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· <title>Tuol Dan Khcas stela of Jayavarman V, 896 Śaka (K. 868)</title>
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15 <forename>Salomé</forename>
· <surname>Pichon</surname>
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20 <resp>intellectual authorship of edition</resp>
· <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66465311">
· <forename>George</forename>
· <surname>Cœdès</surname>
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· <forename>Salomé</forename>
· <surname>Pichon</surname>
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· <idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSCIK00868</idno>
35 <availability>
· <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
· <p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported
· Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit
· https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to
40 Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
· California, 94041, USA.</p>
· <p>Copyright (c) 2019-2025 by Salomé Pichon.</p>
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45 <date from="2019" to="2025">2019-2025</date>
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60 <p>The lines 2-4 of Face A are constituted by bigger <foreign>akṣara</foreign>s than the other lines of the stela.</p>
· <p>Line 7 of Face A presents an unusual form of the word <foreign>vidhi</foreign>.The consonnants are open on the top, and their headmarks seem to be joigned.</p>
· <p>The scribe makes scanty use of <foreign>virāma</foreign>, so that a few words known to be consonant-final are spelt without cancellation of the inherent vowel of the final consonant.</p>
· <p> Also noteworthy is the inclusion of the vowel marker <foreign>-i</foreign> in headmarks.</p>
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· <p>The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC)
· under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
· agreement no 809994).</p>
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· <change who="part:sapi" when="2021-02-09">few corrections of bibliography</change>
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90 <change who="part:axja" when="2020-11-03" status="draft">Updating toward the encoding template v03</change>
· <change who="part:sapi part:kuch" when="2020-09-29">Further revisions of the inscription</change>
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· <div type="edition" xml:lang="okz-Latn" rendition="class:83231 maturity:83213">
· <ab><milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="A"/><lb n="01"/>Om̐</ab>
· <p><lb n="A1"/><g type="dandaOrnate"/><g type="floretComplex"/><g type="dandaOrnate"/><num value="896">896</num> śaka pañcamī ket· puṣya candra-vāra śatabhīṣa-nakṣatra nu dhūlī vraḥ
105 <lb n="A2"/>pāda dhūlī jeṅ· vraḥ kamrateṅ· <space type="descender"/> Añ· śrī jayavarmmadeva <space/> ta
· <lb n="A3"/>svey· <space type="descender"/> vraḥ rājya <space/> nu śūnya-nava-Aṣṭa śaka <space/> thve vrahmayajña pi kamrate<lb n="A4" break="no"/>ṅ· Añ vraḥ guru thve mah<unclear>ā</unclear>ddhvara-vi<space type="descender"/>dhī nā vāgīśvarī-yāga nu dhūlī vraḥ
· <lb n="A5"/>pāda dhūlī jeṅ· vraḥ kamrate<space type="descender"/>ṅ· Añ· śrī jayavarmmadeva ryān· saṁrācca <space/> gi
· <lb n="A6"/>vraḥ vidyā phoṅ· ta tri-pañcāśat-parvva Aṣṭama-divasa Ādi-maddhyāvasāna Āy· nagara śrī
· <lb n="A7"/>yaśodharaparvvata nā vraḥ śilātatāka man· sracca vidhi mā<space type="descender"/>n· vraḥ śāsana dhūlī vraḥ
110 <lb n="A8"/>pāda dhūlī jeṅ· vraḥ kamrateṅ· Añ· ta kamrateṅ· Añ· vraḥ guru pre res· paṁnva<lb n="A9" break="no"/>s· ta neḥ saptavarṇna nu kula nai Ācāryya-pradhāna ta pradvānna mo<space type="descender"/>k· pre duk· mūla
· <lb n="A10"/>khmuk· vraḥ kralā Arccaṇa <num value="20"><g type="numeral">20+</g></num> mūla karmmāntara <num value="20"><g type="numeral">20+</g></num> Oy· cralo phle gi nu sruk· sre bhūmyāka<lb n="A11" break="no"/>ra <space type="descender"/> leṅ· siddhi jā varṇna neḥ ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> nā khmuk· vraḥ kralā A<space type="descender"/>rccana nu <space type="descender"/> karmmāntara nā paṁ<lb n="A12" break="no"/>nvās· gus· gi <space type="descender"/> nā thve vraḥ rāja-kāryya <space type="descender"/> vvaṁ Āc ti Oy· vrīhi paryyaṅ<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> <space type="descender"/> viṣaya ca<lb n="A13" break="no"/>ñcūla phoṅ· gi varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> gi nā prasiddhi phley<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> Anvaya neḥ nā khmuk· vraḥ kralā A<lb n="A14" break="no"/>rccana nu karmmāntara yāvat· vraḥ candrāditya mān·<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> dau vvaṁ Āc ti mān nā sva<space type="descender"/>tantra ta dai ti le<lb n="A15" break="no"/>ṅ· khloñ· khmuk· vraḥ kralā Arccana <space type="descender"/> nu <space type="descender"/> khloñ· karmmāntara pradvānn<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> dau <space type="descender"/> nau rūpa paṁnva<lb n="A16" break="no"/>s· ta mān· vidyā nu śīla nu Ācāra phoṅ· res· ta gi neḥ varṇna neḥ ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> gi ta
· <lb n="A17"/>Āc· cval· jā <space type="descender"/> Ācāryya homa Ācāryya caturācāryya pradhāna nau <space type="descender"/> Aṁpalla
· <lb n="A18"/>kule ta strījana Oy· ta qnak· ta Uttama pi śivabhakti vvaṁ Āc ti qnak· ta hīnajāti yok·
· <lb n="A19"/>pi pañjā qnak· khloñ· hetu man· dai sañjakk<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> pi mukhya ta kamrateṅ· phdai karom·
115 <lb n="A20"/>gus· pi yok· vvaṁ Āc ti Oy· ta qnak· ta sañjak ta rok kanakadaṇda riy<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> man· Oy·
· <lb n="A21"/>ta varṇna ta Uttama piy<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> noḥ sañjak· rok kanakadaṇda noḥ kule noḥ man· Oy·
· <lb n="A22"/>v<supplied reason="lost">va</supplied>ṁ Āc ti trāp· dau nā mr̥takadhana <space/> nau ruv<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> kule ta qnak· sī man· ka Āc ti paryyāṇ· hoṅ·
· <lb n="A23"/>nāṁ m<unclear>o</unclear><supplied reason="lost">k</supplied>· <unclear>O</unclear>y· pi Ācāryya caturācāryya pre paryyān· śīkṣā Āy· nagara pi pre
· <lb n="A24"/>ta vraḥ rājakāryya n<unclear>ā</unclear> <unclear>pa</unclear>ṁ<unclear>n</unclear>vās<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> vvaṁ Āc ti bhāgavata kamrateṅ· Añ· vraḥ guru res· paṁnvā<lb n="A25" break="no"/>s· roḥ vraḥ śāsana dhūlī vraḥ pāda dhū<unclear>l</unclear>ī jeṅ· vraḥ kamrateṅ· Añ· nāṁ yal· vnek ni
120 <lb n="A26"/>ta vraḥ vleṅ· nu vrāhmaṇācāryya nu kaṁsteṅ· Añ· <supplied reason="lost">rā</supplied><unclear>ja</unclear>k<unclear>u</unclear>lamahāmantrī nu khloñ·
· <lb n="A27"/>vala phoṅ· vraḥ karuṇā duk· jā varṇna khmuk· vraḥ kralā Arccana <unclear>jā</unclear> <supplied reason="lost">va</supplied>r<unclear>ṇ</unclear><supplied reason="lost">n</supplied>a karmmāntara vraḥ
· <lb n="A28"/>hau pandval· vṅya Oy· vara prasiddhi neḥ varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> vraḥ pre vrāhmaṇā<unclear>cā</unclear><supplied reason="lost">ry</supplied><unclear>ya</unclear> pand<unclear>v</unclear>a<lb n="A29" break="no"/>l· vṅya <space type="descender" quantity="3" unit="character"/> Oy· vara leṅ<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> neḥ varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> siddhi nā khmuk· vraḥ kralā A<supplied reason="lost">r</supplied>cca<unclear>na</unclear> <supplied reason="lost">nu</supplied>
· <lb n="A30"/>ka<space type="descender" quantity="2" unit="character"/>rmmāntara vraḥ pre duk ta vraḥ rikta kaṁvī mās<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> Āy· kan·loṅ· pre duk ta vraḥ rikta
· <lb n="A31"/>kaṁvī prāk· Āy· ta vraḥ dharmmādhikaraṇa pre duk ta praśasta śilāstambha ta gi sruk·
125 <lb n="A32"/>naya neḥ varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> nau Aṁpalla santānānvaya nuv sruk· sre bhūmyākara khñuṁ
· <lb n="A33"/>nu vraḥ puṇya nai varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> ta mān ta vraḥ rikta kaṁvī mās· nu vraḥ rikta kaṁvī prāk nuv<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> ta
· <lb n="A34"/>gi praśasta śilāstambha ta gi sruk· <space/> vvaṁ Āc ti khloñ· teṁ vidāryya pi cāp· viṅ· leṅ· nā va<milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="B"/><lb n="B1" break="no"/>rṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> <space/> nau ge ta vvaṁ thve roḥ vraḥ kalpanā dhūli vraḥ pāda dhūl<unclear>ī</unclear>
· <lb n="B2"/>jeṅ· vraḥ kamrateṅ· Añ· śrī jayavarmmadeva <space/> phley<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> māheśvarā<lb n="B3" break="no"/>nvaya dharmmakathā vyava<unclear>h</unclear>āra qnak· noḥ nīrṇnaya leṅ· ru qnak ta sāhasika Ukka
· <lb n="B4"/>ge noḥ ta vvaṁ thve toy· dau dvātrīśanaraka nu santāna phoṅ· mān· Issa yā<lb n="B5" break="no"/>tanā yāvat· candrāditya ka mān· ley<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> Aṁvī Ihaloka <space/> lvoḥ para<space/> lo<lb n="B6" break="no"/>ka nau sādhusajjana ta ñyāṅ<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> varddheya pi thve roḥ<surplus>ha</surplus> kalpanā dhūlī vraḥ pāda dhūlī
130 <lb n="B7"/>jeṅ· vraḥ kamrateṅ· Añ· śrī jayavarmmadeva ta svey· vraḥ dharmmarājya nu śūnya<lb n="B8" break="no"/>navaAṣṭa śaka <space/> ta neḥ varṇna ta vyar<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> ge mān· svarga nu santāna phoṅ· yāvat· candrā<lb n="B9" break="no"/>ditya ka mān· ley· ta gi neḥ Ihaloka lvoḥ paraloka ge mān sukha sthītī R̥ddhi nu santā<lb n="B10" break="no"/>na phoṅ· <space/> <g type="dandaOrnate"/> karmmāntaramūla steñ· paramācāryya Ācāryya homa steñ· śivadhā<lb n="B11" break="no"/>ma <space/> steñ· hr̥dayaśiva <space/> teṅ· nau <space/> teṅ· lem· <space/> teṅ· neṁ <space/> loñ· den· <space/> loñ· śi<lb n="B12" break="no"/>valakṣmī <space/> teṅ· vrau teṅ· In· <space/> loñ· lip· <space/> loñ· grap· <space/> sruk· kaivalyapura sru<lb n="B13" break="no"/>k· k<space type="descender"/>ap· phlaḥ <space/> steñ· nandīkācāryya <space/> steñ· paramaśiva steñ· śivavindu teṅ<choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice> hyaṅ·
· <lb n="B14"/>teṅ· pavitra teṅ· jū vikrāntapura teṁ nu vyādhapura teṁ dau nā karmmāntara nu sruk·
· <lb n="B15"/>sre bhūmyākara nu vraḥ puṇya naya noḥ phoṅ· vvaṁ Āc ti mān vakra tarāp· candrāditya man ley· <g type="dandaOrnate"/>
· </p>
· </div>
135 <div type="apparatus">
· <listApp>
· <app loc="A4">
· <lem>mah<unclear>ā</unclear>ddhvaravi<space type="descender"/>dhī</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01">mahāddhvaravidhi</rdg>
140 </app>
· <app loc="A5">
· <lem>dhulī</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01">dhuli</rdg>
· </app>
145 <app loc="A23">
· <lem>śīkṣā</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01">śikṣā</rdg>
· </app>
· <app loc="B11">
150 <lem>teṅ·</lem>
· <rdg source="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01">tek·</rdg>
· </app>
· </listApp>
· </div>
155 <div type="translation" xml:lang="fra" source="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01">
· <p n="A1-A7">896 śaka, 5e jour de la lune croissant de Puṣya, lundi, <foreign>nakṣatra</foreign> Śatabhīṣaj, il y eut un ordre de S. M. <foreign>śrī</foreign> Jayavarmadeva qui règne depuis 890 śaka. <supplied reason="subaudible">Sa Majesté</supplied> faisait alors un <foreign>vrahmayajña</foreign> pour le K. A. <foreign>Vraḥ Guru</foreign>, faisait un grand sacrifice en offrance à Vāgīśvarī, alors que S. M. <foreign>śrī</foreign> Jayavarmadeva achevait l'étude de toutes les sciences, lors du 53e <foreign>parvan</foreign>, le 8e jour, le matin, à midi et le soir, dans la ville de Yaśodharaparvata, au Saint Bassin de pierre.</p>
· <p n="A7-A12">À la fin de la cérémonie, il y eut un ordre de Sa Majesté <supplied reason="subaudible">adressé</supplied> au K. A. <foreign>Vraḥ Guru</foreign> le chargeant de choisir des religieux dans les sept <foreign>varṇa</foreign> et parmi les parents des chefs des <foreign>ācārya</foreign> qui se sont succédés, d'en garder 20 comme racine <supplied reason="subaudible">du <foreign>varṇa</foreign> chargé</supplied> des <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle de culte, et 20 comme racine <supplied reason="subaudible">du <foreign>varṇa</foreign></supplied> des <foreign>karmāntara</foreign>, et de laisser le droit exclusif <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>siddhi</foreign></supplied> sur les revenus des villages, rizières et terres à ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign>, celui des <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle du culte et celui des <foreign>karmāntara</foreign>.</p>
· <p n="A12">À l'égard des religieux seulement, ceux qui accomplissent le service royal ne devront pas fournir riz, huile locale, huile de ricin.</p>
· <p n="A12-A15">Ceux qui seront les fruits de ces lignées <supplied reason="subaudible">à savoir</supplied> celle des <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle de culte et celle des <foreign>karmāntara</foreign>, tant que dureront la lune et le soleil, ne devront pas reconnaître d'autre autorité que celle des chefs <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>khloñ</foreign></supplied> des <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle de culte et celle des chefs des <foreign>karmāntara</foreign> qui se succéderont à l'avenir.</p>
160 <p n="A15-A17">Les religieux possédant science, moralité et bonne conduite, choisis dans ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign>, pourront devenir <foreign>ācāryahoma</foreign> et <foreign>ācārya</foreign> chef des <foreign>caturācārya</foreign>.</p>
· <p n="A17-A19">Toutes les femmes de leur famille seront données aux gens de haute caste pour le service de Śiva ; elles ne devront pas être prises par les gens de basse caste pour faire des <foreign>anak khloñ</foreign>.</p>
· <p n="A19-A21">C'est pourquoi, en dehors des trois <foreign>sañjak</foreign> principaux du roi qui seuls peuvent les prendre, on ne doit pas les donner aux <foreign>sañjak</foreign> titulaires du parasol à manche d'or.</p>
· <p n="A21-A22">Si on les donnes aux trois castes supérieures ou à ces trois <foreign>sañjak</foreign> titulaires du parasol à manche d'or, ces <supplied reason="subaudible">femmes</supplied> membres de la famille ainsi données ne doivent jamais être incluses dans les biens d'héritage.</p>
· <p n="A22-A24">Quant aux membres de la familles qui sont <foreign>si</foreign>, et qui sont capables d'enseigner, on doit les amener pour que l'<foreign>ācārya caturācārya</foreign> les charge d'enseigner les sciences à la capitale et pour qu'ils accomplissent le service royal comme religieux et non comme <foreign>bhāgavata</foreign>.</p>
165 <p n="A24-A27">Le K. A. <foreign>Vraḥ Guru</foreign> ayant choisi <supplied reason="subaudible">les religieux</supplied> les amena en présene de Sa Majesté, les amena en présence du feu sacré, des brāhmanes et des <foreign>ācārya</foreign>, du Kamsteṅ Añ Rājakulamahāmantrin et de tous les <foreign>khloñ vala</foreign>. S. M. daigna les garder comme constituant le <foreign>varṇa</foreign> des <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle de culte et le <foreign>varṇa</foreign> des <foreign>karmāntara</foreign>.</p>
· <p n="A27-A30">S. M. les appela pour leur offrir des fleurs et leur donner sa bénédiction, en proclamant que ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign> ont le droit exclusif <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>siddhi</foreign></supplied> d'exercer les fonctions de <foreign>khmuk</foreign> de la salle de culte et de <foreign>karmāntara</foreign>.</p>
· <p n="A30-A32">S. M. a ordonné de déposer une plaque d'or <supplied reason="subaudible">inscrite</supplied> au Kanloṅ, a ordonné de déposer une plaque d'argent à la Saint Cour de Justice et a ordonné de placer une stèle de pierre aux pays qui sont sous l'autorité de ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign>, et de toute...</p>
· <p n="A32-A34">Les villages, rizières, terres, esclaves, fondations... reconnus à ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign> qui possèdent une plaque d'or, une plaque d'argent et cette stèle en ce pays, ne doivent pas être molestés par les <foreign>khloñ teṁ</foreign> qui voudraient les reprendre.</p>
· <p n="A34-B5">Dans ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign>, ceux qui ne se conformeront pas aux prescriptions de S. M. Jayavarmadeva, fruit de la descendance de Māheśvara, feront l'objet d'une plainte en justice pour être condamnés comme des "audacieux" <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>sāhasika</foreign></supplied>, et ceux qui ne se conformeront pas à cet ordre iront aux trente-deux enfers avec toute leur famille, et y subiront tous les tourments aussi longtemps que dureront la lune et le soleil, depuis ce monde jusque dans l'autre.</p>
170 <p n="B5-B10">Les gens de bien qui feront prospérer et voudront exécuter la fondation de S. M. Jayavarmadeva, qui règne depuis 890 śaka, les gens de ces deux <foreign>varṇa</foreign> jouiront du ciel avec toute leur famille, aussi longtemps que dureront le soleil et la lune, depuis ce monde jusque dans l'autre. Ils auront bonheur, permanence, prospérité, avec toute leur famille.</p>
· <p n="B10-B15">Racines des karmmāntara. <supplied reason="explanation">Suit une liste de 11 noms et des possibles descriptions de terres</supplied>.</p>
· </div>
· <div type="commentary">
· <p>Lines A22-A29 : the stela was broken and then reconstituted. That damaged some <foreign>akṣara</foreign>, tagged as "unclear" or "supplied".</p>
175 <p> In modern khmer, the <foreign>virāma</foreign> is no longer in use to differentiate <foreign>akṣaras</foreign> to be pronounced with and without inherent -a. Therefore, in transcribing modern Khmer, one must decide to include the -a or not based on one's understanding of the word-structure of the given text. In editing the present inscription, which use <foreign>virāma</foreign> much more sparingly than is the norm in Old Khmer, it would seem that George Cœdès has applied the same transcription mode. Since his transliteration system, anyhow never explicitly represent <foreign>virāma</foreign>, the difference between actually present <foreign>virāma</foreign> and editorially suppresed inherent -a is invisible in his edition. I have therefore made use of the tag <choice><orig>a</orig><reg>·</reg></choice>.</p>
· <p>G. Cœdès doesn't give any translation of this inscription in his edition. He explains that since the text of K. 868 is very similar to that of K. 444, we would have to refer to the latter. To translate this inscription, I therefore copied the translation of K. 444, adapting the lines' numbers to those of K. 868. Note that the lines B10-B15 are in particular need of a proper translation, being totally different from K. 444. </p>
· </div>
· <div type="bibliography">
· <p>First mentioned in the <foreign>Chronique</foreign> section of <bibl><ptr target="bib:BEFEO036_1936"/><citedRange unit="page">634</citedRange></bibl>, then edited by George Cœdès without any translation, because its contents are nearly identical to those of <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIK00444.xml">K. 444</ref> (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01"/><citedRange unit="volume">6</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">170-172</citedRange></bibl>). Cœdès' edition interprets most geminate consonants as a device for marking closed syllables, and transcribes such <foreign>akṣara</foreign>s without their inherent vowel <foreign>a</foreign>. The present edition, which transliterates these <foreign>akṣara</foreign>s without regard to their pronunciation, has been prepared here by Salomé Pichon on the basis of EFEO estampage n. 1120.</p>
180 <listBibl type="primary">
· <bibl n="GC">
· <ptr target="bib:Coedes1937-1966_01"/>
· <citedRange unit="volume">6</citedRange>
· <citedRange unit="page">170-172</citedRange>
185 </bibl>
· </listBibl>
· <listBibl type="secondary">
· <bibl><ptr target="bib:BEFEO036_1936"/><citedRange unit="page">634</citedRange></bibl>
· </listBibl>
190 </div>
· </body>
· </text>
·</TEI>
Commentary
Lines A22-A29 : the stela was broken and then reconstituted. That damaged some akṣara, tagged as "unclear" or "supplied".
In modern khmer, the virāma is no longer in use to differentiate akṣaras to be pronounced with and without inherent -a. Therefore, in transcribing modern Khmer, one must decide to include the -a or not based on one’s understanding of the word-structure of the given text. In editing the present inscription, which use virāma much more sparingly than is the norm in Old Khmer, it would seem that George Cœdès has applied the same transcription mode. Since his transliteration system, anyhow never explicitly represent virāma, the difference between actually present virāma and editorially suppresed inherent -a is invisible in his edition. I have therefore made use of the tag ¡a!⟨·⟩.
G. Cœdès doesn’t give any translation of this inscription in his edition. He explains that since the text of K. 868 is very similar to that of K. 444, we would have to refer to the latter. To translate this inscription, I therefore copied the translation of K. 444, adapting the lines’ numbers to those of K. 868. Note that the lines B10-B15 are in particular need of a proper translation, being totally different from K. 444.