śālinī">
· <l n="a">sarvvān<surplus>y</surplus> etā<supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied> bhāvinaḥ pārthivendrāṃ</l>
· <l n="b">bhūy<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>o</corr></choice> bhūyaḥ<lb n="32"/>yācate rāmacandraḥ</l>
205 <l n="c">sāmāny<choice><sic>e</sic><corr>o</corr></choice>'yaṁ dharma-setu<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> nr̥pāṇāṁ</l>
· <l n="d">kāle kāle pālanīyo<lb n="33"/>bhavadbhiḥ</l>
·
·
·</lg>
210 <lg n="12" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">Ādity<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>o</corr></choice> varuṇ<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>o</corr></choice> viṣṇur</l>
· <l n="b">vrahmā somo hutāśanaḥ</l>
· <l n="c">śulpāṇis tu bhagavāN</l>
· <l n="d">
215 <pb n="3r"/>
· <lb n="34"/><supplied reason="omitted">pratinandanti</supplied> bhūmidaṁ</l>
·
·
·</lg>
220 <lg n="13" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a">Āsphoṭayanti pita<choice><sic>tre</sic><corr>raḥ</corr></choice></l>
· <l n="b">pravalg<surplus>v</surplus>anti pitāmahāḥ</l>
· <l n="c">bhūmi-do 'smat-kule jātaḥ</l>
· <l n="d">sa nas trātā<lb n="35"/>bhaviṣyati</l>
225
·
·</lg>
· <p>
· sa<lb n="36"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>kona Asmat puna ra srggapa nga<lb n="37"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>rabhi hanyamano<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>hara<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/><g type="ddanda">.</g> Atreva mahāsandhivigrahika<lb n="38"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>dvavamabhilikhya<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>medini yāvadābhāḥ yāvad<lb n="39"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>gagane yāvat<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> candra pravala guṇa yuta<lb n="40"/><gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/>metatsapālaniyo svayam<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" extent="unknown"/> sāsana dharmmavr̥ddye<g type="ddanda">.</g> śrīmata<unclear>t</unclear> rudradattena devadatta<lb n="41"/><supplied reason="omitted">sutena</supplied> likhyaṃtam śāsanaṁ tām<surplus>v</surplus>ra-kāraka-saṅkillyena<g type="ddanda">.</g> pravarddhamāna vijaya-rājya-sa<unclear>mvatsare</unclear><lb n="42"/>Aṣṭame Āṣāḍha-prathama-pakṣa-dvitiyāyāṁ<g type="danda">.</g> Aṅkenāpi samvat <num value="8">8</num> va di dina <num value="2">2</num><g type="ddanda">.</g> yadi<lb n="43"/>Akṣara parībhrṣṭam mātrāhinaṁnta yadbhaveḥ kṣāntamarahasī vidvānsaḥ kasya na skhalate<lb n="44"/>manaḥ
230 </p>
· </div>
· </div>
· <div type="apparatus">
·
235 <listApp>
· <app loc="7">
· <lem>°pariva<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied>jjitaḥ</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">°parivajjitaḥ</rdg>
· </app>
240 <app loc="9">
· <lem><surplus>cyavana-Apnuvān</surplus></lem>
· <note>I assume that part of the text is an error of the copist because each of these words is repeated below in line 10 in a compound ending by °<foreign>vāta</foreign>. Even if the text is not very intelligible here, the five compounds ending in °<foreign>vāta</foreign> seem to explain the expression <foreign>jānadajñā-pañcārṣiya-pravaraḥ</foreign> whose meaning is also doubtful.</note>
· </app>
· <app loc="11">
245 <lem>taiṭr̥<supplied reason="omitted">yīna</supplied>-śākhā°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">taiṭr̥-śākhā</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="12">
· <lem>māta-pi<choice><sic>tr̥</sic><corr>tro</corr></choice>°</lem>
250 <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">māta-pitr̥°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="15">
· <lem>ni<supplied reason="omitted">vāsa</supplied>vāsarullā-grāma<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">ni<supplied reason="omitted">vasa</supplied> vāsarullā-grāma</rdg>
255 </app>
· <app loc="16">
· <lem>°pura<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied>sareṇa</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">purasareṇa</rdg>
· </app>
260 <app loc="17">
· <lem>upanayad<supplied reason="omitted">bhir</supplied> <surplus>d</surplus>bhavadbhiḥ</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Acharya2013_02">upanayad-dbhavadbhiḥ</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="38-39">
265 <lem><gap reason="ellipsis"/>medini yāvadābhāḥ yāvad<gap reason="ellipsis"/></lem>
· <note>Even if nothing could be certain, the reading of the lines 38-39 given by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/></bibl> looks close to the verse listed by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/></bibl> under the number 106 :
· <lg met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="a"><foreign>phāla-kr̥ṣṭāṁ mahīṁ dadyāt</foreign></l>
· <l n="b"><foreign>sa-bīja-śasya-medinim</foreign></l>
270 <l n="c"><foreign>yāvat-sūrya-kr̥tālokas</foreign></l>
· <l n="d"><foreign>tāvat svarge mahīyate</foreign></l>
· </lg></note>
· </app>
· </listApp>
275 </div>
· <div type="translation" resp="part:amwb"><head xml:lang="eng">English translation draft</head>
·
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
· <ab>Of the Lord Mahābhavagupta, the divine king</ab>
280 </div>
· <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
· <p n="1">Homage to the Highest Being!</p>
· <p n="1-3">Hail! From Vāraka, the devout worshipper of Maheśvara, the divine king, the prosperous <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuśalī</foreign></supplied> Mahārājādhirāja, the great lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>parameśvara</foreign></supplied> Paramabhaṭṭāraka, lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī</foreign></supplied> Mahābhavagupta, the forehead ornament of the Soma dynasty <supplied reason="explanation">or lunar race</supplied>, lord of Trikaliṅga <supplied reason="explanation">tr̥kaliṅgādhipati</supplied> favored by his revered mother and father,
· </p>
285 <p n="3-5">worshipped the Brāhmaṇas from Vasarullāka, governors of the district of the territory adjacent to <supplied reason="subaudible">the village</supplied> Cāra<note>
· <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/><citedRange unit="note">16</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">38</citedRange></bibl> suggests correcting <foreign>cāra-padraka-viṣayīpati-vasarullāka-vrāhmaṇān</foreign> by <foreign>cāra-padraka-viṣaya antaḥ pāti vasarullākavrāhmaṇān</foreign>. I understand <foreign>viṣayīpati</foreign> as governor of the district following the different meanings given by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1966_01"/><citedRange unit="entry"><foreign>viṣayapati</foreign></citedRange><citedRange unit="page">378</citedRange></bibl>. For the meaning of <foreign>padraka</foreign>, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1966_01"/><citedRange unit="page">226</citedRange></bibl>
· </note> and informed the householders dwelling there, all of those who are born as <foreign>samāhartr̥</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">tax collector</supplied>, <foreign>sannidhātr̥</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">the receiver of stolen goods</supplied>, policeman <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dāṇḍapāśika</foreign></supplied>, soldier <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cāṭa-bhaṭa</foreign></supplied>, as well as those who are favorites of the king <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>rājavallabha</foreign></supplied> as follows:
· </p>
· <p n="5-13">Be it known by you that this <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ayam</foreign> line 15</supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">grant</supplied> by us has been given with its treasures <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nidhi</foreign></supplied> and its deposits <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>upanidhi</foreign></supplied>, with the fines for the ten offences, preserved from the entrance of soldiers <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cāṭa-bhaṭa</foreign></supplied>, with all the supplementary receipts, without any obstacles, <supplied reason="subaudible">as permanent endowment</supplied> to be enjoyed in perpetuity as long as the moon, the sun and the stars <supplied reason="subaudible">will last</supplied>, on the occasion of the entrance of the sun into the constellation <foreign>Mithuna</foreign>, <seg cert="low">before the Phalguna sacrifice</seg> <supplied reason="explanation" cert="low"><foreign>phalguna-medhāgre</foreign></supplied><note>
290 The syllable sequence <foreign>gunamedhagreḥ</foreign> in line 8 does not make sense. My translation reflects the attempt to understand these syllables by assuming the compound <foreign>phalguna-medhāgre</foreign>. These understanding and reconstruction are more than uncertain since I have not found any evidence of this compound. </note>
· <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" quantity="3"/><supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vyakṣasyam</foreign></supplied>,
· to Indradeva's grandson, Maheśvaradeva’s son, the noble <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhaṭṭa</foreign></supplied> Nanuka resident of the glorious Kāśa<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/> town, an immigrant from Kośambi and living in the village Pachabbhu, belonging to the Vatsasa and Bhr̥gu <foreign>gotra</foreign>s, the best <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pravara</foreign></supplied> among the five ignorant and learned sages, i.e. the desired Aurvajamadajñeti, the desired Jāmadagni, the desired Aurva, the desired Dapnuvāna and the desired Cyavana, issued from the Taitr̥<supplied reason="omitted">yaṇī</supplied> school, in order to increase the merit and fame of my two parents, as well as my own one,
· </p>
· <p n="13-15">
295 and half the village Vāsarullāka is given to the <foreign>bhaṭṭāraka</foreign> for carrying out the repairs of breaches <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>khaṇḍa</foreign></supplied> and cracks, for the arrangment of songs and dances as well as for offerings of <foreign>bali</foreign>, <foreign>caru</foreign> and <foreign>sattra</foreign>; by the lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī</foreign></supplied> Kasari<note>
· Is it possible to understand here a misspelling for the proper name Kesari? If this is the case, it would call into question the attribution of this copperplate to a king older than Mahābhavagupta Janamejaya, and potentially to Svabhavatuṅga's predecessor Śivagupta, proposed by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/><citedRange unit="page">29</citedRange></bibl>. Basing its argument on the presence of the incomplete expression <foreign>śrī-kāśa<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/>-nagara</foreign>° in line 10-11, <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/></bibl> understands <foreign>kasariṇā</foreign> in line 15 as a place name.
· </note> the village Vāsarullā is given to Nanuka<note>
· Here the proper name is spelled Nānnuka.
· </note>
300 as a place of residence; all of this has been established with libations and after having edicted <supplied reason="subaudible">decision</supplied> by a copper plate.
· </p>
·
· <p n="15-18">After having considered this <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iti</foreign></supplied>, thanks to our acquisition, the enjoyments, the parts, the taxes, the gold etc… should easily remain appropriate and the future kings must protect this gift of Us out of the respect of Dharma and out of Our consideration as it was their own gift.
·</p>
305 <p n="18-19">Thus, it is taught in the <title>Dharmaśāstra</title>:</p>
· <p n="1" rend="stanza">
· Land has been given by several kings beginning with Sagara. Whoever holds land at a given time, to him does the fruit belong.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 23 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
310 </p>
· <p n="2" rend="stanza">
· Have no doubt about the fruit of what is given by another, o sons of Pr̥thu, the fruit is eternal both for him who gives in person and for him who protects what is given by another.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 85 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
315 </p>
· <p n="3" rend="stanza">
· The one who receives a land and the one who offers a land, both of them are men with meritorious deeds who are surely going to heaven.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 29 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
320 </p>
· <p n="4" rend="stanza">
· The giver of land enjoys sixty thousand years in heaven; the one who challenges <supplied reason="subaudible">a donation</supplied> as well as the one who approves <supplied reason="subaudible">this act</supplied> will reside as many <supplied reason="subaudible">years</supplied> in hell.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 123 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
325 </p>
· <p n="5" rend="stanza">
· The one who would steal land given by himself or another becomes a worm in excrement and is cooked with his ancestors.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 132 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
330 </p>
· <p n="6" rend="stanza">
· The one who steals a single cow, one piece of gold or a half <foreign>aṅgula</foreign> of land will stay in hells up to the dissolution of the created things.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 55 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
335 </p>
· <p n="7" rend="stanza">
· Gold is Agni's first born son, Earth Viṣṇu's wife and cows Sun's daughters; the one who gives gold, cows and land, the worlds belongs to him by these three kinds of gifts.<note>
· This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 5 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
340
·
· </p>
· <p n="8" rend="stanza">
· The foolish man who seizes ou makes <supplied reason="subaudible">a land</supplied> seized, will be covered by obscurity and bound by Varuṇa’s noose and be born again in an animal womb.<note>
345 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 64 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="9" rend="stanza">
· The excellent gift of a cow, the one of hundreds of sacrificial foods and beverages or of thousand tanks can not purify the one who has stolen a land.<note>
350 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 137 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="10" rend="stanza">
· Having considered that fortune and human life were as transient as a drop of water on a lotus petal, and having thought that the entire world is an illustration, let the glorious acts performed by others not be destroyed by men.<note>
355 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 71 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="11" rend="stanza">
· Rāmacandra repeatedly implores all these future kings: this bridge of Dharma which is common to all the kings, you always must protect it.<note>
360 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 117 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="12" rend="stanza">
· Āditya, Varuṇa, Viṣṇu, Brahmā, Soma, Hutāśana, Śūlapāṇi and the Lord rejoice the land-giver.<note>
365 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 4 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="13" rend="stanza">
· The Fathers are applauding and the Grand-Fathers are hopping up and down <supplied reason="subaudible">when they can say</supplied> <q>A giver of land is born within our lineage, sure, he will deliver us!</q><note>
370 This verse corresponds to the verse numbered 20 among the Stanzas on Bhūmidāna listed by Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="35-40"><gap reason="illegible" unit="line" quantity="1"/> Mahāsandhivigrahika <gap reason="illegible" unit="line" quantity="3"/><note>
· It is also possible that there is here the verse numbered 106 in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/></bibl>'s list, see Apparatus.
375 </note></p>
· <p n="40-42">This edict was written by the lord Rudradatta, Devadatta's son, thanks the coppersmith Saṅkillya. <supplied reason="subaudible">It was done</supplied> on the second day of the first fortnight of the month Āṣādha during the eighth year of the victorious reign, i.e. on the 2nd day of the dark fornight <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vadi</foreign>, abbreviation for <foreign>vadya-pakṣa-dina</foreign> according to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1966_01"/><citedRange unit="page">357</citedRange></bibl></supplied> of the year <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>Saṁvat</foreign></supplied> 8.</p>
· <p n="42-44">If letters have been forgotten or measures are missing, may this prayer without metric measures make a public apology, O wise men, what mind has never failed?</p>
· </div>
· </div>
380 <div type="translation" xml:lang="fra" resp="part:amwb"><head xml:lang="fra">Ébauche de traduction française</head>
·
· <div type="textpart" n="A" xml:lang="fra"><head xml:lang="fra">Sceau</head>
· <ab>De Sa Majesté, le divin roi Mahābhavagupta</ab>
· </div>
385 <div type="textpart" n="B" xml:lang="fra"><head xml:lang="fra">Plaques</head>
· <p n="1">Hommage à l'Être suprême!</p>
· <p n="1-3">Salutations ! Depuis Vāraka, le fervent dévot de Maheśvara, le divin roi, le prospère <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuśalī</foreign></supplied> Mahārājādhirāja, son éminence <supplied reason="explanation">parameśvara</supplied> Paramabhaṭṭāraka, Sa Majesté <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī</foreign></supplied> Mahābhavagupta, le fleuron de la dynastie Soma <supplied reason="explanation">ou de la dynastie lunaire</supplied>, seigneur du Trikaliṅga <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tr̥kaliṅgādhipati</foreign></supplied> considéré avec faveur par Ses respectés père et mère,</p>
· <p n="3-5">après avoir honoré les brahmanes de Vasarullāka gouverneurs du district du territoire situé à proximité du <supplied reason="subaudible">village</supplied> Cāra, il instruisit tous les propriétaires résidant en ces lieux en commençant par ceux étant de naissance collecteurs d’impôts <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>samāhartr̥</foreign></supplied>, percepteurs <supplied reason="explanation">saṁnidhārtr̥</supplied>, policiers <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dāṇḍapāśika</foreign></supplied>, soldats <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cāṭa-bhaṭa</foreign></supplied> ou proches du roi de la sorte:
·</p>
390 <p n="5-13">Que cela soit porté à votre connaissance: ceci <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ayam</foreign> line 15</supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">cette donation</supplied>, avec et ses dépôts <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nidhi</foreign></supplied> et ses trésors <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>upanidhi</foreign></supplied>, avec les amendes pour les dix infractions, avec l’interdiction d’intrusion militaire, avec ses prélèvements supplémentaires, sans aucune restriction, en tant que donation dont on pourra jouir à perpétuité aussi longtemps que le lune, le soleil et les étoiles existeront, à l’occasion de l’entrée du soleil dans la constellation des gémeaux <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mithuna</foreign></supplied>, <seg cert="low">avant le sacrifice de Phalguna</seg> <supplied reason="explanation" cert="low"><foreign>phalguna-medhāgre</foreign></supplied><note>
· La séquence de syllabes <foreign>gunamedhagreḥ</foreign> de la ligne 8 ne fait pas sens. Ma traduction reflète la tentative de compréhension de ces syllabes en supposant le composé <foreign>phalguna-medhāgre</foreign> tout à fait incertaine puisque je n'ai trouvé aucune occurrence de ce composé. </note>
· <gap reason="ellipsis" unit="character" quantity="3"/><supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vyakṣasyam</foreign></supplied>, je le donne au petit-fils d'Indradeva, fils de Maheśvaradeva, le noble <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>bhaṭṭa</foreign></supplied> Nanuka résidant dans la glorieuse ville de Kāśa<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/>, émigré originaire de Kośambi et vivant dans le village de Pachabbhu, appartenant au gotra de Vatsasa et de Bhr̥gu, le meilleur parmi les descendants des cinq sages savants et non savants - le désiré Aurvajamadajñeti, le désiré Jāmadagni, le désiré Aurva, le désiré Dapnuvāna, le désiré Cyavana - issu de l’école Taitr̥<supplied reason="omitted">yaṇī</supplied>, et ce, et afin d’augmenter le mérite et la gloire de mon père et de ma mère, ainsi que le mien,
·</p>
· <p n="13-16">et la moitié du village Vāsarullāka est donnée au <foreign>bhaṭṭāraka</foreign> pour effectuer la réparation des brèches et des fissures, pour la mise en scène des chants et des danses et pour la conduite des <supplied reason="explanation">offrandes</supplied> <foreign>bali</foreign>, <foreign>caru</foreign> et <foreign>sattra</foreign>; par le seigneur <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī</foreign></supplied> Kasari<note>
395 Ce nom serait-il une référence mal orthographiée à Kesari? Si tel était le cas, alors l'hypothèse de <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/><citedRange unit="page">29</citedRange></bibl> selon laquelle cette plaque aurait été commandité par un roi antérieur à Mahābhavagupta Janamejaya, et potentiellement par le prédecesseur de Svabhavatuṅga Śivagupta, serait à réévaluer. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/></bibl> considère <foreign>Kasariṇā</foreign> comme un toponyme en rapprochant ce terme de l'expression lacunaire <foreign>kāśā<gap reason="illegible" unit="character" quantity="2"/>-nagara</foreign> utilisée aux lignes 10-11.
· </note> le village Vāsarullā en tant que résidence est donné à Nanuka<note>
· Ici le nom propre est orthographié Nānnuka.
· </note>; <supplied reason="explanation">tout</supplied> cela a été établi avec les libations rituelles et après l’avoir décrété cette décision grâce à une plaque de cuivre.</p>
· <p n="16-18">Après avoir considéré ceci, grâce à notre acquisition, les récoltes, les dus, les impôts, l’or etc… resteront appropriés facilement et les futurs rois devront protéger ce don fait par nous par considération du Dharma et par respect pour nous, et ce, comme s’il s’agissait de leur propre donation.
400</p>
· <p n="18-19">Ainsi est-enseigné dans le <title>Dharmaśāstra</title>:</p>
· <p n="1" rend="stanza">
· Des terres ont été données par des centaines de rois à commencer par Sagara. C'est à celui qu'appartient ces terres à un moment donné, que revient le bénéfice.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 23 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
405 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="2" rend="stanza">
· N'ayez aucun doute sur le bénéfice retiré de ce qui est donné par un autre, ô fils de Pr̥thu, le bénéfice est éternel aussi bien pour celui qui donne que pour celui qui protège ce qui est donné par un autre.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 85 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
410 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="3" rend="stanza">
· Celui qui reçoit un don de terre et celui qui l'offre, tous deux sont des hommes aux actes méritoires qui sans aucun doute iront au ciel.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 29 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
415 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="4" rend="stanza">
· Celui qui donne des terres se réjouit durant soixante mille ans aux cieux, mais celui qui consteste <supplied reason="subaudible">un don</supplied> ou celui qui approuve <supplied reason="subaudible">cette contestation</supplied> séjournera aussi longtemps en enfer.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 123 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
420 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="5" rend="stanza">
· Celui qui vole une terre donnée par lui-même ou par un autre, devient un ver dans des excréments et cuit avec ses ancêtres.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 132 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
425 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="6" rend="stanza">
· Celui qui se saisirait d'une seule vache, d'une seule pièce d'or ou de la moitié d'un aṅgula de terre, séjournera aux enfers jusqu'à la dissolution du monde.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 55 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
430 </note>
· </p>
· <p n="7" rend="stanza">
· L'Or est le premier fils né d'Agni, la Terre est l'épouse Viṣṇu et les vaches sont les filles du Soleil; celui qui donne de l'or, des vaches et des terres, par ces trois sortes de dons les mondes lui appartiennent.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 5 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
435 </note>
·
·
· </p>
· <p n="8" rend="stanza">
440 L'insensé qui se saisirait ou ferait saisir <supplied reason="subaudible">une terre</supplied>, couvert d'obscurité et lié par les lacets de Varuṇa renaîtra dans une matrice animal.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 64 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="9" rend="stanza">
445 Celui qui a volé une terre, l'excellent don d'une vache, une centaine de mets et breuvages sacrificiels, un millier de réservoirs ne peuvent le purifier.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 137 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="10" rend="stanza">
450 Ayant considéré que fortune et vie humaine sont aussi éphémères qu'une goutte d'eau sur un pétale de lotus et que le monde entier n'est qu'une représentation, ne laissons pas des hommes détruire les actes glorieux accomplis par d'autres.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 71 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="11" rend="stanza">
455 À de nombreuses reprises, Rāmacandra a exhorté les rois futurs <supplied reason="subaudible">en ces termes</supplied> : ce pont du Dharma commun à tous les rois, vous devez toujours le protéger.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 117 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="12" rend="stanza">
460 Il est loué par Āditya, Varuṇa, Viṣṇu, Brahmā, Soma, Hutāśana, Śūlapāṇi et le Bienheureux celui qui donne des terres.<note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 4 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="13" rend="stanza">
465 Les pères applaudissent, les ancêtres trépignent de joie <supplied reason="subaudible">quand ils peuvent dire :</supplied> <q>Un donateur de terres est né dans notre lignée, assurément, celui-ci sera notre sauveur!</q><note>
· Ce vers correspond au vers 20 des stances relatives aux dons de terre listées par Sircar <supplied reason="explanation">voir <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/><citedRange unit="appendix">II</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-200</citedRange></bibl></supplied>.
· </note>
· </p>
· <p n="35-40"><gap reason="illegible" unit="line" quantity="1"/> Mahāsandhivigrahika <gap reason="illegible" unit="line" quantity="3"/><note>
470 La présence conjointe du substantif <foreign>medini</foreign> et de la conjonction <foreign>yāvat</foreign> laisse penser que peut-être était inscrit ici un vers proche du vers 106 de la liste de <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_03"/></bibl>, voir l'apparat critique.
· </note></p>
· <p n="40-42">Cet édit a été écrit par le seigneur Rudradatta, fils de Devadatta, grâce au dinandier Saṅkillya. <supplied reason="subaudible">Cela fut fait</supplied> au deuxième jour de la première quinzaine du mois Āśādha durant la huitième année du règne victorieux, c'est-à-dire le 2 de la quinzaine sombre <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vadi</foreign>, abréviation pour <foreign>vadya-pakṣa-dina</foreign> selon <bibl><ptr target="bib:Sircar1966_01"/><citedRange unit="page">357</citedRange></bibl></supplied> de l'an <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>Saṁvat</foreign></supplied> 8.</p>
· <p n="42-44">Si des lettres ont été oubliées ou que des mesures manquent, puisse cette prière sans mesure métrique faire amende honorable, ô sages, quel esprit n’a-t-il jamais failli?</p>
· </div>
475 </div>
· <div type="commentary">
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480 <div type="bibliography">
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· <p>The set of plates was first edited by S.C. Panda, D. Chopdar and P.K. Nayak in the <title>Journal of New Aspects of History of Orissa</title>, vol. XI, 2002, pp.72-82. The plates are currently preserved at the Prof. N. K. Sahu Museum of the Sambalpur University (see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Padhan2011_01"/><citedRange unit="item">2</citedRange><citedRange unit="page"/></bibl>). The photos are available <ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/x920g5138">here</ref>.</p>
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· <listBibl type="primary">
485 <bibl n="A"><ptr target="bib:Acharya2013_02"/></bibl>
· </listBibl>
· <listBibl type="secondary">
· <bibl><ptr target="bib:Acharya2014_01"/><citedRange unit="item">1</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">224</citedRange></bibl>
· </listBibl>
490 </div>
· </body>
· </text>
·</TEI>
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