Chittagong Plate of Kāntideva
Editor: Arlo Griffiths.
Identifier: DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00007.
Language: Sanskrit.
Repository: Bengal Copper Plates (tfb-bengalcharters-epigraphy).
Version: (3b1ee6e), last modified (84c2024).
Edition
Seal
⟨1⟩ śrī-kāntidevaḥ
Plate
⟨1⟩ @ svasti śrīmaj-jaya-skandhāvārāT varddhamāna-pura-vāsakāT
I. Vasantatilakā
⟨2⟩
yo dharma-ratna-kiraṇair apavidhya sāndra⟨ṁ⟩
amohāndhakāra-paṭalaṁ sakalaṁ tri⟨3⟩-lokaM|
bĀloka-lokam anayat s¿u?⟨a⟩ jayaty udār¿a?⟨o⟩
cdur-vāra-māra-visara⟨4⟩sya jayī jinendraḥ||
dII. Āryā
tad-bhakti-valita-śaktir bhuja-dvayaurjitya-vijita-ripu⟨5⟩-darpaḥ|
absa jayati dharmaika-rataḥ khyātaḥ śrī-bhadradat⟨t⟩o yaḥ||
cdIII. Āryā
tasya su⟨6⟩-bhāṣita-bhārata-purāṇa-rāmāy¿o?⟨a⟩ṇārthavit tanayaḥ
abnāmnā śrī-dhanadattaḥ ⟨7⟩ prakaṭita-mahimānvayo yo ’bhūT||
cdIV. Anuṣṭubh
tasya gaurī mahā-bhūbhr̥t-
a-sutā vudha⟨8⟩-guru-stutā
bpatnī vindu-ratir nāma
cyā vabhūva śiva-priyā||
dV. Śārdūlavikrīḍita
tasyā bhoga⟨9⟩-nidāna-dāna-salil¡e!⟨ai⟩r ārdrī-kr̥torjad-bhuja--
asphūrjad-vajra-valārjitāji-vija⟨10⟩ya-prājya-pratāpo mahān·|
bsaumyaḥ sūnr̥ta-vāg arāti-bhaya-kr̥d vikhyāta⟨11⟩-kīrttir yaśo
cjyotsnāhāra-tuṣāra-kunda-dhavalaṁ yo yātavān ātmajaḥ||
dVI. Anuṣṭubh
⟨12⟩ yaś ca kurvañ jagat-tuṣṭyai
ahiraṇya-kaśi(p)u-kṣayaM|
bnāvalamvitavān mā⟨13⟩yān
cdāna-vārir api prabhuḥ||
dsa khalv akhila-jana-mano-’bhirāmābhigāmi⟨14⟩kāneka-guṇa-ratna-bhūṣaṇaḥ| parama-saugato mātā-pitr̥-pā⟨15⟩dānudhyātaḥ parameśvaro mahārājādhirājaḥ śrīmān¿a?⟨·⟩ kā⟨16⟩ntidevaḥ kuśalī| harikelā-maṇḍale bhāvi-bhūpatīṁs tad-ātma-hi⟨17⟩tam idaṁ vodhayati viditam astu vaḥ|
Apparatus
Part A
Plate
⟨3⟩ anayat s¿u?⟨a⟩ ⬦ anayat sa M • It is almost impossible not to read tsu (cf. tsu in l. 7) or else tsva (cf. lva in l. 13). Majumdar simply reads anayat sa but that reading can only be obtained by force of emendation.
⟨9⟩ -salil¡e!⟨ai⟩r ⬦ -salilair M • We do no see here the bipartite vowel marker that is used elsewhere to make -ai, but only the top stroke that is used to make -e in aneka in l. 14.
⟨15⟩ śrīmān¿a?⟨·⟩ kā⟨16⟩ntidevaḥ • The name Kāntideva is confirmed by the legend of the seal, so a parsing Śrī Mānakāntideva cannot be entertained.
Translation by Arlo Griffiths
Seal
⟨1⟩ Śrī Kāntideva
Plate
(1) Hail! From the illustrious victory camp which is the residence at Vardhamānapura:
I
Victorious is the exalted victor of the irrepressible Māras, the King of Jinas, who, after piercing the thick veil of darkness that is Illusion, with the rays of the jewel of his Law, led the entire Triple World to the world of light!
II
Victorious is the one called Śrī Bhadradatta, endowed with the power of devotion to that [same King of Jinas], solely devoted to Dharma, who has subdued the arrogance of enemies with the force of his two arms!
III
His son, versed in the meaning of maxims, of the Bhārata, of the Purāṇas and of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose family was of manifest glory, was named Śrī Dhanadatta.
IV
His fair wife, daughter of a great king, praised by wise masters, devoted to Śiva {[like]Śiva’s dear [wife] Gaurī, daughter of the great mountain, praised by the gods’ preceptor }, was named Bindurati.
V–VI
Her son too (api) is a great king (mahān prabhuḥ), gentle, soft-spoken, terrifying to enemies; of renowned fame, because he has obtained glory as white as moonlight, pearl garland, snow and jasmine, being of immense dignity due to his battle victories gained through the power of the cracking thunderbolts that are his strong arms, moistened by the oceans of (water libated on the occasion of so numerous) gifts that cause enjoyment (of merit), and because to please the world, he [like the] victor of demons (dānava-ari, i.e. Viṣṇu), brought about the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu {he, [like unto] gift water (dāna-vāri),1 caused (his own supplies of) gold (hiraṇya) and food (kaśipu) to diminish} [but] without taking recourse to deception!
(14–17) That one, agreeable to everyone’s minds and adorned with the numerous qualities of a [king] who is approachable (ābhigāmika), as is well known, is the devout Buddhist (parama-saugata), blessed by the feet of his parents, the supreme lord (parameśvara), the overlord of great kings (mahārāja-adhirāja) prosperous Kāntideva, being in good health (kuśalin), admonishes future kings in the Harikelā country (harikelā-maṇḍala) of this, which is beneficial to themselves: “May it be known to you”
Bibliography
The inscription was first edited by R.C. Majumdar ([1952] 1941–1942) with an English translation and photo of an estampage; it is re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from the same photo of an estampage plus a photo of the plate.
Primary
[M] Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. [1952] 1941–1942. “Chittagong copper-plate of Kantideva.” EI 26, pp. 313–318.
Secondary
Bhattacharya, Gouriswar. 1993. “An inscribed metal vase most probably from Chittagong, Bangladesh.” In: South Asian Archæology 1991: proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archæologists in Western Europe, held in Berlin, 1-5 July 1991. Edited by Adelbert J. Gail and Gerd J.R. Mevissen. Stuttgart: Steiner, pp. 323–338. Pages 324, 328, 331, 332, notes 2, 18.
Cribb, Joe. 1986. “Dating South East Asia's earliest coins.” In: Deyadharma: studies in memory of Dr. D.C. Sircar. Edited by Gouriswar Bhattacharya. Sri Garib Dass Oriental Series 33. Delhi: Sri Satguru, pp. 111–127. Page 120, note 19.
Griffiths, Arlo. 2015. “Three more Sanskrit inscriptions of Arakan: New perspectives on its name, dynastic history and Buddhist culture in the first millennium.” JBS 19 (2), pp. 281–340. [URL]. Page 291, notes 9, 10, page 320.
Notes
- 1. In order to lend a second meaning to dāna-vārir, I am forced to assume poet licence in the form of masculine gender for normally neuter vāri, which seems plausible if the king himself is asyndetically compared to water.
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<div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
<ab><lb n="1"/>śrī-kāntidevaḥ</ab>
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<div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plate</head>
<p><lb n="1"/><g type="spiral"/><!-- siddham --> <space quantity="3" unit="character"/> svasti śrīmaj-jaya-skandhāvārāT varddhamāna-pura-vāsakāT</p>
<lg n="1" met="vasantatilakā">
<lb n="2"/><l n="a">yo dharma-ratna-kiraṇair apavidhya sāndra<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied></l>
<l n="b">mohāndhakāra-paṭalaṁ sakalaṁ tri<lb n="3" break="no"/>-lokaM| </l>
<l n="c">Āloka-lokam anayat s<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>a</corr></choice> jayaty udār<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>o</corr></choice></l>
<l n="d">dur-vāra-māra-visara<lb n="4" break="no"/>sya jayī jinendraḥ|| </l>
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<lg n="2" met="āryā">
<l n="ab">tad-bhakti-valita-śaktir bhuja-dvayaurjitya-vijita-ripu<lb n="5" break="no"/>-darpaḥ| </l>
<l n="cd">sa jayati dharmaika-rataḥ khyātaḥ śrī-bhadradat<supplied reason="omitted">t</supplied>o yaḥ|| </l>
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<l n="cd">nāmnā śrī-dhanadattaḥ <lb n="7"/>prakaṭita-mahimānvayo yo 'bhūT|| </l>
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<lg n="4" met="anuṣṭubh">
<l enjamb="yes" n="a">tasya gaurī mahā-bhūbhr̥t</l>
<l n="b">-sutā vudha<lb n="8" break="no"/>-guru-stutā</l>
<l n="c">patnī vindu-ratir nāma</l>
<l n="d">yā vabhūva śiva-priyā|| </l>
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<l n="b">sphūrjad-vajra-valārjitāji-vija<lb n="10" break="no"/>ya-prājya-pratāpo mahān·| </l>
<l n="c">saumyaḥ sūnr̥ta-vāg arāti-bhaya-kr̥d vikhyāta<lb n="11" break="no"/>-kīrttir yaśo</l>
<l n="d">jyotsnāhāra-tuṣāra-kunda-dhavalaṁ yo yātavān ātmajaḥ|| </l>
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<l n="c">nāvalamvitavān mā<lb n="13" break="no"/>yān</l>
<l n="d">dāna-vārir api prabhuḥ|| </l>
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parama-sau<space type="defect" quantity="2" unit="character"/>gato mātā-pitr̥-pā<lb n="15" break="no"/>dānudhyātaḥ parameśvaro mahārājādhi<space type="defect" quantity="3" unit="character"/>rājaḥ śrīmān<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>·</corr></choice> kā<lb n="16" break="no"/>ntidevaḥ kuśalī| harikelā-maṇḍale bhāvi<space type="defect" quantity="2" unit="character"/>-bhūpatīṁs tad-ātma-hi<lb n="17" break="no"/>tam idaṁ vodhayati viditam astu vaḥ|</p>
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<lem>anayat s<choice><sic>u</sic><corr>a</corr></choice></lem>
<rdg source="bib:Majumdar1941-1942_01">anayat sa</rdg>
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<note>The name Kāntideva is confirmed by the legend of the seal, so a parsing Śrī Mānakāntideva cannot be entertained.</note>
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<div type="textpart" n="A"><head xml:lang="eng">Seal</head>
<ab><lb n="1"/>Śrī Kāntideva</ab>
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<div type="textpart" n="B"><head xml:lang="eng">Plate</head>
<p n="1">Hail! From the illustrious victory camp which is the residence at Vardhamānapura:</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="1">Victorious is the exalted victor of the irrepressible Māras, the King of Jinas, who, after piercing the thick veil of darkness that is Illusion, with the rays of the jewel of his Law, led the entire Triple World to the world of light!</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="2">Victorious is the one called Śrī Bhadradatta, endowed with the power of devotion to that <supplied reason="subaudible">same King of Jinas</supplied>, solely devoted to Dharma, who has subdued the arrogance of enemies with the force of his two arms!</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="3">His son, versed in the meaning of maxims, of the Bhārata, of the Purāṇas and of the Rāmāyaṇa, whose family was of manifest glory, was named Śrī Dhanadatta.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="4">His fair wife, daughter of a great king, praised by wise masters, devoted to Śiva <seg rend="pun"><supplied reason="subaudible">like</supplied>Śiva's dear <supplied reason="subaudible">wife</supplied> Gaurī, daughter of the great mountain, praised by the gods' preceptor </seg>, was named Bindurati.</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="5-6">Her son too <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>api</foreign></supplied> is a great king <supplied reason="explanation">mahān prabhuḥ</supplied>, gentle, soft-spoken, terrifying to enemies; of renowned fame, because he has obtained glory as white as moonlight, pearl garland, snow and jasmine, being of immense dignity due to his battle victories gained through the power of the cracking thunderbolts that are his strong arms, moistened by the oceans of <supplied reason="explanation">water libated on the occasion of so numerous</supplied> gifts that cause enjoyment <supplied reason="explanation">of merit</supplied>, and because to please the world, he
<supplied reason="subaudible">like the</supplied> victor of demons <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dānava-ari</foreign>, i.e. Viṣṇu</supplied>, brought about the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu <seg rend="pun">he, <supplied reason="subaudible">like unto</supplied> gift water <supplied reason="explanation">dāna-vāri</supplied>,<note>In order to lend a second meaning to <foreign>dāna-vārir</foreign>, I am forced to assume poet licence in the form of masculine gender for normally neuter <foreign>vāri</foreign>, which seems plausible if the king himself is asyndetically compared to water.</note> caused <supplied reason="explanation">his own supplies of</supplied> gold <supplied reason="explanation">hiraṇya</supplied> and food <supplied reason="explanation">kaśipu</supplied> to diminish</seg> <supplied reason="subaudible">but</supplied> without taking recourse to deception!</p><!-- Daniel Balogh comments: Interpreting dāna-vārir as bahuvrīhi would dispose of the gender problem. "he who possesses donation water" is not very nice, but it works, and I think it is more likely than a comparison of the king to that water. -->
<p n="14-17">That one, agreeable to everyone's minds and adorned with the numerous qualities of a <supplied reason="subaudible">king</supplied> who is approachable <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ābhigāmika</foreign></supplied>, as is well known, is the devout Buddhist <supplied reason="explanation">parama-saugata</supplied>, blessed by the feet of his parents, the supreme lord <supplied reason="explanation">parameśvara</supplied>, the overlord of great kings <supplied reason="explanation">mahārāja-adhirāja</supplied> prosperous Kāntideva, being in good health <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuśalin</foreign></supplied>, admonishes future kings in the Harikelā country <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>harikelā-maṇḍala</foreign></supplied> of this, which is beneficial to themselves: <q>May it be known to you</q></p>
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<div type="commentary">
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<p rend="stanza" n="2">Can this Bhadradatta be identified with the one who figures in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00018.xml">Metal Vase of Devātideva, year 72</ref>?</p>
<p rend="stanza" n="5">The theme <foreign>dānam bhoga-nidānam</foreign> is encountered also in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSBengalCharters00040.xml">Plate of Devātideva, year 12</ref>, stanza II.</p>
<p n="13-14">The royal virtues called <foreign>ābhigāmika</foreign> are listed in Kauṭilya's <title>Arthaśāstra</title> 6.1.3: <foreign>mahākulīno daivabuddhisattvasampanno vr̥ddhadarśī dhārmikaḥ satyavāg avisaṁvādakaḥ kr̥tajñaḥ sthūlalakṣo mahotsāho 'dīrghasūtraḥ śakyasāmanto dr̥ḍhabuddhir akṣudrapariṣatko vinayakāma ity ābhigāmikā guṇāḥ</foreign>.</p>
<p n="14-16">The formulaics of the prose paragraph closely resembles that seen in the <ref target="DHARMA_INSArakan00001.xml">Odein stela of Dharmavijaya, year 2</ref>.</p>
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<p>The inscription was first edited by R.C. Majumdar (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Majumdar1941-1942_01"/></bibl>) with an English translation and photo of an estampage; it is re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths from the same photo of an estampage plus a photo of the plate.</p>
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<bibl><ptr target="bib:Bhattacharya1993_01"/><citedRange unit="page">324, 328, 331, 332</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">2, 18</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Cribb1986_01"/><citedRange unit="page">120</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">19</citedRange></bibl>
<bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2015_01"/><citedRange unit="page">291</citedRange><citedRange unit="note">9, 10</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">320</citedRange></bibl>
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Commentary
II
V
(13–14) The royal virtues called ābhigāmika are listed in Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra 6.1.3: mahākulīno daivabuddhisattvasampanno vr̥ddhadarśī dhārmikaḥ satyavāg avisaṁvādakaḥ kr̥tajñaḥ sthūlalakṣo mahotsāho ’dīrghasūtraḥ śakyasāmanto dr̥ḍhabuddhir akṣudrapariṣatko vinayakāma ity ābhigāmikā guṇāḥ.
(14–16) The formulaics of the prose paragraph closely resembles that seen in the Odein stela of Dharmavijaya, year 2.