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· <title>Mallām, donation, time of Kampavarman, year 20</title>
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15 <forename>Emmanuel</forename>
· <surname>Francis</surname>
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20 <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
· <persName ref="part:emfr">
· <forename>Emmanuel</forename>
· <surname>Francis</surname>
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25 </respStmt>
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· <authority>DHARMA</authority>
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30 <idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSPallava00226</idno>
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· <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
· <p>This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
· Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
35 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
· Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
· California, 94041, USA.</p>
· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Emmanuel Francis.</p>
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40 </availability>
· <date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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45 <msIdentifier>
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50 <summary>Donation of land in honour of a man who performed ritual suicide in honour of the Goddess.</summary>
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55 <p>Medial <foreign>i</foreign> and <foreign>ī</foreign>, <foreign>u</foreign> and <foreign>ū</foreign> are not clearly distinguished and are interchangeable.</p>
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· <p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)
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90 <lb n="1"/><hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>
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· ka<unclear>m</unclear>paparuma<unclear>ṟ</unclear>ku <unclear>yā</unclear>ṇṭu Iru-pa<choice><sic>t</sic><corr>tt</corr></choice>-āvatu
95 </p>
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· <unclear>pa</unclear>ṭṭai-pō<unclear>t</unclear>
· <lb n="2" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">ta</supplied><unclear>ṉu</unclear>kku Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkat<choice><orig>i</orig><reg>ī</reg></choice>n=taṉ paṭṭai-pō<unclear>t</unclear>taṉ mē
100 <lb n="3" break="no"/><unclear>tavam</unclear> purintat’ eṉṟu <hi rend="grantha">bhaṭā</hi>rikku nava-k-kaṇṭaṅ kuṭuttu
· <lb n="4"/><supplied reason="lost">ku</supplied><unclear>ṉṟaka-t</unclear>-talai Aṟuttu-p p<choice><orig>i</orig><reg>ī</reg></choice>ṭ<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>likai mēl vaittāṉukku <unclear>ti</unclear>
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105 <p>
· Em<choice><orig>u</orig><reg>ū</reg></choice>r-p paṟai koṭṭi-k kal-<unclear>mē</unclear>
· <lb n="6" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">ṭu</supplied> <unclear>ceytār ā</unclear>vikku-k kuṭu<unclear>p</unclear>pār āṉār
· </p>
·
110 <p>
· pōttaṉaṅ kiḻavarkaḷum to<unclear>ṟu</unclear>
· <lb n="7" break="no"/>-<unclear>p-pa</unclear>ṭṭi nilam kuṭu<unclear>t</unclear>tārkaḷ
· </p>
·
115 <p>
· Itu Aṉṟ’ eṉṟār kaṅkai-y-iṭai-k kumari
· <lb n="8" break="no"/>-<supplied reason="lost">y</supplied>-iṭ<unclear>ai</unclear> Ēḻu-nūṟṟu-k kātamum ceyt<unclear>ā</unclear>ṉ ceyta pāvattu-p paṭuv<supplied reason="lost">ār</supplied>
· </p>
·
120 <p>
· <lb n="9"/>Aṉṟ’ eṉṟār Aṉṟ’ āḷ-kōvukku kāṟ-p-po
· <lb n="10" break="no"/><unclear>ṉ</unclear> ṟaṇṭap paṭuvār
· </p>
·
125</div>
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130
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135
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140
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·<div type="translation" resp="part:emfr">
·
145 <p n="1">
· Fortune!
· </p>
·
· <p n="1">
150 Twentieth year of Kampavarman.
· </p>
·
· <p n="1-5">
· This is the manner <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paricāvatu</foreign></supplied> that the village delegates (<foreign>ūrār</foreign>) of Tiruvāṉmūr gave <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vaitta</foreign></supplied> to Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, as is known <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>purintatu eṉṟu</foreign></supplied> the great penance <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mētavam</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, in honour of him<note>That is, Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ</note> who gave the nine parts <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nava-k-kaṇṭam</foreign></supplied> to Bhaṭāri, cut his head and offered it on the altar.
155 </p>
·
· <p n="5-6">
· Those who, beating drums in our village, have done <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ceytār</foreign></supplied> the stone mound <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kal-mēṭu</foreign></supplied> have become those who give for <supplied reason="subaudible">his</supplied> soul.
· </p>
160
· <p n="6-7">
· The landlords <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> Pōttaṉam are those who gave the land <supplied reason="subaudible">named</supplied> Toṟuppaṭṭi.
· </p>
·
165 <p n="7-8">
· He who says that this is not so will suffer in the sin done by he who does <supplied reason="subaudible">sin within</supplied> the seven hundred leagues between the Ganges and Kumari.
· </p>
·
· <p n="7-8">
170 He who says that <supplied reason="subaudible">this</supplied> is not so will incur a fine <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṇṭam</foreign></supplied> of a quarter <foreign>poṉ</foreign> to the then ruling king.
· </p>
·
·</div>
·
175
· <div type="commentary">
·
· <p>
· Below the inscription is the figure of a kneeling beheaded man, with a knife in his right hand, holding by the hair his severed head in his left hand.
180 </p>
·
· <p>
· According to <bibl><ptr target="bib:VenkatasubbaAyyar1943_01"/></bibl>, the donation is made to Paṭṭaipōttaṉ for the pious act of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, who is probably his father. It is also possible that Paṭṭaipōttaṉ and Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ are the same person, in which case the beneficiary of the land donation (possibly the Goddess Bhaṭāri or the relatives of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ) would not be explicitly mentioned in the inscription. The plain name Paṭṭaipōttaṉ would have been highlighted at the beginning of the inscription in the dative case.
· </p>
185
· <p n="4">
· <foreign>kuṉṟaka-t-talai</foreign>. It is difficult to make sense of the first part of this compound, which is unclear on the stone. It might be split into <foreign>kuṉṟu</foreign> (from <foreign>kuṉṟu-tal</foreign>, “to decrease”) and <foreign>akam</foreign> (“place”), qualifying the severed head, in a redundant expression compared to <foreign>aṟuttu</foreign> (“having cut”).</p>
·
· <p n="4">
190 <foreign>piṭalikai</foreign> (that is, <foreign>pīṭilikai</foreign>). This word seems related to Sanskrit <foreign>pīṭḥa</foreign> (“seat, pedestal”) and appears to designate the altar for offerings (Sanskrit <foreign>bali-pīṭha</foreign>).</p>
·
· <p n="5">
· <foreign>kal-mēṭu</foreign>. Litteraly “mound (<foreign>mēṭu</foreign>) (made of) stone (<foreign>kal</foreign>).” This is possibly a kind of memorial erected in honour of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, of which the inscribed stele would be an element.</p>
·
195 <p n="6">
· <foreign>pōttaṉam</foreign>. This appears to be a toponym, linked to Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatintaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, as indicated by the last element of his name.</p>
·
·<p n="6-7">
· <foreign>toṟuppaṭṭi</foreign>. Either a toponym indicating the location of the land given or a phrase making explicit the purpose of the land given: “land (<foreign>nilam</foreign>) as (grazing-)place (<foreign>paṭṭi</foreign>) for cattle (<foreign>toṟu</foreign>).”</p>
200
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205 <p>
· Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:VenkatasubbaAyyar1943_01"/></bibl> (SII 12.106), with a facsimile; text and summary in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1988_01"/></bibl> (IP 226); encoded and first translated here by Emmanuel Francis (2022), based on previous editions and published facsimiles.
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215 <citedRange unit="plate">VI</citedRange>
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· <ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1988_01"/>
220 <citedRange unit="page">581</citedRange>
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225
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·
· <bibl>
· <ptr target="bib:ARIE1915-1916"/>
230 <citedRange unit="page">20</citedRange>
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235 <bibl>
· <ptr target="bib:Sircar1953_01"/>
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240
· <bibl>
· <ptr target="bib:Sircar1965_01"/>
· <citedRange unit="page">89</citedRange>
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245 </bibl>
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Commentary
Below the inscription is the figure of a kneeling beheaded man, with a knife in his right hand, holding by the hair his severed head in his left hand.
According to Venkatasubba Ayyar 1943, the donation is made to Paṭṭaipōttaṉ for the pious act of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, who is probably his father. It is also possible that Paṭṭaipōttaṉ and Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ are the same person, in which case the beneficiary of the land donation (possibly the Goddess Bhaṭāri or the relatives of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ) would not be explicitly mentioned in the inscription. The plain name Paṭṭaipōttaṉ would have been highlighted at the beginning of the inscription in the dative case.
(4) kuṉṟaka-t-talai. It is difficult to make sense of the first part of this compound, which is unclear on the stone. It might be split into kuṉṟu (from kuṉṟu-tal, “to decrease”) and akam (“place”), qualifying the severed head, in a redundant expression compared to aṟuttu (“having cut”).
(4) piṭalikai (that is, pīṭilikai). This word seems related to Sanskrit pīṭḥa (“seat, pedestal”) and appears to designate the altar for offerings (Sanskrit bali-pīṭha).
(5) kal-mēṭu. Litteraly “mound (mēṭu) (made of) stone (kal).” This is possibly a kind of memorial erected in honour of Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatīntaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, of which the inscribed stele would be an element.
(6) pōttaṉam. This appears to be a toponym, linked to Okkoṇṭanākaṉ Okkatintaṉ Paṭṭaipōttaṉ, as indicated by the last element of his name.
(6–7) toṟuppaṭṭi. Either a toponym indicating the location of the land given or a phrase making explicit the purpose of the land given: “land (nilam) as (grazing-)place (paṭṭi) for cattle (toṟu).”