Praise of a mountain stream (mid-7th c. CE)

Author of digital edition: Arlo Griffiths (argr).

Language: Sanskrit (san) [Southeast Asian Brāhmī (other) (brāhmī_southeast_asian_other)].

Version: 2025-11-03 20:39 (2dc732e), last modified 2025-11-01 09:01 (4abdd80).

Edition

⟨1⟩ (kva ci)[⏑––⏑⏑]yānujātā kva cic (ch)ilā-vāl(u)ka-nirggateyaṁ kva cit prakīrṇṇā śubha-śīta-toyā saṁprasrutā maṅgaka(rī)va gaṅgā

Apparatus

⟨1⟩ (kva ci) [⏑––⏑⏑]yānujātā ⬦ [kva cit suśucy-am]bu-ruhānujātā C1; [kva cit su]śu[cy-am]bu-ruhānujātā C2; [Iyant]uśu(cy)ambu-ruhānujātā S • None of the available images support any reading with buruhā. — ⟨1⟩ saṁprasrutā C1 C2 ⬦ saṁprasrātā S. — ⟨1⟩ maṅgaka(rī)va ⬦ m(eddhya)karīva C1 C2 S • Dominic Goodall suggests that perhaps we can take the faint head-mark attached to the left horn of ma as an unusual e, in which case we can read me ’ṅgakarīva, “who, as it were, makes up my body (/makes up a part of me)”. Given the way water spouts forth from numerous locations near the site of the inscription, we might also fancy that we are dealing with a metrically conditioned equivalent to mataṅga-karīva “like one who has an elephant’s trunk”.

Translation

At times overgrown by[…], at times disappearing in pebbles and sand, at times spreading out its pure and cool water, the Ganges gushes forth here, like a maṅgakarī!

Translation by Chhabra 1970

Gushing forth is this (stream), purifying as the Ganges, at some places bedecked with bright lilies and lotus flowers, at some places bubbling out from pebbles and sand, (and) at some places spreading out its pure and cool water.

Commentary

Our estimate of the inscription’s date follows the proposal first made by Krom (1931) and subsequently endorsed by Damais (1957, p. 611; 1964, p. 101) as well as De Casparis (1975). Chhabra 1970 pointed out that the inscription is inspired by Kālidāsa’s Raghuvaṁśa, canto 13, verses 54–57.

Bibliography

First published by H. Kern (1911); re-edited by B. C. Chhabra (1935, 1970) based on photographs by N. van Erp (OD 2158–2162). Re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths, using the same photographs but taking into account also the photogrammetry made by Adeline Levivier in October 2025.

Primary

[K] Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1911. “Sanskritinschrift van Toek Mas (Dakawoe).” BKI 65, pp. 334–336. DOI: 10.1163/22134379-90001840. [URL].

[C1] Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1935. “Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule as evidenced by inscriptions.” JASB (Lett.) 1 (1), pp. 1–64. Pages 33–34.

[C2] Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1970. “Tuk Mas (Central Java) Sanskrit Inscription.” JIH, pp. 217–220.

[S] Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1971–1972. Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus inscriptionum Javanicarum), up to 928 A. D. 2 vols. Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyay. Volume I, pages 13–14, item II.

Secondary

NBG 1898. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel XXXVI — 1898. Batavia: Albrecht & Co., 1898. Pages 49, 94, 104, 138–139.

NBG 1899. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: Deel XXXVII — 1899. Batavia; 's-Gravenhage: Kolff & Co.; Nijhoff, 1900. Pages 26–27.

Kern, H. 1917. “Het Sanskrit-inschrift van Tuk Mas (Ḍakawu, res. Kĕḍu; ± 500 A. D.)” In: Verspreide geschriften, zevende deel: inscripties van den Indischen archipel, slot; de Nāgarakṛtāgama, eerste gedeelte. Vol. 7. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, pp. 199–204.

Krom, Nicolaas Johannes. 1931. Hindoe-Javaansche geschiedenis. 2nd edition. ’s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. [URL]. Pages 102–103.

Chatterjee, Bijan Raj and Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti. 1933. India and Java, part II (Inscriptions). Second edition, revised and enlarged. Greater India Society Bulletin 5. Calcutta: [M.C. Das, Prabasi Press]. [URL]. Page 28.

Chhabra, Bahadur Chand. 1965. Expansion of Indo-Aryan culture during Pallava rule (as evidenced by inscriptions). 1st ed. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. [URL]. Pages 43–45.

de Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertus. 1975. Indonesian palaeography: A history of writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. A.D. 1500. Handbuch der Orientalistik 3.4.1. Leiden: Brill. Pages 23–24.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_Schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/project-documentation/master/schema/latest/DHARMA_SQF.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>

<?xml-model href="https://epidoc.stoa.org/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>

<title>Praise of a mountain stream (mid-7th c. CE)</title>

<resp>author of digital edition</resp>

<surname>Griffiths</surname>

</persName>

</respStmt>

</titleStmt>

<authority>DHARMA</authority>

<pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>

<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSIDENKTukMas</idno>

<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported

Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to

Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,

California, 94041, USA.</p>

</licence>

</availability>

</publicationStmt>

<repository>DHARMAbase</repository>

</msIdentifier>

</msContents>

<!-- If you need to identify individual hands (EGD §7.5/) in addition to one or more paragraphs of general palaeographic description, wrap <summary> around the <p> or <p>s above, and, outside <summary>, create <handNote> elements for each hand as follows:

-->

</handDesc>

</physDesc>

</msDesc>

</sourceDesc>

</fileDesc>

<p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).</p>

</projectDesc>

<p>Public URIs with the prefix bib to point to a Zotero Group Library named ERC-DHARMA whose data are open to the public.</p>

</prefixDef>

<p>Internal URIs using the part prefix to point to person elements in the <ref>DHARMA_idListMembers_v01.xml</ref> file.</p>

</prefixDef>

</listPrefixDef>

</encodingDesc>

<change who="part:argr" when="2025-10-30" status="draft">encoded the inscription</change>

</revisionDesc>

</teiHeader>

<body>

<l n="a"><lb n="1"/><unclear>kva ci</unclear><seg met="-++--"><gap reason="illegible"/></seg>yānujātā</l>

<l n="b">kva cic <unclear>ch</unclear>ilā-vāl<unclear>u</unclear>ka-nirggateyaṁ</l>

<l n="c">kva cit prakīrṇṇā śubha-śīta-toyā</l>

<l n="d">saṁprasrutā maṅgaka<unclear>rī</unclear>va gaṅgā</l>

</lg>

</div>

<lem><unclear>kva ci</unclear> <seg met="-++--"><gap reason="illegible"/></seg>yānujātā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Chhabra1935_01"><supplied reason="lost">kva cit suśucy-am</supplied>bu-ruhānujātā</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Chhabra1970_01"><supplied reason="lost">kva cit su</supplied>śu<supplied reason="lost">cy-am</supplied>bu-ruhānujātā</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01"><supplied reason="lost">Iyant</supplied>uśu<unclear>cy</unclear>ambu-ruhānujātā</rdg>

<note>None of the available images support any reading with <foreign>buruhā</foreign>.</note>

</app>

<lem source="bib:Chhabra1935_01 bib:Chhabra1970_01">saṁprasrutā</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">saṁprasrātā</rdg></app>

<lem>maṅgaka<unclear>rī</unclear>va</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Chhabra1935_01 bib:Chhabra1970_01 bib:Sarkar1971-1972_01">m<unclear>eddhya</unclear>karīva</rdg>

<note>Dominic Goodall suggests that perhaps we can take the faint head-mark attached to the left horn of <foreign>ma</foreign> as an unusual <foreign>e</foreign>, in which case we can read <foreign>me ’ṅgakarīva</foreign>, “who, as it were, makes up my body (/makes up a part of me)”. Given the way water spouts forth from numerous locations near the site of the inscription, we might also fancy that we are dealing with a metrically conditioned equivalent to <foreign>mataṅga-karīva</foreign> “like one who has an elephant's trunk”.</note>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

<p rend="stanza" n="1">At times overgrown by <gap reason="illegible"/>, at times disappearing in pebbles and sand, at times spreading out its pure and cool water, the Ganges gushes forth here, like a <foreign>maṅgakarī</foreign>!</p>

</div>

<p rend="stanza" n="1">Gushing forth is this (stream), purifying as the Ganges, at some places bedecked with bright lilies and lotus flowers, at some places bubbling out from pebbles and sand, (and) at some places spreading out its pure and cool water.</p>

</div>

<p>Our estimate of the inscription's date follows the proposal first made by Krom (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Krom1931_01"/></bibl>) and subsequently endorsed by Damais (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Damais1957_02"/><citedRange unit="page">611</citedRange></bibl>; <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Damais1964_01"/><citedRange unit="page">101</citedRange></bibl>) as well as De Casparis (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Casparis1975_01"/></bibl>). <bibl><ptr target="bib:Chhabra1970_01"/></bibl> pointed out that the inscription is inspired by Kālidāsa's <title>Raghuvaṁśa</title>, canto 13, verses 54–57.</p>

</div>

<p>First published by H. Kern (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Kern1911_01"/></bibl>); re-edited by B. C. Chhabra (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Chhabra1935_01"/></bibl>, <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Chhabra1970_01"/></bibl>) based on photographs by N. van Erp (OD 2158–2162). Re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths, using the same photographs but taking into account also the photogrammetry made by Adeline Levivier in October 2025.</p>

</bibl>

</listBibl>

<!--

Not. Bat. Gen.

1888 blz. 49. De Controleur J. van Aalst zendt papier-abklatsch van den beschreven steen nabij de desa Dakamoe

(lees : Dakawoe), district Ngasiuan, nabij zeer groote bron Toek Mas.

id. blz. 94. Abklatsch in handen van Dr. Brandes.

id. blz. 104. Dr. Brandes deelt mede, dat papierafdruk niet duidelijk genoeg is om te worden gelezen.

id. blz. 188. Nieuwe afdruk gevraagd aan den Controleur Heijting te Magelang (de Heer van Aalst sedert vertrokken).

1899 p. 26. Vermelding aanwinst van de Abklatsch.

Encyclopedie N. S. III. p. 129. (1902). "Oudheden" door Dr. Brandes afgesloten in December 1898.

Riwajat Indonesia, p. 17 — see Damais, c-r of Riwayat Indonesia I in BEFEO 1957. Damais favor a date around 650 CE.

On the date, see also Damais in BEFEO 52.1 (1964), p. 101: he puts it around 650 CE.

-->

</listBibl>

</div>

</body>

</text>

</TEI>

<!-- images

http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:4099502

http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:4099505

http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:4099506

https://sharedocs.huma-num.fr/wl/?id=ksDPagJNMDz3d2a8dn0eO55rgkyztOGa

https://sharedocs.huma-num.fr/wl/?id=hdKcNHNG2TNlsdVrXH2D2uw5Ji37ztXE

https://sharedocs.huma-num.fr/wl/?id=pgH9xPjP7bWoPwG9DxoCMqotocxHl94v

https://sharedocs.huma-num.fr/wl/?id=w5SuQSCrdw1chN4x4L5SE4zbmHd6WOMh

https://sharedocs.huma-num.fr/wl/?id=HAmHrNaWW2u1T8WgjO1Eo8h2LWJ9dPMg

-->