Takua Pa, Tank inscription

Editor: Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPallava00148.

Summary: An inscription related to a tank.

Language: Tamil.

Repository: Pallava (tfa-pallava-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-09-19 15:29 (e8a670e), last modified 2024-06-06 16:22 (18e0138).

Edition

Logical
Physical
Full

⟨1⟩ […] (ya)varmanku […]

⟨2⟩ […] (m)ān tān naṅkū(r A)ṭai […] ⟨3⟩ […] (t/n) toṭṭa kuḷam(·) pēr śrī-(A)[va]⟨4⟩[ni]-nāraṇam(·)

maṇi-k-kirāmat(·)tār⟨5⟩[k](k)um cēṉā-mukattārkkum(·) ⟨6⟩ (muḻu)tārkkum Aṭai-k-kalam(·)

Apparatus

⟨1⟩ […] (ya)varmanku […] ⬦ […] ravarma¿(t)?⟨ṟ⟩ku […] H1; […] ravarman ku(ṇa) […] H2; [7*] (ya)varmatku (y) [5*] GR; [2*] (ra)varman ku[ṇā] S1; [8*] (ya) varmakku [1*] S2; […] (ya)ravarmakku K K+S.

⟨2⟩ […] (m)ān tān ⬦ (m)ān tān H1; (m)ān tān H2; [3*] (m)ān tān GR; [2*] mān tān S1 S2; [2*] (m)āṉ tāṉ K; […] māṉ tāṉ K+S. — ⟨2⟩ naṅkū(r A)ṭai […] ⟨3⟩ […] (t/n) ⬦ naṅkar(aiy)ai⟨3⟩t H1; naṅkūr a(ṭ)ai […] ⟨3⟩ (t) H2; naṅ(ku) rayai [5*] ⟨3⟩ [2*] t GR; naṅk(ū)r(u)ṭai(yā)⟨3⟩n S1 S2; naṅk(u)r(u)ṭaiy(a)⟨3⟩(n) K; naṅ(kurutaiya)⟨3⟩(ṉ) K+S • The standardised reading naṅkūr-utaiyāṉ would make good sense, but it does not appear possible to us, as it is not clear if letters are lost at the beginning of the line 3 and if toṭṭa, in the same line 3, is preceded by t or n.

⟨3⟩ toṭṭa ⬦ H1 H2; [2*] (t)toṭṭa GR; n toṭṭa S1 S2; (n) toṭṭa K; (ṉ) toṭṭa K+S. — ⟨3⟩ kuḷam(·) pēr ⬦ kuḷamp-ēr H1; kuḷam pēr H2 GR S1 S2 K K+S. — ⟨3⟩ śrī-(A)[va]⟨4⟩[ni]-nāraṇam(·) ⬦ śrī ⟨4⟩ nāraṇam H1; śrī(Ava)[ni]⟨4⟩nāraṇam H2; śrī⟨4⟩nāraṇam GR; śrī (Avani)⟨4⟩nāraṇam S1; śrī A(vani)⟨4⟩nāraṇam S2 K K+S • The syllable ni that most editors supply as omitted at the end of line 3 might in fact be supplied as lost at the beginning of line 4. It is in fact not clear whether letters have been lost on the left, on the right, or on both sides of the slab.

⟨4⟩ maṇikkirāmat(·)tār⟨5⟩[k](k)um ⬦ maṇikkirāmattār(k)⟨5⟩(k)um H1 K; maṇikkirāmattār[k]⟨5⟩(k)um H2; maṇikkirāmattār⟨5⟩[k]kum GR; maṇikkirāmattār(k)⟨5⟩kum S1 S2; maṇikkirāmattārk⟨5⟩kum K+S • The syllable k that most editors supply as omitted at the end of line 4 might in fact be supplied as lost at the beginning of line 5. It is in fact not clear whether letters have been lost on the left, on the right, or on both sides of the slab.

⟨6⟩ (muḻu)tārkkum ⬦ (cā)(pa)⟨t⟩tārkkum H1; (m uḻu)tārkkum H2; (ku)la⟨t⟩tārkkum GR; [1*] patārkkum S1; […] pātarkkum S2; […] apatārkkum K K+S • Hultzsch 1914 suggests that uḻutār is used here in the sense of uḻavar or uḻunar, "cultivators".

Translation by Hultzsch 1913

(1–3) […] of […] ravarman […] the hoofs of the team of oxen touching our boundary (?) Prosperity !

(4–6) Nāraṇam (is) the refuge of the members of Manikkirāmam and of the members of the detachment and of the bowmen (?).

Translation by Hultzsch 1914

(1–6) The tank, (by) name Śrī-[Avani]-Nāraṇam, which was dug near Naṅkūr by […] ravarman Gu[ṇa] […] [m]āṉ himself, (is placed under) the protection of the members of Manikkirāmam and of the men of the vanguard and of the cultivators¹.

Translation by Gopinatha Rao 1925–1926

(1–6) (The year) […] of (the reign of the king) […] yavarman […]; […] man […] dug a tank in our […]. Its name is Śrī-Nāraṇam. This is placed under the protection of the Maṇikkirāmattār, the Cēṉamukattār and (his own) descendents².

Translation by Nilakanta Sastri 1932

(3–6) The tank called Avani-nāraṇam dug by the lord of Naṅkūr (is placed under) the protection of the members of Manigrāmam, the residents of the military camp and […].

Translation by Emmanuel Francis

(1) [Umpteenth year] of […]varman.³

(2–4) The name [of] the tank that […]⁴ has dug (toṭṭa⁵) [at?] Naṇkūr … [is] the glorious Avanināṟaṇam⁶.

(4–6) It is a help (aṭaikkalam⁷) for the members of the Maṇikkirāmam (maṇikkirāmattār⁸), for the members of the Cēṉamukam (cēnāmukattār⁹), and for the cultivators (uḻūtār¹⁰).

Commentary

Bibliography

Edited and translated by Hultzsch 1913, with an estampage; revised edition and translation by Hultzsch 1914; re-edited by Gopinatha Rao 1925–1926, Nilakanta Sastri 1932, Nilakanta Sastri 1949 (without diacritic marks!); text in Cœdès 1929, after Hultzsch; text and summary in Mahalingam 1988 (IP n° 148); re-edited and translated here by Emmanuel Francis (2022), based on previous editions, published visual documentation and a photograph (2012), kindly supplied by Nicolas Revire.

Primary

[H1] Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1913. “Note on a Tamil inscription in Siam.” JRASGBI, pp. 337–339.

[H2] Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1914. “Supplementary note on a Tamil inscription in Siam.” JRASGBI, pp. 397–338.

[GR] Gopinatha Rao, T. A. 1925–1926. “A note on Manigramattar occurring in Tamil inscriptions.” EI 18, pp. 69–73.

[GC] Cœdès, George. 1929. Recueil des Inscriptions du Siam—Deuxième partie: Inscriptions de Dvāravatī, de Çrīvijaya et de Lăvo. Bangkok: Institut Royal de Siiam, Service archéologique. [URL]. Pages 49–50, item XXVI, plate XX.

[S1] Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 1932. “The Takua-Pa (Siam) Tamil inscription.” Journal of the Oriental Research (Madras) 6 (4), pp. 299–310.

[S2] Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 1949. “Takuapa and its Tamil inscription.” JMBRAS 22 (1), pp. 25–31.

[IP] Mahalingam, T. V. 1988. Inscriptions of the Pallavas. New Delhi; Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research; Agam Prakashan. Page 432, item 148.

[K] Karashima, Noboru. 2002. “South Indian and Sri Lankan inscriptions relating to the merchant guilds.” In: Ancient and medieval commercial activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of inscriptions and ceramic-sherds. Report of the Taisho University research project, 1997-2002. Edited by Karashima, Noboru. Tokyo: Taisho University, pp. 3–9. Pages 11–12.

[K+S] Karashima, Noboru and Y. Subbarayalu. 2009. “Ancient and medieval Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions relating to Southeast Asia and China.” In: Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia. Edited by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 271–291. Page 284, item 12.

Secondary

Finot1910_01

Subbarayalu, Yellava. 2012. South India under the Cholas. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Notes

1. uḻutār
2. kulattār
3. Hultzsch 1913 suggests that, if his "purely tentative" reading of lines 1-3 is correct, then several lines (“a lenghty passage”) would be missing at the beginning of the inscription. We follow here Gopinatha Rao 1925–1926, who suggests that we have here the usual beginning of a Tamil inscription, with the name and regnal year of the king, whence his reading of the last letter in line 1 as y, as the last remnant of the word yāṇṭu. According to Hultzsch 1913 and Hultzsch 1914 the name of the king is perhaps Bhāskaravarman. Contra, see Gopinatha Rao 1925–1926, Nilakanta Sastri 1932. Nilakanta Sastri 1932, p. 305 suggests to read mataku, "sluice", which would make sense in relation to a tank, but must confess his uncertainty.
4. If the standardised reading naṅkūr-utaiyāṉ is accepted, this "lord of Naṅkūr" would be the commissioner of the tank. See Nilakanta Sastri 1932, p. 308, who is tempted to identify him as a native of Nāṅkūr in the Tanjore district.
5. Past peyareccam of toṭu-tal.
6. The tank might have named after the biruda Avanināṟaṇaṉ (Sanskrit Avaninārāyaṇa) of the Pallava king Nandivarman III. See Nilakanta Sastri 1932, p. 306. The inscription has thus been dated to the reign of this king.
7. We follow here Hultzsch 1913 against others: the tank is made for the use of these persons, not put under their protection.
8. Maṇikkirāmam is the name of a Tamil merchant guild, from Sanskrit maṇigrāma.
9. Cēṉamukam is usually considered as the name of another Tamil merchant guild, from Sanskrit Senāmukha. See e.g. Subbarayalu 2012, p. 44. The etymology suggests however a soldiers’ group, possibly attached to the protection of the merchants. Mahalingam 1988, p. 432 translates as "the residents of the military camp". See translations in Hultzsch 1913, and in Hultzsch 1914. See also Gopinatha Rao 1925–1926, p. 72 on sanskrit senāmukha.
10. We follow here Hultzsch. Contra, see Nilakanta Sastri 1932, p. 306

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<gap reason="undefined"/> of <gap reason="undefined"/> ravarman <gap reason="undefined"/> the hoofs of the team of oxen touching our boundary (?) Prosperity !

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Nāraṇam (is) the refuge of the members of Manikkirāmam and of the members of the detachment and of the bowmen (?).

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The tank, (by) name Śrī-[Avani]-Nāraṇam, which was dug near Naṅkūr by <gap reason="undefined"/> ravarman Gu[ṇa] <gap reason="undefined"/> [m]āṉ himself, (is placed under) the protection of the members of Manikkirāmam and of the men of the vanguard and of the cultivators<note resp="part:emfr"><foreign>uḻutār</foreign></note>.

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(The year) <gap reason="undefined"/> of (the reign of the king) <gap reason="undefined"/> yavarman <gap reason="undefined"/>; <gap reason="undefined"/> man <gap reason="undefined"/> dug a tank in our <gap reason="undefined"/>.

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The tank called Avani-nāraṇam dug by the lord of Naṅkūr (is placed under) the protection of the members of Manigrāmam, the residents of the military camp and <gap reason="undefined"/>.

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<supplied reason="lost">Umpteenth year</supplied> of <gap reason="lost"/>varman.<note><bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1913_02"/></bibl> suggests that, if his "purely tentative" reading of lines 1-3 is correct, then several lines (<quote>a lenghty passage</quote>) would be missing at the beginning of the inscription. We follow here <bibl><ptr target="bib:GopinathaRao1925-1926_01"/></bibl>, who suggests that we have here the usual beginning of a Tamil inscription, with the name and regnal year of the king, whence his reading of the last letter in line 1 as <foreign>y</foreign>, as the last remnant of the word <foreign>yāṇṭu</foreign>. According to <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1913_02"/></bibl> and <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1914_01"/></bibl> the name of the king is perhaps Bhāskaravarman. Contra, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:GopinathaRao1925-1926_01"/></bibl>, <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/></bibl>. <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/><citedRange unit="page">305</citedRange></bibl> suggests to read <foreign>mataku</foreign>, "sluice", which would make sense in relation to a tank, but must confess his uncertainty.</note>

</p>

The name <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> the tank that <gap reason="lost"/><note>If the standardised reading <foreign>naṅkūr-utaiyāṉ</foreign> is accepted, this "lord of Naṅkūr" would be the commissioner of the tank. See <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/><citedRange unit="page">308</citedRange></bibl>, who is tempted to identify him as a native of Nāṅkūr in the Tanjore district.</note> has dug <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>toṭṭa</foreign><note>Past <foreign>peyareccam</foreign> of <foreign>toṭu-tal</foreign>.</note></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">at?</supplied> Naṇkūr <gap reason="ellipsis"/> <supplied reason="subaudible">is</supplied> the glorious Avanināṟaṇam<note>The tank might have named after the <foreign>biruda</foreign> Avanināṟaṇaṉ (Sanskrit Avaninārāyaṇa) of the Pallava king Nandivarman III. See <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/><citedRange unit="page">306</citedRange></bibl>. The inscription has thus been dated to the reign of this king.</note>.

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It is a help <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>aṭaikkalam</foreign><note>We follow here <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1913_02"/></bibl> against others: the tank is made for the use of these persons, not put under their protection.</note></supplied> for the members of the Maṇikkirāmam <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṇikkirāmattār</foreign><note>Maṇikkirāmam is the name of a Tamil merchant guild, from Sanskrit <foreign>maṇigrāma</foreign>.</note></supplied>, for the members of the Cēṉamukam <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cēnāmukattār</foreign><note>Cēṉamukam is usually considered as the name of another Tamil merchant guild, from Sanskrit <foreign>Senāmukha</foreign>. See e.g. <bibl><ptr target="bib:Subbarayalu2012_01"/><citedRange unit="page">44</citedRange></bibl>. The etymology suggests however a soldiers' group, possibly attached to the protection of the merchants. <bibl n="IP">

</bibl> translates as "the residents of the military camp". See translations in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1913_02"/></bibl>, and in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1914_01"/></bibl>. See also

<bibl n="GR"><ptr target="bib:GopinathaRao1925-1926_01"/><citedRange unit="page">72</citedRange></bibl> on sanskrit <foreign>senāmukha</foreign>.</note></supplied>, and for the cultivators <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uḻūtār</foreign><note>We follow here Hultzsch. Contra, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/><citedRange unit="page">306</citedRange></bibl></note></supplied>.

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Edited and translated by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1913_02"/></bibl>, with an estampage; revised edition and translation by <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1914_01"/></bibl>; re-edited by <bibl><ptr target="bib:GopinathaRao1925-1926_01"/></bibl>, <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1932_02"/></bibl>, <bibl><ptr target="bib:NilakantaSastri1949_01"/></bibl> (without diacritic marks!); text in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Coedes1929_01"/></bibl>, after Hultzsch; text and summary in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1988_01"/></bibl> (IP n° 148); re-edited and translated here by Emmanuel Francis (2022), based on previous editions, published visual documentation and a photograph (2012), kindly supplied by Nicolas Revire.

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