Tiruvallam rock inscription, time of Nandivarman, year 62

Editor: Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSPallava00091.

Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil.

Repository: Pallava (tfa-pallava-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-10-29 23:21 (731357b), last modified 2024-06-06 16:22 (18e0138).

Edition

Logical
Physical
Full

⟨1⟩ Om· namaś śivāya{m·} (sva)sti śrī

⟨2⟩ kō-vicaiya-nanti-vikkirama-parumaṟku yā⟨3⟩ṇṭ’ aṟu-pa(t)t-iraṇ(ṭ)-ā(va)tu

sakala-jagatra⟨4⟩yābhivandita-surāsurādhīśa-parameśvara-prati⟨5⟩hārikṛta-mahāvali-kulot·bhava-śrī-māvalivāṇarāyar ⟨6⟩ vaṭu(kava)ḻi (pa)ṉṉī¡rr!⟨r⟩āyiramum Āḻa v(āṇa)purattu ⟨7⟩ vaṭa-(c)ikara-kōyil putukkuvittu Itaṟku Iḷaṅ⟨8⟩kiḻavar makaṉ maṉṟāṭiṭai Aḻiñciṟka(ḷam) paṭṭi (vi)laikku ⟨9⟩ koṇṭu kuṭuttēṉ

U(ṟ)ṟukkāṭṭu kōṭṭattu (A)ḷiṅkaṇa-pā⟨kka⟩ttu⟨10⟩kīḻakattu taṭṭāṉ mā(ta)¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ maka¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ (A)ritīraṉ kuṭutta tēvar pōkam⟨11⟩mahāvalivāṇarāyar piṭākai valañ-ceytu koṭuttār

Itu kāt⟨12⟩tā(r A)ṭi[yeṇ muṭi mē]laṉa

Itu Aḻittāṉ kaṭikai (E)ḻā Iru(va)raiyum ⟨13⟩ ko(ṉṟa pāvattu pa)ṭuvāṉ

Itu Aḻi(t)tāṉ Ippāvattu⟨k⟩ku Añcāṉāyil ⟨14⟩ (Aṉ) [2+] kōyilu⟨k⟩ku Āyiram kā(ṇam ta)ṇṭappaṭuvōm vāṇapurattō(m)

I. Anuṣṭubh

⟨15⟩ ¿va?⟨ba⟩(hu)bhir(·) vasudhā dattā

rāja(bh)i⟨ḥ⟩ sakaradibhi⟨ḥ⟩

yasya yasya yadā bhū⟨16⟩mi⟨s⟩

tasya tasya tadā phalam·

Apparatus

⟨2⟩ °nanti-vikkirama° • There is a blank space between °nanti° and °vikkirama°, as the final character of line 1 (śrī) interrupts this word.

⟨3⟩ °jagatrayā° • That, is jagat+trayā°

⟨5⟩ °kulot·bhava° • That is, °kulod·bhava°

⟨7⟩ vaṭa-(c)ikara-kōyil ⬦ vaṭa-(ci)kara-kōyil EH. — ⟨7⟩ Itaṟku ⬦ I(ta)ṟku EH.

⟨9⟩ U(ṟ)ṟukkāṭṭu ⬦ Uṟṟukkāṭṭu EH.

⟨12⟩ Iru(va)raiyum ⬦ I¿ru?⟨ra⟩(va)raiyum IP.

⟨13⟩ ko(ṉṟa pāvattu pa)ṭuvāṉ ⬦ ko(ṉṟa p)āvattu (pa)ṭuvāṉ EH.

⟨14⟩ (Aṉ) [2+] • see SII fn3. — ⟨14⟩ kā(ṇam) ⬦ kāṇam EH.

⟨15⟩ ¿va?⟨ba⟩(hu)bhir(·) ⬦ ¿va?⟨ba⟩(hu)bhir· EH • The reading bahubhir· seems also possible — ⟨15⟩ rāja(bh)i⟨ḥ⟩ ⬦ rāja(bhi)⟨ḥ⟩ EH. — ⟨15⟩ sakaradibhi⟨ḥ⟩ • That is, sagaradibhiḥ.

Translation by Hultzsch 1899¹

(1) Ōm. Obeisance to Śiva! Hail! Prosperity!

(2–9) In the sixty-second year (of the reign) of king Vijaya-Nandivikrama-varman, while the glorious Māvalivāṇarāya,— born from the family of Mahābali, who had been made door-keeper by the lord of gods and demons, Parameśvara (Śiva), who is worshipped in all the three worlds,— was ruling the Vaṭu(kava)ḻi twelve-thousand,— I, (A)ridhiraṉ, the son of Mā(ta)ṉ, a goldsmith (and resident) of a house in the east of (A)ḷiṅganāpā(kka)m in (the district of) Ūṟṟukkāṭṭu-kōṭṭam,² caused to be renewed the Vaṭa-(ci)kara-kōyil³ at Vāṇapuram and gave to it the (paṭṭi)⁴ (called) Aḻiñciṟka(ḷam), (which I had) bought from Maṉṟāṭi, the son of Iḷaṅkiḻavar.

(10) Mahāvalivāṇarāya circumambulated the hamlet (piṭākai) towards the right and granted (the land) enjoyed by the god, which (Aridhīraṉ) had given.

(11) The feet of him who protects this (charity), (shall be) on my head.⁵ He who destroys this (charity), shall incur the sin of one who kills the great men who are permanent (members)⁶ of the assembly.⁷ If the destroyer of this (charity) does not fear this sin, we, (the inhabitants) of Vāṇapuram, shall pay a fine of one thousand (kāṇam) to the palace of the king who is then ruling.⁸

(15) Land has been granted by many kings, commencing with Sagara. Whosever (is) the earth at any time, his (is) then the reward (of gifts of land).

Translation into French by Emmanuel Francis

(1) Om. Homage to Śiva. Prosperity! Fortune!

(2–3) Sixty-second year of the victorious king Nandivikramavarman.

(3–9) I have given ...

(9–11) The king Mahābalibāṇa has given ...

(11–12) ...

(12–13) ...

(13–14) ...

I

...

Commentary

Several orthographic peculiarities indicate that the composer/scribe is from South India: kulotbhava- instead of kulodbhava-, sakara- instead of sagara-.

Note on Iruvar/Iravar. See SII p. 92, fn. 2.

Bibliography

Edited in Hultzsch 1899 with facsimile and English translation (SII 3, n° 42); text and summary in Mahalingam 1988 (IP n° 91); re-edited here by Emmanuel Francis (2020), based on the facsimile published in Hultzsch 1899.

Primary

[EH] Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1899. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume III: Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil country. Part I: Inscriptions at Ukkal, Melpadi, Karuvur, Manimangalam and Tiruvallam. South Indian Inscriptions 3.1. Madras: Governement Press. Item 42, pages 90–92, plate V.

[IP] Mahalingam, T. V. 1988. Inscriptions of the Pallavas. New Delhi; Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research; Agam Prakashan. Item 91, pages 321–322.

Secondary

[ARIE1889-1890] Hultzsch, Eugen Julius Theodor. 1890. G.O. No. 189, 11th March 1890. Archaeology. Recording the progress report of the Epigraphist, Archaeological Survey, for October 1889 to January 1890. Madras: Government of Madras, Public Department. Page 5, appendix A/1899, item 76.

Notes

1. Translation by Hultzsch (1899). Standardised according to DHARMA TG and EG.
2. 7 See above, Vol. II. p. 345 and note 4.
3. 8 I.e. ’the temple with the tower in the north.’
4. 9 On this term see above, Vol. II. p. 359, note 12.
5. 1 See above, p. 39, note 4.
6. 2 Literally, ’who do not rise.’
7. 3 The two Tamil words iruvar and kaṭikai correspond to mahājana and ghaṭige in Cāḷukya inscription; Ep. Ind. Vol. III. p. 360.
8. 4 With அன்றாள் கொயில் compare அன்றார் கொ, above, Vol. I. pp. 113 and 115.

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<lb n="1" style="text-align: left"/><hi rend="grantha">Om· namaś śivāya<surplus>m·</surplus> <unclear>sva</unclear>sti śrī</hi>

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<lb n="2"/>kō-vicaiya-nanti-vikkirama-parumaṟku yā

<lb n="3" break="no"/>ṇṭ’ aṟu-pa<unclear>t</unclear>t-iraṇ<unclear>ṭ</unclear>-ā<unclear>va</unclear>tu

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<hi rend="grantha">sakala-jagatra</hi>

<lb n="4" break="no"/>yā<hi rend="grantha">bhi</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">ndi</hi>ta-<hi rend="grantha">surāsurādhīśa-parameśvara-prati</hi>

<lb n="5" break="no"/><hi rend="grantha">hārikṛ</hi>ta-<hi rend="grantha">mahā</hi>va<hi rend="grantha">li-kulot·bha</hi>va-<hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-māvalivāṇa<hi rend="grantha">rā</hi>yar

<lb n="6"/>vaṭu<unclear>kava</unclear>ḻi <unclear>pa</unclear>ṉṉī<choice><orig>rr</orig><reg>r</reg></choice>āyiramum Āḻa v<unclear>āṇa</unclear>purattu

<lb n="7"/>vaṭa-<unclear>c</unclear>ikara-kōyil putukkuvittu Itaṟku Iḷaṅ

<lb n="8" break="no"/>kiḻavar makaṉ maṉṟāṭiṭai Aḻiñciṟka<unclear>ḷam</unclear> paṭṭi <unclear>vi</unclear>laikku

<lb n="9"/>koṇṭu kuṭuttēṉ

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U<unclear>ṟ</unclear>ṟukkāṭṭu kōṭṭattu <unclear>A</unclear>ḷiṅkaṇa-pā<supplied reason="omitted">kka</supplied>ttu

<lb n="10" break="no"/>kīḻakattu taṭṭāṉ mā<unclear>ta</unclear><choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> maka<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice> <unclear>A</unclear>ritīraṉ kuṭutta tēvar pōkam

<lb n="11" break="no"/>ma<hi rend="grantha">hā</hi>valivāṇarāyar piṭākai valañ-ceytu koṭuttār

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<p>

Itu kāt

<lb n="12" break="no"/>tā<unclear>r A</unclear>ṭi<supplied reason="lost">yeṇ muṭi mē</supplied>laṉa

</p>

<p>

Itu Aḻittāṉ kaṭikai <unclear>E</unclear>ḻā Iru<unclear>va</unclear>raiyum

<lb n="13"/>ko<unclear>ṉṟa pāvattu pa</unclear>ṭuvāṉ

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<p>

Itu Aḻi<unclear>t</unclear>tāṉ Ippāvattu<supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied>ku Añcāṉāyil

<lb n="14"/><unclear>Aṉ</unclear> <gap reason="lost" quantity="2" unit="character"/> kōyilu<supplied reason="omitted">k</supplied>ku Āyiram kā<unclear>ṇam ta</unclear>ṇṭappaṭuvōm vāṇapurattō<unclear>m</unclear>

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<lb n="15"/><hi rend="grantha"><choice><sic>va</sic><corr>ba</corr></choice><unclear>hu</unclear>bhir<unclear>·</unclear> vasudhā dattā</hi>

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<hi rend="grantha">rāja<unclear>bh</unclear>i<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> sakaradibhi<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></hi>

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<hi rend="grantha">yasya yasya yadā bhū<lb n="16" break="no"/>mi<supplied reason="omitted">s</supplied></hi>

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<hi rend="grantha">tasya tasya tadā phalam·</hi>

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<lem>°nanti-vikkirama°</lem>

<note>There is a blank space between <foreign>°nanti°</foreign> and <foreign>°vikkirama°</foreign>, as the final character of line 1 (<foreign><hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi></foreign>) interrupts this word.</note>

</app>

<lem>°jagatrayā°</lem>

<note>That, is <foreign><hi rend="grantha">jagat+trayā°</hi></foreign></note>

</app>

<lem><hi rend="grantha">°kulot·bha</hi>va°</lem>

<note>That is, <foreign><hi rend="grantha">°kulod·bha</hi>va°</foreign></note>

</app>

<lem>vaṭa-<unclear>c</unclear>ikara-kōyil</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">vaṭa-<unclear>ci</unclear>kara-kōyil</rdg>

</app>

<lem>Itaṟku</lem>

</app>

<lem>U<unclear>ṟ</unclear>ṟukkāṭṭu</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">Uṟṟukkāṭṭu</rdg>

</app>

<lem>Iru<unclear>va</unclear>raiyum</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Mahalingam1988_01">I<choice><sic>ru</sic><corr>ra</corr></choice><unclear>va</unclear>raiyum</rdg>

</app>

<lem>ko<unclear>ṉṟa pāvattu pa</unclear>ṭuvāṉ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">ko<unclear>ṉṟa p</unclear>āvattu <unclear>pa</unclear>ṭuvāṉ</rdg>

</app>

</app>

<rdg source="bib:Hultzsch1899_01">kāṇam</rdg>

</app>

<note>The reading <foreign><hi rend="grantha">bahubhir·</hi></foreign> seems also possible</note>

</app>

</app>

<lem>sakaradibhi<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></lem>

<note>That is, <foreign><hi rend="grantha">sagaradibhi</hi>ḥ</foreign>.</note>

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<p n="1">Ōm. Obeisance to Śiva! Hail! Prosperity!</p>

<p n="2-9">In the sixty-second year <supplied reason="explanation">of the reign</supplied> of king Vijaya-Nandivikrama-varman, while the glorious Māvalivāṇarāya,— born from the family of Mahābali, who had been made door-keeper by the lord of gods and demons, Parameśvara <supplied reason="explanation">Śiva</supplied>, who is worshipped in all the three worlds,— was ruling the Vaṭu<unclear>kava</unclear>ḻi twelve-thousand,— I, <unclear>A</unclear>ridhiraṉ, the son of Mā<unclear>ta</unclear>ṉ, a goldsmith <supplied reason="explanation">and resident</supplied> of a house in the east of <unclear>A</unclear>ḷiṅganāpā<unclear>kka</unclear>m in <supplied reason="explanation">the district of</supplied> Ūṟṟukkāṭṭu-kōṭṭam,<note>7 See above, Vol. II. p. 345 and note 4.</note> caused to be renewed the Vaṭa-<unclear>ci</unclear>kara-kōyil<note>8 I.e. 'the temple with the tower in the north.'</note> at Vāṇapuram and gave to it the <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṭṭi</foreign></supplied><note>9 On this term see above, Vol. II. p. 359, note 12.</note> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> Aḻiñciṟka<unclear>ḷam</unclear>, <supplied reason="explanation">which I had</supplied> bought from Maṉṟāṭi, the son of Iḷaṅkiḻavar.</p>

<p n="10">Mahāvalivāṇarāya circumambulated the hamlet <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>piṭākai</foreign></supplied> towards the right and granted <supplied reason="explanation">the land</supplied> enjoyed by the god, which <supplied reason="explanation">Aridhīraṉ</supplied> had given.</p>

<p n="11">The feet of him who protects this <supplied reason="explanation">charity</supplied>, <supplied reason="explanation">shall be</supplied> on my head.<note>1 See above, p. 39, note 4.</note> He who destroys this <supplied reason="explanation">charity</supplied>, shall incur the sin of one who kills the great men who are permanent <supplied reason="explanation">members</supplied><note>2 Literally, 'who do not rise.'</note> of the assembly.<note>3 The two Tamil words <foreign>iruvar</foreign> and <foreign>kaṭikai</foreign> correspond to <foreign>mahājana</foreign> and <foreign>ghaṭige</foreign> in Cāḷukya inscription; Ep. Ind. Vol. III. p. 360.</note> If the destroyer of this <supplied reason="explanation">charity</supplied> does not fear this sin, we, <supplied reason="explanation">the inhabitants</supplied> of Vāṇapuram, shall pay a fine of one thousand <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kāṇam</foreign></supplied> to the palace of the king who is then ruling.<note>4 With அன்றாள் கொயில் compare அன்றார் கொ, above, Vol. I. pp. 113 and 115.</note></p>

<p n="15">Land has been granted by many kings, commencing with Sagara. Whosever

<supplied reason="explanation">is</supplied> the earth at any time, his <supplied reason="explanation">is</supplied> then the reward <supplied reason="explanation">of gifts of land</supplied>.</p>

<note type="credit">Translation by Hultzsch (1899). Standardised according to DHARMA TG and EG.</note>

</div>

<p n="1">Om. Homage to Śiva. Prosperity! Fortune!</p>

<p n="2-3">Sixty-second year of the victorious king Nandivikramavarman.</p>

<p n="3-9">I have given ...</p>

<p n="9-11">The king Mahābalibāṇa has given ...</p>

</p>

</div>

<p>Several orthographic peculiarities indicate that the composer/scribe is from South India: <foreign>kulotbhava-</foreign> instead of <foreign>kulodbhava-</foreign>, <foreign>sakara-</foreign> instead of <foreign>sagara-</foreign>.</p>

<p>Note on <foreign>Iruvar</foreign>/<foreign>Iravar</foreign>. See SII p. 92, fn. 2.</p>

</div>

<p>

Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl> with facsimile and English translation (SII 3, n° 42); text and summary in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Mahalingam1988_01"/></bibl> (IP n° 91); re-edited here by Emmanuel Francis (2020), based on the facsimile published in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Hultzsch1899_01"/></bibl>.

</p>

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Tiruvallam rock inscription, time of Nandivarman, year 62

Edition

I. Anuṣṭubh

I. Anuṣṭubh

Apparatus

Translation by Hultzsch 18991

Translation into French by Emmanuel Francis

I

Commentary

Bibliography

Primary

Secondary

Notes

Translation by Hultzsch 1899¹