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· <title>Sirpur Plates of Śivagupta, Year 52</title>
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15 <forename>Natasja</forename>
· <surname>Bosma</surname>
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20 <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
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· <forename>Natasja</forename>
· <surname>Bosma</surname>
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· <p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
· Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
35 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
· Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
· California, 94041, USA.</p>
· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Natasja Bosma.</p>
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85 <body>
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· <lg n="1" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="ab">rājña<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> śrīharṣaguptasya sūno<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> sadguṇaśālina<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></l>
90 <l n="cd">śāsanaṁ śivaguptasya sthitam ā bhuvanasthite<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied></l>
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· <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
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· <p><pb n="1v"/><lb n="1v1"/><g type="spiralR"/> svasty aśeṣakṣit<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>śavidyābhyāsaviśeṣāsāditamahan<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>yav<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>naya<lb n="1v2" break="no"/>sa<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>patsampāditasakalavijig<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ṣuguṇo guṇavatsamāśrayaḥ prakṛṣṭa<lb n="1v3" break="no"/>taraśauryyaprajñāprabhāvasambhāvitamahābhyudayaḥ kārttikeya Iva<lb n="1v4"/>kṛt<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>ivāsa<space type="binding-hole"/>so rājña<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>harṣaguptarājadevasya s<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>nu<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> somava<lb n="1v5" break="no"/><choice><orig>ṅ</orig><reg>ṁ</reg></choice>śasambhava<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> paramamāh<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>e</corr></choice>śvaro mātāpitṛpādānudhyātaḥ śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>mahāśiva<lb n="1v6" break="no"/>guptarājadeva<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> kuśal<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><g type="ddandaHooked"/> kikkiḍabhukt<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>yagrāmāṭavituṅge<g type="dandaPlain"/> brāhma<lb n="1v7" break="no"/>ṇāṁ sampūjya tatpratinivāsikuṭumb<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>no yathākālādhyāsinaḥ samā<surplus>da</surplus><pb n="2r" break="no"/><lb n="2r1" break="no"/>ha<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied>tṛsan<supplied reason="omitted">n</supplied>idhātṛprabhṛt<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>n asmatpādopaj<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>vinaḥ sar<choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>arājapuruṣā<choice><orig>ṁ</orig><reg>n</reg></choice> sa<lb n="2r2" break="no"/>mājñāpayati<g type="dandaPlain"/></p> <p>viditam astu bhavatāṁ yathāsmābhiḥ sampraty ayaṁ grāmaḥ sani<lb n="2r3" break="no"/>dhānaḥ sopanidhānaḥ s<surplus>s</surplus>ar<choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>akarādānasameta<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied> sar<choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>ap<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ḍāvivarjjitaḥ sada<lb n="2r4" break="no"/>śāparādhaḥ <space type="binding-hole"/>pratiṣiddhacāṭabhaṭapraveśa<supplied reason="omitted">ḥ</supplied><g type="dandaPlain"/> asyām at<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>takārttikapau<lb n="2r5" break="no"/>rṇṇamāsyā<space type="binding-hole"/>m atraiva śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>puratalapratiṣṭhitaśr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><choice><orig>mutnatle</orig><reg>madbāle</reg></choice>śvaratapovana<lb n="2r6" break="no"/>sthānagur<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>bhyaḥ phuṭṭipāṭivinirggatanandapur<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>yabhagavacchr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>madd<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><lb n="2r7" break="no"/>rghācāryyapraśiṣyaśr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>mad<choice><orig>u</orig><reg>b</reg></choice>āleśvar<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>yabhagavad<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yāpaśivācāryyaśiṣyaśr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><lb n="2r8" break="no"/>madbhagavadastraśivācāryyebhyaḥ śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>jejjaṭavijñaptikayā śiṣyapra<pb n="2v" break="no"/><lb n="2v1" break="no"/>śiṣyāṇāṁ yāgad<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>kṣā<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yākhyānātrasat<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>rapravartanāya<g type="dandaPlain"/> mātāpitror āt<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>m</reg></choice>ana<lb n="2v2" break="no"/>ś ca puṇyābhi<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>ṛddhaye samakālopabhogārtham ācandratārakārkkam uda<lb n="2v3" break="no"/>kapūr<choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>akaṁ tām<surplus>b</surplus>raśāsanena pratipādita Ity</p> <p>avagatya samucita bhoga<lb n="2v4" break="no"/>bhāgādika<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> <space type="binding-hole"/>samupanayanto bhavantaḥ sukhaṁ prativasant<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ti<g type="dandaPlain"/> bhāvina<lb n="2v5" break="no"/>ś ca bhū<supplied reason="omitted">mi</supplied>pā<space type="binding-hole"/>lān ud<supplied reason="omitted">d</supplied>iśyedam abhidh<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>yate<g type="dandaPlain"/></p>
95 <lg n="1" met="vasantatilakā">
· <l n="a">bhūmipradā divi lalanti <lb n="2v6"/>patanti hanta</l>
· <l n="b">hṛtvā mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> nṛpatayo narake nṛśa<choice><orig>ṅ</orig><reg>ṁ</reg></choice>sā<supplied reason="omitted">T</supplied><g type="dandaPlain"/></l>
· <l n="c">Etad <supplied reason="omitted">d</supplied>vaya<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> parika<lb n="2v7" break="no"/>l<choice><sic>ai</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>y<supplied reason="omitted">y</supplied>a calāñ ca lakṣm<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>m</l>
· <l n="d">āyus tathā ku<supplied reason="omitted">ru</supplied>ta yad bhavatām abh<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ṣṭaṁ</l></lg>
100 <ab>Api ca</ab>
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· <l n="ab">rakṣā<lb n="2v8" break="no"/>pālanayos tāvat phalaṁ sugatidurggat<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice></l>
· <l n="cd">ko nāma svarggam u<choice><orig>cchri</orig><reg>tsṛ</reg></choice>jya nara<pb n="3r" break="no"/><lb n="3r1" break="no"/>ka<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> pratipadyate<g type="ddandaHooked"/></l></lg>
· <p><choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yāsag<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>tā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>ś cātra ślokān udāharanti</p>
105 <lg n="3" met="indravajrā">
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· <l n="b">bhūr <choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>aiṣṇav<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice> <choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice>ūryyasutāś ca gāvaḥ</l>
· <l n="c">dattā<supplied reason="omitted">s</supplied> trayas tena bha<lb n="3r3" break="no"/>vanti lokā</l>
· <l n="d">yaḥ kāñcana<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> gāñ ca mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ñ ca dadyāT<g type="dandaPlain"/></l></lg>
110 <lg n="4" met="anuṣṭubh">
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· <l n="cd"><choice><sic>A</sic><corr>Ā</corr></choice>cchettā cānumantā ca tāny eva na<lb n="3r5" break="no"/>rake va<choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice>eT</l></lg>
· <lg n="5" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="ab"><space type="binding-hole"/>bahubhir <choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>asudhā dattā rājabhiḥ sagarādibhiḥ</l>
115 <l n="cd">yasya ya<lb n="3r6" break="no"/>sya yadā bh<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>mis tasya tasya tadā phalaṁ</l></lg>
· <lg n="6" met="anuṣṭubh">
· <l n="ab">svadattāṁ <surplus>m</surplus>paradat<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied><choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>m <choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>ā yatnād ra<lb n="3r7" break="no"/>kṣa yudhiṣṭhira<surplus>ḥ</surplus></l>
· <l n="cd">mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>bhṛtā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> śreṣṭha<surplus>ḥ</surplus> dānā<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied> śreyo 'nupālanaṁ<g type="dandaPlain"/></l></lg>
· <p>prava<lb n="3r8" break="no"/>rddhamānavijayarājye sam<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>atsare dvāpa<choice><orig>n</orig><reg>ñ</reg></choice>cāśe mārggaprathamacaturdaśyā<pb n="3v" break="no"/><lb n="3v1" break="no"/>m aṅkenāpi sam<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>a<supplied reason="omitted">tsa</supplied>ru <num value="52">5 2</num> mārgga dina <num value="14">1 4</num> utk<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>rṇṇaṁ tām<surplus>b</surplus>rapaṭ<supplied reason="omitted">ṭ</supplied><choice><sic>i</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>ka<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> golā<lb n="3v2" break="no"/>yyas<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>nunā nāgadeveneti<g type="ddandaHooked"/><g type="circle"/><g type="ddandaHooked"/></p></div></div>
120 <div type="apparatus">
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head></div>
· <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
· <listApp>
· <app loc="1v1">
125 <lem>°mahan<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ya°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°mahanīya°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="1v2">
· <lem>°vijig<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ṣu°</lem>
130 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°vijigīṣu°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="1v4">
· <lem>śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">śrī°</rdg>
135 </app>
· <app loc="1v5">
· <lem>śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">śrī°</rdg>
· </app>
140 <app loc="2r3">
· <lem>°p<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ḍā°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°pīḍā°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2r5">
145 <lem>śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">śrī°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2r5">
· <lem>°śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>°</lem>
150 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°śrī°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2r7">
· <lem>°śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>mad<choice><orig>u</orig><reg>b</reg></choice>āleśvar<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ya°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°śrīrmadrāleśvarīya°</rdg>
155 </app>
· <app loc="2r7">
· <lem>°<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yāpaśivā°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°vyāpaśivā°</rdg>
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160 <app loc="2r7">
· <lem>°śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><lb n="2r8" break="no"/>mad°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°śrī<lb n="2r8" break="no"/>mad°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2r8">
165 <lem>śr<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">śrī°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2v1">
· <lem>°<choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yākhyānātra°</lem>
170 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">°vyākhyānātra°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2v5">
· <lem>ud<supplied reason="omitted">d</supplied>iśyedam</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">udiṣyedam</rdg>
175 </app>
· <app loc="2v6">
· <lem>mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">mahī</rdg>
· </app>
180 <app loc="2v7">
· <lem>lakṣm<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>m</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">lakṣmīm</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="2v7">
185 <lem>abh<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ṣṭaṁ</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">abhiṣṭaṁ</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r1">
· <lem><choice><orig>b</orig><reg>v</reg></choice>yāsag<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>tā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>ś</lem>
190 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">vyāsagītāś</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r2">
· <lem><choice><orig>bv</orig><reg>vv</reg></choice>aiṣṇav<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice></lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">bvaiṣṇavī</rdg>
195 </app>
· <app loc="3r3">
· <lem>mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>ñ</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">mahīñ</rdg>
· </app>
200 <app loc="3r3">
· <lem>dadyāT</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">dadyā<supplied reason="omitted">T</supplied></rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r5">
205 <lem>va<choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice>eT</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">va<choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice>e<supplied reason="omitted">T</supplied></rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r6">
· <lem>bh<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>ū</corr></choice>mis</lem>
210 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">bhūmis</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r6">
· <lem>svadattāṁ <surplus>m</surplus>paradat<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied><choice><sic>a</sic><corr>ā</corr></choice>m</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">svadattām paradatam</rdg>
215 </app>
· <app loc="3r7">
· <lem>mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice><supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied> mah<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>bhṛtā<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">mahī mahībhṛtā</rdg>
· </app>
220 <app loc="3r7">
· <lem>'nupālanaṁ</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">'nupālana</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3r8">
225 <lem>dvā°</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">dvavā°</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="3v1">
· <lem>utk<choice><sic>i</sic><corr>ī</corr></choice>rṇṇaṁ</lem>
230 <rdg source="bib:Jain+al2005_01">utkīrṇṇaṁ</rdg>
· </app>
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· </div>
235 <div type="translation" resp="part:nabo">
· <div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
· <p>The charter of Śivagupta, son of the illustrious king Harṣagupta, who is possessed of good qualities, endures as long as the existence of the world</p></div>
· <div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plates</head>
· <p n="1v1-2r2">Success! Hail! The illustrious and great <foreign>rājadeva</foreign> Śivagupta who has been born in the Lunar Dynasty as the son of a king, the illustrious <foreign>rājadeva</foreign> Harṣagupta, like Kārttikeya is of Kṛttivāsas <supplied reason="explanation">i.e., Śiva</supplied>; who is entirely devoted to Maheśvara; who is favoured by his father and mother; and who is in good health: He has acquired all the qualities of a conqueror through the perfection of praiseworthy discipline, effected in particular by implementing all the "political sciences"; he is a refuge for the virtuous; and his great prosperity has been brought about by his superior valour, intelligence, and strength! After having saluted the Brahmins in the village of Aṭavituṅga situated in the Kikkiḍa <foreign>bhukti</foreign>, <supplied reason="subaudible">the king</supplied> issues <supplied reason="subaudible">the following command</supplied> to all royal officers who are dedicated to our service, beginning with the collector and the receiver; to those who are temporarily posted <supplied reason="subaudible">in the village</supplied>; and to the householders being inhabitants of that <supplied reason="subaudible">village</supplied>:</p>
240 <p n="2r2-2v3">Let it be known to you that by means of <supplied reason="subaudible">this</supplied> copperplate charter and preceded by a libation of water, this village has been granted by us today for the increase of religious merit of father, mother, and ourselves, to the venerable <foreign>acārya</foreign> Astraśiva, who is the senior officiant at the penance grove belonging to the Bāleśvara temple established here in the plains of Śrīpura, <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> who is the pupil of the venerable <foreign>acārya</foreign> Vyāpaśiva of the illustrious Bāleśvara temple and the grand-pupil of the venerable <foreign>acārya</foreign> Dīrgha of Nandapura, who originally hailed from Phuṭṭipāṭi. <supplied reason="subaudible">The grant of the village took place</supplied> at the end of this day of the full moon in the month of Kārttika, and was requested by the illustrious Jejjaṭa in order to finance offering ceremonies, initiations, teaching, and housing of pupils and grand-pupils. <supplied reason="subaudible">The grant</supplied>), which is meant to be enjoyed as long as the moon, the stars, and the sun will endure, comes along with <supplied reason="subaudible">the right to</supplied> hidden treasures and deposits; <supplied reason="subaudible">the right to collect</supplied> all taxes <supplied reason="subaudible">payable to the king</supplied>; the exemption from all kinds of unpaid labour; <supplied reason="subaudible">the right to</supplied> punish and realise fines for the ten offences; and the exemption from being entered by irregular or regular troops.</p>
· <p n="2v3-2v5">Having taken note of that, you should render the proper <supplied reason="subaudible">shares of</supplied> periodical offerings, produce, and the like, while living happily <supplied reason="subaudible">in this village</supplied>. And this is said for the instruction of the future kings:</p>
· <p n="2v5-2v7" rend="stanza"><supplied reason="subaudible">Kings</supplied> who donate land sport in heaven, <supplied reason="subaudible">but</supplied> look, kings who have taken land fall into hell for their wickedness. After having taken to heart these two rules and taken hold of Lakṣmī, you should live you life as you wish!</p>
· <ab n="2v7">And also:</ab>
· <p n="2v7-3r1" rend="stanza">Fortune and misfortune are truly the fruit of protecting and not protecting <supplied reason="subaudible">the land</supplied>; who then discards heaven and resorts to hell?</p>
245 <p n="3r1">And in this respect they quote the <supplied reason="subaudible">following</supplied> stanzas sung by Vyāsa:</p>
· <p n="3r1-3r3" rend="stanza">Gold is the first child of Agni, land is born of Viṣṇu, and cows are the offspring of Sūrya: <supplied reason="subaudible">Therefore</supplied>, whoever would give gold, a cow, and land would give the three worlds</p>
· <p n="3r3-3r5" rend="stanza">A giver of land rejoices in heaven for sixty thousand years; he who confiscates it or allows <supplied reason="subaudible">another to confiscate it</supplied> will dwell for the same period in hell!</p>
· <p n="3r5-3r6" rend="stanza">The earth has been granted by many kings, beginning with Sagara; whoever possesses the land at any time, to him belong the fruits at that time!</p>
· <p n="3r6-3r7" rend="stanza">O Yudhiṣṭhira, zealously protect the land which was given by yourself or by others! O best of kings, protection is superior to giving!</p>
250 <p n="3r7-3v2">On the fourteenth day of the first <supplied reason="subaudible">fortnight</supplied> of the month of Mārga<supplied reason="subaudible">śīrṣa</supplied>, in the fifty-second year of the increasingly victorious reign <supplied reason="subaudible">of Śivagupta</supplied>, in numbers: Year 52, <supplied reason="subaudible">Month</supplied> Mārga, Day 14, the copperplate charter has been engraved by Nāgadeva, son of Golāyya.</p></div></div>
· <div type="commentary">
· </div>
· <div type="bibliography">
· <p>First edited by Jain <foreign>et al.</foreign> <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Jain+al2005_01"/><citedRange>196-217</citedRange></bibl> from the original plates; published again by Bosma <bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Bosma2013_01"/></bibl>; re-edited here by Natasja Bosma from the original plates (edition of the seal based on Jain).</p>
255 <listBibl type="primary">
· <bibl n="NB">
· <ptr target="bib:Bosma2013_01"/>
· </bibl>
· <bibl n="BJ">
260 <ptr target="bib:Jain+al2005_01"/>
· <citedRange>196-217</citedRange>
· </bibl>
· </listBibl>
· <listBibl type="secondary">
265 <bibl>
· <ptr target="bib:Bosma2018_01"/>
· <citedRange>81, 254</citedRange>
· </bibl>
· <bibl>
270 <ptr target="bib:Shastri1992_03"/>
· </bibl>
· <bibl>
· <ptr target="bib:Shastri1995_02"/>
· <citedRange>196-217</citedRange>
275 </bibl>
· </listBibl>
· </div>
· </body>
· </text>
280</TEI>
Commentary