Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Parakesarivarman, year 13

Editors: Valérie Gillet, Emmanuel Francis.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00519.

Summary: Upper inscription on the lowest stone of the southernmost wall section of the western façade of the sanctuary. Regnal year 13 of Kōpparakesarivarman = Uttamacōḻa (circa 984 CE).

Hand description:

Language: Tamil.

Repository: Tamil Nadu (varia) (tfa-tamilnadu-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-07-16 14:38 (945c2a7), last modified 2025-07-02 15:42 (fc93961).

⟨1⟩ kō-p-para-kēcari-vanmaṟku yāṇṭu 10 3-Āvatu

It-tiru-k-kaṟṟaḷ[[i]] Eṭuppit⟨2⟩ta kuvaḷālam-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr nakkaṉ-āṉa vikkirama-cōḻa-mā-rā⟨3⟩yar Akamuṭaiyāḷ Aparāyitaṉ ceyyavāymaṇi cantrātittaval vaitta non⟨4⟩t¿a?⟨ā⟩-viḷakku Oṉṟukku nicata⟨m⟩ Uḻakku neyy āka vaitta Āṭu toṇṇūṟṟu Āṟu

Ivai cāvā ⟨mū⟩⟨5⟩vā pēr-āṭu

panmāheśvara-rakṣai ⁋

Apparatus

⟨3⟩ non⟨4⟩t¿a?⟨ā⟩ SII32 G ⬦ non⟨4⟩tā SII19.

⟨4⟩ nicata⟨m⟩ ⬦ nit=ta⟨m⟩ SII19 SII32; nicata G. — ⟨4⟩ cāvā ⟨mū⟩⟨5⟩vā ⬦ cāvāmu⟨5⟩vā SII19; cāvā(mū) ⟨5⟩ (v)ā SII32; cāvā⟨5⟩vā G.

Translation by Gillet 2023

(1) [This is the] 13th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

(1–4) The wife (akamuṭaiyāḷ) of Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias Vikkiramacōḻa Mārāyar, lord (uṭaiyāṉ) of Kuvaḷālam who built (eṭupitta) this stone shrine (ittirukkaṟṟaḷi), Aparāyitaṉ¹ Ceyyavāymaṇi gave; as long as the sun and the moon endure, for one perpetual lamp, for one uḻakku of ghee everyday, she gave ninety-six goats.

(4–5) These undying and non ageing great goats are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.

Commentary

There is no svasti śrī at the beginning of this inscription.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-1929 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/166).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao et al. 1967 (SII 19.333), in Swaminathan 2012 (SII 32, part 2, no. 123). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.

Primary

[SII19] Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar and G.S. Gai. 1967. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Page 168, item 333.

[SII32] Swaminathan, S. 2012. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XXXII: inscriptions of the early Chola kings upto Uttama Chola. South Indian Inscriptions 32. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director General). Page 239, item 123.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power: Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha and Uthara Suvrathan. London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. [URL]. Page 81, item 9.

Secondary

ARIE 1928-1929. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, [1930]. Page TBC, appendixes B/1928-1929, item 166.

Notes

1. Sanskrit Aparājita.

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<lb n="1"/>kō-p-para-kēcari-va<hi rend="grantha">nma</hi>ṟku yāṇṭu <num value="13"><g type="numeral">10</g> 3</num>-Āvatu

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It-tiru-k-kaṟṟaḷ[[i]] Eṭuppit

<lb n="2" break="no"/>ta <hi rend="grantha">ku</hi>vaḷālam-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr nakkaṉ-āṉa vikkirama-cōḻa-mā-rā

<lb n="3" break="no"/>yar Akamuṭaiyāḷ Aparāyitaṉ ceyyavāymaṇi ca<hi rend="grantha">ntrā</hi>tittaval vaitta non

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Ivai cāvā <supplied reason="omitted">mū</supplied>

<lb n="5" break="no"/>vā pēr-āṭu

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pa<hi rend="grantha">nmāheśvara-rakṣai</hi> <g type="gomutraFinal">.</g>

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<lem source="bib:Swaminathan2012_01 bib:Gillet2023_01">non

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<p n="1"><supplied reason="subaudible">This is the</supplied> 13th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.</p>

<p n="1-4">The wife <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>akamuṭaiyāḷ</foreign></supplied> of Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias Vikkiramacōḻa Mārāyar, lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uṭaiyāṉ</foreign></supplied> of Kuvaḷālam who built <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>eṭupitta</foreign></supplied> this stone shrine <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ittirukkaṟṟaḷi</foreign></supplied>, Aparāyitaṉ<note>Sanskrit Aparājita.</note> Ceyyavāymaṇi gave; as long as the sun and the moon endure, for one perpetual lamp, for one <foreign>uḻakku</foreign> of <foreign>ghee</foreign> everyday, she gave ninety-six goats.

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These undying and non ageing great goats are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.</p>

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<p>There is no <foreign>svasti śrī</foreign> at the beginning of this inscription.</p>

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<p>Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1928-1929"/></bibl> (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/166).</p>

<p>Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:SrinivasaRao1967_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv19p0i0333">SII 19.333</ref>), in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Swaminathan2012_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv32p2i0123">SII 32, part 2, no. 123</ref>). Edited and translated in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>, based on autopsy and photographs (<ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/****">by Valérie Gillet, 2018</ref>).</p>

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