Phú Thuận stela (C. 139), 8th-9th century Śaka

Editors: Salomé Pichon, Arlo Griffiths.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSCIC00139.

Language: Old Cham.

Repository: Campa (tfc-campa-epigraphy).

Version: 2024-09-16 00:32 (a2d4f44), last modified 2023-05-15 17:25 (14faddc).

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⟨1⟩ svasti ° niy· kanadhā kuv· pu pov· tana rayā yaṅ· ma⟨2⟩Anan· śrī Indravarmmadeva yaṅ· sakala-rājādhirāja di nagara ⟨3⟩ campa vriy· yāṅ· pov· ku śrī bhāgyakānteśvara matandāḥ sarvvākarādāna ⟨4⟩ kuv· vriy· yāṅ· niy· pat· pov· kuv· danāy· sandiy· yajamāna yāṅ· niy· kintu ka⟨5⟩raṇa sandyāṁ yāṅ· niy· ṅan· Udakānna° nan· hetu kuv· Atat· di yajamāna niy· siy· pu ⟨6⟩ pov· tana rayā yaṅ· maputau Andap· niy· siy· Urāṅ· rayā yaṅ· marayā Andap· niy· ⟨7⟩ pu pov· tana rayā ṅan· Urāṅ· rayā mapaknā tuy· tanatap· kuv· niy· pu pov· tana rayā nan· ⟨8⟩ ṅan· Urāṅ· rayā nan· tmuv· punya di dalaṁ rājya kuv· tra di dalaṁ rājya driy· tra tmuv· pada yām̃ pu pov· ⟨9⟩ ku śiva vela Ur[ā]ṅ· rayā masuvāk· top· punya niy· di yajamāna niy· vela makluñ· ⟨10⟩ kariy· Athavā ma[2+] vriy· Urāṅ· vukan· kluñ· driy· Urāṅ· rayā nan· nau Av(ī)[ci]

Apparatus

⟨3⟩ sarvvākarādāna ⬦ sarvvakarādāna H.

⟨10⟩ Av(ī)[ci] • It is possible that a faint trace of the expected ci is still visible at the end of line 10 on the estampage.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths and Salomé Pichon

(1–5) Hail! This is an order from me, the king (pu pov tana rayā), who am Śrī Indravarmadeva, overlord of all kings in the country of Campā. [I] allow the [temple of] Y.P.K. Śrī Bhāgyakānteśvara to be exempted from all taxes. I allow these four gods [to be exempted as well]. The P.K. Cult Servants [shall be] their priests. But for purpose of the satiation of these gods with water and food, that is why I transfer [that revenue] to these priests.

(5–10) Whatever sovereign shall reign here in the future, whatever dignitaries shall have dignity here in the future — sovereigns and dignitaries maintaining [the exemption] in conformity with this rule of mine — those kings and those dignitaries obtain merit (puṇya) in my kingdom and in their own kingdom, and reach the abode (or: feet) of god Śiva. If dignitaries uproot [or] steal this meritorious work (puṇya) from these priests; if they behave destructively in any other way or … allow other men to behave destructively, those dignitaries themselves shall go to the Avīci (hell).

Translation into French by Huber 1911

(1–10) Bonheur ! Voici ce que j’ordonne, moi, Śrī Indravarmadeva, roi des rois du pays de Campā. Au [temple du] dieu Śrī Bhāgyakānteśvara je donne l’exemption de tous les impôts. Et j’attache au service de ce dieu quatre desservants qui seront ses sacrificateurs, et [je leur donne] de quoi subvenir aux frais du culte et à leur entretien. À l’égard de ce dont je dispose en faveur des desservants du temple, j’invoque les rois qui régneront à l’avenir et les habitants du pays qui vivront à l’avenir : que ces rois-là et ces habitants-là respectent ce que j’ai institué. Car en agissant ainsi ces rois-là et ces hommes-là vivront heureux dans ce royaume ou ailleurs, et à leur mort ils gagneront le paradis de Śiva. Mais si des hommes ruinent la fondation pieuse faite en faveur des desservants du temple ou s’ils la font détruire par autrui, que ces hommes-là aillent dans l’enfer Avīci.

Commentary

(6) urāṅ rayā: we will need a note on the meaning of this term, its relation (in sense and etymology) with orang kaya "aristocrat" in Malay and urang reya "common man" in Sundanese. The use of pr̥thujana in C. 148 suggests a meaning like the latter, but the context in which that gloss is used in C. 148 and the context here rather suggest that the meaning of the Cam expression was like that of orang kaya in Malay. The situation is further complicated by the fact that in Sundanese, the cognate expression urang reya means "common man".

(8–9) Cf. C. 67 A, st. IX śivapadapūjanāśayatanuḥ satataṁ bhavati.

Bibliography

First edited with translation into French by E. Huber (1911, pp. 10–13), whose results were subsequently republished and translated into English by R. C. Majumdar (1927, part 3, pp. 92–93, № 33) and republished again by K.-H. Golzio (2004, pp. 77–78). The inscription is re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths & Salomé Pichon based on autopsy and the EFEO estampage n. 153.

Primary

[H] Huber, Edouard. 1911. “Études indochinoises VI-VII.” BEFEO 11 (1-2), pp. 1–24. [URL]. Pages 10–13.

Secondary

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 1927. Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East, Vol. I: Champa. Punjab Oriental (Sanskrit) Series 16. Lahore: The Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot. [URL]. Part 3, pages 92–93, item 33.

Golzio, Karl-Heinz. 2004. Inscriptions of Campā: Based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar; newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates. Aachen: Shaker Verlag. Pages 77–78.

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<lb n="1"/>svasti <g type="dotMid">.</g> niy· kanadhā kuv· pu pov· tana rayā yaṅ· ma<lb n="2" break="no"/>Anan· śrī Indravarmmadeva yaṅ· sakala-rājādhirāja di nagara

<lb n="3"/>campa vriy· yāṅ· pov· ku śrī bhāgyakānteśvara matandāḥ sarvvākarādāna

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<lb n="6"/>pov· tana rayā yaṅ· maputau Andap· niy· siy· Urāṅ· rayā yaṅ· marayā Andap· niy·

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<lb n="9"/>ku śiva vela Ur<supplied reason="lost">ā</supplied>ṅ· rayā masuvāk· top· punya niy· di yajamāna niy· vela makluñ·

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<lem>sarvvākarādāna</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Huber1911_02">sarvvakarādāna</rdg>

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<p n="1-5">Hail! This is an order from me, the king <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>pu pov tana rayā</foreign></supplied>, who am Śrī Indravarmadeva, overlord of all kings in the country of Campā. <supplied reason="subaudible">I</supplied> allow the <supplied reason="subaudible">temple of</supplied> Y.P.K. Śrī Bhāgyakānteśvara to be exempted from all taxes.

I allow these four gods <supplied reason="subaudible">to be exempted as well</supplied>. The P.K. Cult Servants <supplied reason="subaudible">shall be</supplied> their priests.

<!-- I allow these four Y.P.K. to serve as sacrificers for this god.

C. 148, st. V: po yāñ pov ku danāy pināṅ pr̥thujanaḥ śaivakriyājñānavid

C. 31 A ātmaja urāṅ poṅ ku śrī jaya inravarmmadeva

paramaśakti śānti śīla śobha tyāga pu poṅ ku dvā nan

pu poṅ ratnāvalī pu poṅ ku

C. 67 ājñā pov ku lyaṅ śrī rā(8)[jakulākhyāyā]ḥ svāmbānujāyāḥ -->

But for purpose of the satiation of these gods with water and food, that is why I transfer <supplied reason="subaudible">that revenue</supplied> to these priests.</p>

<p n="5-10">Whatever sovereign shall reign here in the future, whatever dignitaries shall have dignity here in the future

— sovereigns and dignitaries maintaining <supplied reason="subaudible">the exemption</supplied> in conformity with this rule of mine —

those kings and those dignitaries obtain merit <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>puṇya</foreign></supplied> in my kingdom and in their own kingdom, and reach the abode (or: feet) of god Śiva. If dignitaries uproot <supplied reason="subaudible">or</supplied> steal this meritorious work <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>puṇya</foreign></supplied> from these priests; if they behave destructively in any other way or <gap reason="ellipsis"/> allow other men to behave destructively, those dignitaries themselves shall go to the Avīci <supplied reason="explanation">hell</supplied>.

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<p n="1-10">Bonheur ! Voici ce que j'ordonne, moi, <foreign>Śrī</foreign> Indravarmadeva, roi des rois du pays de Campā. Au <supplied reason="subaudible">temple du</supplied> dieu <foreign>Śrī</foreign> Bhāgyakānteśvara je donne l'exemption de tous les impôts. Et j'attache au service de ce dieu quatre desservants qui seront ses sacrificateurs, et <supplied reason="subaudible">je leur donne</supplied> de quoi subvenir aux frais du culte et à leur entretien. À l'égard de ce dont je dispose en faveur des desservants du temple, j'invoque les rois qui régneront à l'avenir et les habitants du pays qui vivront à l'avenir : que ces rois-là et ces habitants-là respectent ce que j'ai institué. Car en agissant ainsi ces rois-là et ces hommes-là vivront heureux dans ce royaume ou ailleurs, et à leur mort ils gagneront le paradis de Śiva. Mais si des hommes ruinent la fondation pieuse faite en faveur des desservants du temple ou s'ils la font détruire par autrui, que ces hommes-là aillent dans l'enfer Avīci.</p>

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<p n="6"><foreign>urāṅ rayā</foreign>: we will need a note on the meaning of this term, its relation (in sense and etymology) with orang kaya "aristocrat" in Malay and urang reya "common man" in Sundanese. The use of pr̥thujana in C. 148 suggests a meaning like the latter, but the context in which that gloss is used in C. 148 and the context here rather suggest that the meaning of the Cam expression was like that of orang kaya in Malay. The situation is further complicated by the fact that in Sundanese, the cognate expression urang reya means "common man".</p>

<p n="8-9">Cf. C. 67 A, st. IX <foreign>śivapadapūjanāśayatanuḥ satataṁ bhavati</foreign>.</p>

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