Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Rājakesarivarman, year 3

Authors of digital edition: Valérie Gillet (vagi), Emmanuel Francis (emfr).

Summary: Upper inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade. Regnal year 3 of Kōvirājakesarivarman = Rājarāja I (circa 988 CE).

Language: Tamil (tam).

Version: 2025-09-18 22:29 (96c2905), last modified 2025-09-17 16:03 (799a196).

Edition

⟨1⟩ sva(sti śrī) (kō-v-irā)(ja)-(kē)(sa)(ri-pa)(nma)(kku yāṇṭu munṟ-āvatu) (vaṭa-karai)-(brahma)(tēyam periya)
⟨2⟩ śrī-vā(ṉa)vaṉ-mātevi-catuvveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka(ḷōm I)-
⟨3⟩ yāṭṭai (tu)lā-nāyaṟṟu-t tiṅkaḷ-kiḻamaiyum na¿n?a¿mm?iyum peṟṟa tiruvoṇa(tti)ṉ ṉāṉ-
⟨4⟩ ṟu paka(l) brahmatthāṉattēy (ta)ṭṭaḻi koṭṭi-k kāḷa¡mm! ¡u!ti dhammi ceytu naṭu(v)il śrī-kō(yi)-
⟨5⟩ ¡ll!-āṉa (śrī)-viṉaiyābharaṇ(a/i)-viṇ(ṇa)kara-p-perumāṉaṭikaḷ śrī-kōyil(iṉ) muṉpil [*] kūṭattē-
⟨6⟩ y pe(ru)ṅ-kuṟi kūṭṭa-k kuṟai v-aṟa-k kūṭi Iruntu paṇi-paṇiyāl paṇittu I-śrī-vija(ya-maṅ)kala¡mm!-uṭai-
⟨7⟩ (ya)-pa(rama)s¿y?āmikku Oṭṭi Iṟai-k(ā)va¡ll! oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭutta (pa)ric’ ā(va)t(u) Ip-parama-
⟨8⟩ s¿y?ām(i)kku śrī-vimāṉam kallālē Eḻunt-a⟨ru⟩ḷuvittāṉ Uṭaiyār śrī-(mumu)-
⟨9⟩ ṭi-c-cō(ḷa)-tēvar perun-tarattu kuvaḷḷāla¡mm!-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr
⟨10⟩ (nakkaṉ-āna vi)(kra)(ma)-cōḻa-mahā-rāja Ip-paramas¿y?āmikku E⟨p⟩pērpaṭṭa tiru-v-ārādhiṉaikaḷukku(m-āka) koṇ-
⟨11⟩ ṭu kuṭutta nilam āvatu pala taṭiyāl taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta nilam Oṉṟē kā-
⟨12⟩ (l) Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattukkum canti⟨rāti⟩ttaval Iṟai-kāva¡ll!-āka Iv-vikrama-cōḻa-m(ārā)-
⟨13⟩ yār iṭai mahā-sabhaiy(ō)ṅ koṇ⟨⟨ṭa⟩⟩ poṉ ka⟨ḻai⟩¿(n)?¿t?i⟨r⟩ pertta tuṉai poṉ k(ācu) niṟai poṉ
⟨14⟩ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñcu Ip-poṉ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñc-āka cella-k koṇṭu I(ta)ṉ cuṭṭa-p-paṭṭa pala ta-
⟨15⟩ ṭiyā⟨l⟩ taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattālum vāca¡ll!il pōn(ta kuṭi)maiyum Ūriṭu varippā-
⟨16⟩ ṭum Iṟaiy(u)⟨m⟩ Eccoṟu⟨m⟩ cennir veṭṭiyum Eppērpaṭṭa Iṟaiyu⟨m⟩ cantrarātitaval (Iṟai) Iṟuttu-k kuṭuppōm ā-
⟨17⟩ kavum Itaṟ ṟiṟampil peruṅ-kuṟi kūṭi Iru(ntu) Iṟai kāṭṭil devakanmikaḷē-y tāṅkaḷ vēṇ(ṭi) kaḷattu ta(ṅ)kaḷ vēṇṭu po-
⟨18⟩ ṉ (maṉṟiṉāl maṉṟiṉa maṉṟu-pāṭṭu-p po)ṉ maṟai Iṉṟiyē Iṟuttu¡mm! in-nilattukku Iṟai Iṟuttu ku-
⟨19⟩ ṭukka ka(ṭa)vōmm ākavum pa(ṇit)ta brāhmaṇa_-
⟨20⟩ ṉaiyum (pa)ṇi kēṭṭa karaṇattāṉ(ai)yum Iṟai kāṭṭiṉa karaṇattāṉaiyum tēvakarmika¡ḷḷ!ē perpoṉ Aym-pa-
⟨21⟩ {yampa}tu poṉ maṉṟi Iṟuppittālu¡mm! in-nilam Oṉṟē kāl nilattukku cantirātittaval Iṟai Iṟuttu-
⟨22⟩ -k kuṭukka kaṭavōm ākavu¡mm! ivv-oṭṭ-ōlai-p paṭiyēy kallil veṭṭavum śāsa⟨na⟩ṃ ceyvittu koḷḷavum pe-
⟨23⟩ (ṟu)vār Ā(ka) Oṭṭi Iṟai-kāva¡ll! oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭuttōm śrī-vijaya-maṅkalattu paramasvāmikku vaṭa-karai-brahmatē⟨yam⟩
⟨24⟩ peri⟨ya⟩ śrī-(vā)ṉa⟨vaṉ⟩-mātevi catu(r)vveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka¡ḷḷ!ōm paṇiyāl Ivv-iṟai-kāval Oṭṭ-ōlai Eḻu-
⟨25⟩ ti(ṉēṉ Iv)v-ūr ma{d}dhyasthaṉ (kūṭa)¡ll!ū⟨r⟩ uṭaiyāṉ pūtaṉ kāṭa¡ṉṉ!ē⟨ṉ⟩ Ivai Eṉ Eḻuttu

⟨1⟩ sva(sti śrī)

(kō-v-irā)(ja)-(kē)(sa)(ri-pa)(nma)(kku yāṇṭu munṟ-āvatu)

(vaṭa-karai)-(brahma)(tēyam periya) ⟨2⟩ śrī-vā(ṉa)vaṉ-mātevi-catuvveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka(ḷōm I)⟨3⟩yāṭṭai (tu)lā-nāyaṟṟu-t tiṅkaḷ-kiḻamaiyum na⟨v⟩a⟨m⟩iyum peṟṟa tiruvoṇa(tti)ṉ ṉāṉ⟨4⟩ṟu paka(l) brahmatthāṉattēy (ta)ṭṭaḻi koṭṭi-k kāḷa⟨m⟩ ⟨ū⟩ti dhammi ceytu naṭu(v)il śrī-kō(yi)⟨5⟩⟨l⟩-āṉa (śrī)-viṉaiyābharaṇ(a/i)-viṇ(ṇa)kara-p-perumāṉaṭikaḷ śrī-kōyil(iṉ) muṉpil [1+] kūṭattē⟨6⟩y pe(ru)ṅ-kuṟi kūṭṭa-k kuṟai v-aṟa-k kūṭi Iruntu paṇi-paṇiyāl paṇittu I-śrī-vija(ya-maṅ)kala⟨m⟩-uṭai⟨7⟩(ya)-pa(rama)s⟨v⟩āmikku Oṭṭi Iṟai-k(ā)va⟨l⟩ oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭutta (pa)ric’ ā(va)t(u)

Ip-parama⟨8⟩s⟨v⟩ām(i)kku śrī-vimāṉam kallālē Eḻunt-a⟨ru⟩ḷuvittāṉ Uṭaiyār śrī-(mumu)⟨9⟩ṭi-c-cō(ḷa)-tēvar perun-tarattu kuvaḷḷāla⟨m⟩-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr ⟨10⟩ (nakkaṉ-āna vi)(kra)(ma)-cōḻa-mahā-rāja Ip-paramas⟨v⟩āmikku E⟨p⟩pērpaṭṭa tiru-v-ārādhiṉaikaḷukku(m-āka) koṇ⟨11⟩ṭu kuṭutta nilam āvatu

pala taṭiyāl taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta nilam Oṉṟē kā⟨12⟩(l)

Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattukkum canti⟨rāti⟩ttaval Iṟai-kāva⟨l⟩-āka Iv-vikrama-cōḻa-m(ārā)⟨13⟩yār iṭai mahā-sabhaiy(ō)ṅ koṇ⟨⟨ṭa⟩⟩ poṉ ka⟨ḻai⟩⟨ñ⟩⟨c⟩i⟨r⟩ pertta tuṉai poṉ k(ācu) niṟai poṉ ⟨14⟩ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñcu

Ip-poṉ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñc-āka cella-k koṇṭu I(ta)ṉ cuṭṭa-p-paṭṭa pala ta⟨15⟩ṭiyā⟨l⟩ taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattālum vāca⟨l⟩il pōn(ta kuṭi)maiyum Ūriṭu varippā⟨16⟩ṭum Iṟaiy(u)⟨m⟩ Eccoṟu⟨m⟩ cennir veṭṭiyum Eppērpaṭṭa Iṟaiyu⟨m⟩ cantrarātitaval (Iṟai) Iṟuttu-k kuṭuppōm ā⟨17⟩kavum

Itaṟ ṟiṟampil peruṅ-kuṟi kūṭi Iru(ntu) Iṟai kāṭṭil devakanmikaḷē-y tāṅkaḷ vēṇ(ṭi) kaḷattu ta(ṅ)kaḷ vēṇṭu po⟨18⟩ṉ (maṉṟiṉāl maṉṟiṉa maṉṟu-pāṭṭu-p po)ṉ maṟai Iṉṟiyē Iṟuttu⟨m⟩ in-nilattukku Iṟai Iṟuttu ku⟨19⟩ṭukka ka(ṭa)vōmm ākavum

pa(ṇit)ta brāhmaṇa_⟨20⟩ṉaiyum (pa)ṇi kēṭṭa karaṇattāṉ(ai)yum Iṟai kāṭṭiṉa karaṇattāṉaiyum tēvakarmika⟨ḷ⟩ē perpoṉ Aym-pa⟨21⟩{yampa}tu poṉ maṉṟi Iṟuppittālu⟨m⟩ in-nilam Oṉṟē kāl nilattukku cantirātittaval Iṟai Iṟuttu⟨22⟩-k kuṭukka kaṭavōm ākavu⟨m⟩

ivv-oṭṭ-ōlai-p paṭiyēy kallil veṭṭavum śāsa⟨na⟩ṃ ceyvittu koḷḷavum pe⟨23⟩(ṟu)vār Ā(ka) Oṭṭi Iṟai-kāva⟨l⟩ oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭuttōm śrī-vijaya-maṅkalattu paramasvāmikku vaṭa-karai-brahmatē⟨yam⟩ ⟨24⟩ peri⟨ya⟩ śrī-(vā)ṉa⟨vaṉ⟩-mātevi catu(r)vveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka⟨ḷ⟩ōm

paṇiyāl Ivv-iṟai-kāval Oṭṭ-ōlai Eḻu⟨25⟩ti(ṉēṉ Iv)v-ūr ma{d}dhyasthaṉ (kūṭa)⟨l⟩ū⟨r⟩ uṭaiyāṉ pūtaṉ kāṭa⟨ṉ⟩ē⟨ṉ⟩

Ivai Eṉ Eḻuttu

⟨1⟩ sva(sti śrī)

(kō-v-irā)(ja)-(kē)(sa)(ri-pa)(nma)(kku yāṇṭu munṟ-āvatu)

(vaṭa-karai)-(brahma)(tēyam periya) ⟨2⟩ śrī-vā(ṉa)vaṉ-mātevi-catuvveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka(ḷōm I)⟨3⟩yāṭṭai (tu)lā-nāyaṟṟu-t tiṅkaḷ-kiḻamaiyum na¿n?⟨v⟩a¿mm?⟨m⟩iyum peṟṟa tiruvoṇa(tti)ṉ ṉāṉ⟨4⟩ṟu paka(l) brahmatthāṉattēy (ta)ṭṭaḻi koṭṭi-k kāḷa¡mm!⟨m⟩ ¡u!⟨ū⟩ti dhammi ceytu naṭu(v)il śrī-kō(yi)⟨5⟩¡ll!⟨l⟩-āṉa (śrī)-viṉaiyābharaṇ(a/i)-viṇ(ṇa)kara-p-perumāṉaṭikaḷ śrī-kōyil(iṉ) muṉpil [1+] kūṭattē⟨6⟩y pe(ru)ṅ-kuṟi kūṭṭa-k kuṟai v-aṟa-k kūṭi Iruntu paṇi-paṇiyāl paṇittu I-śrī-vija(ya-maṅ)kala¡mm!⟨m⟩-uṭai⟨7⟩(ya)-pa(rama)s¿y?⟨v⟩āmikku Oṭṭi Iṟai-k(ā)va¡ll!⟨l⟩ oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭutta (pa)ric’ ā(va)t(u)

Ip-parama⟨8⟩s¿y?⟨v⟩ām(i)kku śrī-vimāṉam kallālē Eḻunt-a⟨ru⟩ḷuvittāṉ Uṭaiyār śrī-(mumu)⟨9⟩ṭi-c-cō(ḷa)-tēvar perun-tarattu kuvaḷḷāla¡mm!⟨m⟩-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr ⟨10⟩ (nakkaṉ-āna vi)(kra)(ma)-cōḻa-mahā-rāja Ip-paramas¿y?⟨v⟩āmikku E⟨p⟩pērpaṭṭa tiru-v-ārādhiṉaikaḷukku(m-āka) koṇ⟨11⟩ṭu kuṭutta nilam āvatu

pala taṭiyāl taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta nilam Oṉṟē kā⟨12⟩(l)

Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattukkum canti⟨rāti⟩ttaval Iṟai-kāva¡ll!⟨l⟩-āka Iv-vikrama-cōḻa-m(ārā)⟨13⟩yār iṭai mahā-sabhaiy(ō)ṅ koṇ⟨⟨ṭa⟩⟩ poṉ ka⟨ḻai⟩¿(n)?⟨ñ⟩¿t?⟨c⟩i⟨r⟩ pertta tuṉai poṉ k(ācu) niṟai poṉ ⟨14⟩ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñcu

Ip-poṉ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñc-āka cella-k koṇṭu I(ta)ṉ cuṭṭa-p-paṭṭa pala ta⟨15⟩ṭiyā⟨l⟩ taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattālum vāca¡ll!⟨l⟩il pōn(ta kuṭi)maiyum Ūriṭu varippā⟨16⟩ṭum Iṟaiy(u)⟨m⟩ Eccoṟu⟨m⟩ cennir veṭṭiyum Eppērpaṭṭa Iṟaiyu⟨m⟩ cantrarātitaval (Iṟai) Iṟuttu-k kuṭuppōm ā⟨17⟩kavum

Itaṟ ṟiṟampil peruṅ-kuṟi kūṭi Iru(ntu) Iṟai kāṭṭil devakanmikaḷē-y tāṅkaḷ vēṇ(ṭi) kaḷattu ta(ṅ)kaḷ vēṇṭu po⟨18⟩ṉ (maṉṟiṉāl maṉṟiṉa maṉṟu-pāṭṭu-p po)ṉ maṟai Iṉṟiyē Iṟuttu¡mm!⟨m⟩ in-nilattukku Iṟai Iṟuttu ku⟨19⟩ṭukka ka(ṭa)vōmm ākavum

pa(ṇit)ta brāhmaṇa_⟨20⟩ṉaiyum (pa)ṇi kēṭṭa karaṇattāṉ(ai)yum Iṟai kāṭṭiṉa karaṇattāṉaiyum tēvakarmika¡ḷḷ!⟨ḷ⟩ē perpoṉ Aym-pa⟨21⟩{yampa}tu poṉ maṉṟi Iṟuppittālu¡mm!⟨m⟩ in-nilam Oṉṟē kāl nilattukku cantirātittaval Iṟai Iṟuttu⟨22⟩-k kuṭukka kaṭavōm ākavu¡mm!⟨m⟩

ivv-oṭṭ-ōlai-p paṭiyēy kallil veṭṭavum śāsa⟨na⟩ṃ ceyvittu koḷḷavum pe⟨23⟩(ṟu)vār Ā(ka) Oṭṭi Iṟai-kāva¡ll!⟨l⟩ oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭuttōm śrī-vijaya-maṅkalattu paramasvāmikku vaṭa-karai-brahmatē⟨yam⟩ ⟨24⟩ peri⟨ya⟩ śrī-(vā)ṉa⟨vaṉ⟩-mātevi catu(r)vveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka¡ḷḷ!⟨ḷ⟩ōm

paṇiyāl Ivv-iṟai-kāval Oṭṭ-ōlai Eḻu⟨25⟩ti(ṉēṉ Iv)v-ūr ma{d}dhyasthaṉ (kūṭa)¡ll!⟨l⟩ū⟨r⟩ uṭaiyāṉ pūtaṉ kāṭa¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ē⟨ṉ⟩

Ivai Eṉ Eḻuttu

Apparatus

⟨4⟩ dhammi ⬦ dharmmi SII G.

Translation

⟨1⟩ Prosperity! Fortune!

⟨1⟩ [This is the] third year of Kōvirājakesarivarman.

⟨1–7⟩ We the great people (perumakkaḷōm) of the assembly (peruṅkuṟi) of big Śrī-Vāṉavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgalam, a brahmadeya of the northern bank, on the day of Tiruvōṇam, which falls on Monday (tiṅkaḷkiḻamai), the Navamī (nanammi, that is, navami), in the month of Tulā in this year, whereas, having beaten (koṭṭi) the drum (taṭṭaḻi) in this brahmadeya (brahmatthāṉattē, that is, brahmadānattu, that is, brahmadeyattu), having blown (uti, that is, ūti) the trumpets (kāḷam), having made blowing (dharmmi ceytu¹), we gathered (kūṭṭa) [in] great assembly (peruṅkuṟi) of the hall (kūṭattēy) in front of the holy temple of Śrī-Viṉaiyābharaṇa-Viṇṇakar (Vaikuntha) Perumāṉaṭikaḷ, which is the holy temple (śrī-kōyil-āṉa) in the middle (naṭuvil) [of the village], having assembled (kūṭi) in full (kuṟai v-aṟa²), having sat, having ordered (paṇittu) with an order (paṇi-paṇiyāl), having undertaken (oṭṭi) for the sake of Paramasvāmi of this Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam, having put a palm-leaf (ōlai) in connection with the protection tax (iṟai-kāval), this is the manner that we gave.

⟨7–11⟩ Having taken [it] for all the worships of whatever name for this Paramasvāmi [of] Vikramacōḻa Mahārāja alias Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ, the lord (uṭaiyāṉ) of Kuvaḷḷālam, of the peruntaram of Śrī-Mumuṭicōḻatēvar, the lord who caused to raise (eḻuntaruḷuvittāṉ) with stone (kallālē) the holy shrine (śrī-vimāṉam) for this Paramasvāmi, this is the land given:

⟨11–12⟩ one quarter of land that comes after enclosing (maṭakki) the earth (taṉtarattu) with many measuring rods (taṭiyāl),

⟨12–14⟩ For this one quarter of land, as protection tax, as long as the sun and the moon endure, we the Mahāsabhai (mahāsabhaiyōṅ), from this Vikramacōḻa Mārāyār, [we] took two hundred kaḻañcus of gold of standard weight, kācus of refined gold which changed to kaḻañcus (kanti, that is, kaḻañcu?) of gold.

⟨14–17⟩ Having taken these two hundred kaḻañcus of gold, with this one quarter of land that has come, having enclosed the earth with many measuring rods determined (cuṭṭapaṭṭa) by this (itaṉ), the kuṭimai tax that goes to king’s court (vācallil), the tax for the running of the ūr (ūriṭu varippāṭum), the taxes eccōṟu and ceṉṉir veṭṭi, and the taxes of whatever names, having paid the taxes for as long as the sun and the moon endure, we will have to give.

⟨17–19⟩ If one deviates from this, having assembled in the great assembly (peruṅkuṟi), having sat, if one does not show the taxes, you (tāṅkaḷ) the temple officers (devakaṉmikaḷēy) who want (vēṇṭi), saying the gold needed (vēṇṭu) [by] you (taṅkaḷ) of the locality/assembly (kaḷattu), the gold of the tax collection (maṉṟupāṭṭu) which was fined (maṉṟiṉa), [as a result of] that which is not (iṉṟiyē) paid as fraud (maṟai), we have to give to pay the taxes for this land.

⟨19–22⟩ The Brahmin who ordered (paṇitta), the accountant (karaṇattāṉaiyum) who heard (kēṭṭa) the order and the accountant bound (kāṭṭiṉa) to the taxes, having fined (maṉṟi) [them for] gold, gold in the name of the Tēvakarmikaḷ with the tax-payment (iṟuppittālum),³ we will have to give, having paid the taxes for as long as the sun and the moon endure, for one quarter of land of this land.

⟨22–24⟩ As per the order on palm leaf in connection with this (ivvoṭṭōlai-p paṭiyēy), having made the order (śāsana), which is engraved (veṭṭavum) on stone (kallil), having undertaken to take as those who get, having granted the palm leaf in connection with the protection tax, we gavee for Paramasvāmi of Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam, we the great people of the assembly of big Śrī-Vāṉava-mahādevi-caturvetimaṅgalam, a brahmadeya of the northern bank.

⟨24–25⟩ By order [of them], I have written the palm leaf in connection with this protection tax, I, Iṭaiyāṉ Pūtaṉ Kāṭaṉ of Kūṭallūr, the madhyasthaṉ of this village.

⟨25⟩ Those are my letters.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-1929 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/138).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao 1952 (SII 13.76). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This revised edition and translation by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis. Letters legible in SII 13.76 are marked here unclear but not recorded in the apparatus.

Primary

[SII] Srinivasa Rao, G.V. 1952. South-Indian inscriptions (texts) (with introductory notes in English). Volume XIII: The Cholas. South Indian Inscriptions 13. Madras: Archaeological Survey of India. Pages 36–37, item 76.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power: Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha and Uthara Suvrathan. London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. [URL]. Pages 76–78, item 6.

Secondary

ARIE 1928-1929. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, [1930]. Page TBC, appendixes B/1928-1929, item 168.

Notes

1. That is, blowing the conches.
2. Literally: so as to cut deficiency.
3. Unclear passage.

Display Options Word Wrap Line Numbers Comments Processing Instructions

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<title>Kōvintapputtūr (Govindapputtūr), Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of Rājakesarivarman, year 3</title>

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<summary>Upper inscription on the western wall section of the southern façade. Regnal year 3 of Kōvirājakesarivarman = Rājarāja I (<foreign>circa</foreign> 988 CE).

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<unclear>kō-v-irā</unclear><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>ja</unclear></hi>-<unclear>kē</unclear><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>sa</unclear></hi><unclear>ri-pa</unclear><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>nma</unclear></hi><unclear>kku yāṇṭu munṟ-āvatu</unclear>

<unclear>vaṭa-karai</unclear>-<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>brahma</unclear></hi><unclear>tēyam periya</unclear>

<lb n="2"/><hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vā<unclear>ṉa</unclear>vaṉ-mātevi-catu<hi rend="grantha">vve</hi>ti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka<unclear>ḷōm I</unclear>

<lb n="3" break="no"/>yāṭṭai <unclear>tu</unclear>lā-nāyaṟṟu-t tiṅkaḷ-kiḻamaiyum na<choice><sic>n</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>a<choice><sic>mm</sic><corr>m</corr></choice>iyum peṟṟa tiruvoṇa<unclear>tti</unclear>ṉ ṉāṉ

<lb n="4" break="no"/>ṟu paka<unclear>l</unclear> <hi rend="grantha">brahmatthā</hi>ṉattēy <unclear>ta</unclear>ṭṭaḻi koṭṭi-k kāḷa<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice> <choice><orig>u</orig><reg>ū</reg></choice>ti <hi rend="grantha">dhammi</hi> ceytu naṭu<unclear>v</unclear>il <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-kō<unclear>yi</unclear>

<lb n="5" break="no"/><choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>-āṉa <hi rend="grantha"><unclear>śrī</unclear></hi>-viṉaiyā<hi rend="grantha">bhara</hi>ṇ<choice><unclear>a</unclear><unclear>i</unclear></choice>-viṇ<unclear>ṇa</unclear>kara-p-perumāṉaṭikaḷ <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-kōyil<unclear>iṉ</unclear> muṉpil <gap reason="lost" quantity="1" unit="character"/> kūṭattē

<lb n="6" break="no"/>y pe<unclear>ru</unclear>ṅ-kuṟi kūṭṭa-k kuṟai v-aṟa-k kūṭi Iruntu paṇi-paṇiyāl paṇittu I-<hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vi<hi rend="grantha">ja</hi><unclear>ya-maṅ</unclear>kala<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice>-uṭai

<lb n="7" break="no"/><unclear>ya</unclear>-<hi rend="grantha">pa</hi><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>rama</unclear></hi><hi rend="grantha">s<choice><sic>y</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>āmi</hi>kku Oṭṭi Iṟai-k<unclear>ā</unclear>va<choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice> oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭutta <unclear>pa</unclear>ric' ā<unclear>va</unclear>t<unclear>u</unclear>

Ip-parama

<lb n="8" break="no"/><hi rend="grantha">s<choice><sic>y</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>ām</hi><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>i</unclear></hi>kku <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vimāṉam kallālē Eḻunt-a<supplied reason="omitted">ru</supplied>ḷuvittāṉ Uṭaiyār <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-<unclear>mumu</unclear>

<lb n="9" break="no"/>ṭi-c-cō<unclear>ḷa</unclear>-tēvar perun-tarattu kuvaḷḷāla<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice>-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr

<lb n="10"/><unclear>nakkaṉ-āna vi</unclear><hi rend="grantha"><unclear>kra</unclear></hi><unclear>ma</unclear>-cōḻa-<hi rend="grantha">mahā</hi>-rā<hi rend="grantha">ja</hi> Ip-para<hi rend="grantha">mas<choice><sic>y</sic><corr>v</corr></choice>āmi</hi>kku E<supplied reason="omitted">p</supplied>pērpaṭṭa tiru-v-ārā<hi rend="grantha">dhi</hi>ṉaikaḷukku<unclear>m-āka</unclear> koṇ

<lb n="11" break="no"/>ṭu kuṭutta nilam āvatu

pala taṭiyāl taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta nilam Oṉṟē kā

Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattukkum <hi rend="grantha">ca</hi>nti<supplied reason="omitted">rāti</supplied>ttaval Iṟai-kāva<choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>-āka Iv-vi<hi rend="grantha">krama</hi>-cōḻa-m<unclear>ārā</unclear>

<lb n="13" break="no"/>yār iṭai <hi rend="grantha">mahā-sabhai</hi>y<unclear>ō</unclear>ṅ koṇ<add place="below">ṭa</add> poṉ ka<supplied reason="omitted">ḻai</supplied><choice><sic><unclear>n</unclear></sic><corr>ñ</corr></choice><choice><sic>t</sic><corr>c</corr></choice>i<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> pertta tuṉai poṉ k<unclear>ācu</unclear> niṟai poṉ

<lb n="14"/>Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñcu

Ip-poṉ Iru-nūṟṟu kaḻaiñc-āka cella-k koṇṭu I<unclear>ta</unclear>ṉ cuṭṭa-p-paṭṭa pala ta

<lb n="15" break="no"/>ṭiyā<supplied reason="omitted">l</supplied> taṉtarattu maṭakki vanta Ivv-oṉṟē kāl nilattālum vāca<choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>il pōn<unclear>ta kuṭi</unclear>maiyum Ūriṭu varippā

<lb n="16" break="no"/>ṭum Iṟaiy<unclear>u</unclear><supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied> Eccoṟu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied> cennir veṭṭiyum Eppērpaṭṭa Iṟaiyu<supplied reason="omitted">m</supplied> can<hi rend="grantha">tra</hi>rātitaval <unclear>Iṟai</unclear> Iṟuttu-k kuṭuppōm ā

<lb n="17" break="no"/>kavum

Itaṟ ṟiṟampil peruṅ-kuṟi kūṭi Iru<unclear>ntu</unclear> Iṟai kāṭṭil <hi rend="grantha">de</hi>vaka<hi rend="grantha">nmi</hi>kaḷē-y tāṅkaḷ vēṇ<unclear>ṭi</unclear> kaḷattu ta<unclear>ṅ</unclear>kaḷ vēṇṭu po

<lb n="18" break="no"/>ṉ <unclear>maṉṟiṉāl maṉṟiṉa maṉṟu-pāṭṭu-p po</unclear>ṉ maṟai Iṉṟiyē Iṟuttu<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice> in-nilattukku Iṟai Iṟuttu ku

<lb n="19" break="no"/>ṭukka ka<unclear>ṭa</unclear>vōmm ākavum

pa<unclear>ṇit</unclear>ta <hi rend="grantha">brāhmaṇa</hi><space/>

<lb n="20" break="no"/>ṉaiyum <unclear>pa</unclear>ṇi kēṭṭa karaṇattāṉ<unclear>ai</unclear>yum Iṟai kāṭṭiṉa karaṇattāṉaiyum tēvaka<hi rend="grantha">rmi</hi>ka<choice><orig>ḷḷ</orig><reg>ḷ</reg></choice>ē perpoṉ Aym-pa

<lb n="21" break="no"/><surplus>yampa</surplus>tu poṉ maṉṟi Iṟuppittālu<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice> in-nilam Oṉṟē kāl nilattukku <hi rend="grantha">ca</hi>ntirātittaval Iṟai Iṟuttu

<lb n="22" break="no"/>-k kuṭukka kaṭavōm ākavu<choice><orig>mm</orig><reg>m</reg></choice>

ivv-oṭṭ-ōlai-p paṭiyēy kallil veṭṭavum <hi rend="grantha">śāsa</hi><supplied reason="omitted">na</supplied><hi rend="grantha">ṃ</hi> ceyvittu koḷḷavum pe

<lb n="23" break="no"/><unclear>ṟu</unclear>vār Ā<unclear>ka</unclear> Oṭṭi Iṟai-kāva<choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice> oṭṭ-ōlai Iṭṭu kuṭuttōm <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-vi<hi rend="grantha">ja</hi>ya-maṅkalattu <hi rend="grantha">paramasvāmi</hi>kku vaṭa-karai-<hi rend="grantha">brahma</hi>tē<supplied reason="omitted">yam</supplied>

<lb n="24"/>peri<supplied reason="omitted">ya</supplied> <hi rend="grantha">śrī</hi>-<unclear>vā</unclear>ṉa<supplied reason="omitted">vaṉ</supplied>-mātevi <hi rend="grantha">ca</hi>tu<hi rend="grantha"><unclear>r</unclear></hi><hi rend="grantha">vve</hi>ti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p peru-makka<choice><orig>ḷḷ</orig><reg>ḷ</reg></choice>ōm

paṇiyāl Ivv-iṟai-kāval Oṭṭ-ōlai Eḻu

<lb n="25" break="no"/>ti<unclear>ṉēṉ Iv</unclear>v-ūr <hi rend="grantha">ma<surplus>d</surplus>dhyastha</hi>ṉ <unclear>kūṭa</unclear><choice><orig>ll</orig><reg>l</reg></choice>ū<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> uṭaiyāṉ pūtaṉ kāṭa<choice><orig>ṉṉ</orig><reg>ṉ</reg></choice>ē<supplied reason="omitted">ṉ</supplied>

Ivai Eṉ Eḻuttu

</div>

<lem/>

</app>

<lem><hi rend="grantha">dhammi</hi></lem>

<rdg source="bib:SrinivasaRao1952_01 bib:Gillet2023_01"><hi rend="grantha">dharmmi</hi></rdg>

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Prosperity! Fortune!

<supplied reason="subaudible">This is the</supplied> third year of Kōvirājakesarivarman.

We the great people <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>perumakkaḷōm</foreign></supplied> of the assembly <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>peruṅkuṟi</foreign></supplied> of big Śrī-Vāṉavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgalam, a <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> of the northern bank, on the day of Tiruvōṇam, which falls on Monday <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tiṅkaḷkiḻamai</foreign></supplied>, the Navamī <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>nanammi</foreign>, that is, <foreign>navami</foreign></supplied>, in the month of Tulā in this year,

whereas,

having beaten <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>koṭṭi</foreign></supplied> the drum <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṭṭaḻi</foreign></supplied> <seg rend="check">in this <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>brahmatthāṉattē</foreign>, that is, <foreign>brahmadānattu</foreign>, that is, <foreign>brahmadeyattu</foreign></supplied></seg>,

having blown <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uti</foreign>, that is, <foreign>ūti</foreign></supplied> the trumpets <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kāḷam</foreign></supplied>, having made blowing <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>dharmmi ceytu</foreign><note>That is, blowing the conches.</note></supplied>,

we gathered <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kūṭṭa</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">in</supplied> great assembly <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>peruṅkuṟi</foreign></supplied> of the hall <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kūṭattēy</foreign></supplied> in front of the holy temple of Śrī-Viṉaiyābharaṇa-Viṇṇakar <supplied reason="explanation">Vaikuntha</supplied> Perumāṉaṭikaḷ, which is the holy temple <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī-kōyil-āṉa</foreign></supplied> in the middle <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>naṭuvil</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">of the village</supplied>,

having assembled <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kūṭi</foreign></supplied> in full <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kuṟai v-aṟa</foreign><note>Literally: so as to cut deficiency.</note></supplied>,

having sat,

having ordered <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṇittu</foreign></supplied> with an order <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṇi-paṇiyāl</foreign></supplied>,

having undertaken <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>oṭṭi</foreign></supplied> for the sake of Paramasvāmi of this Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam,

having put a palm-leaf <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ōlai</foreign></supplied> in connection with the protection tax <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṟai-kāval</foreign></supplied>,

this is the manner that we gave.

Having taken <supplied reason="subaudible">it</supplied> for all the worships of whatever name for this Paramasvāmi <supplied reason="subaudible">of</supplied> Vikramacōḻa Mahārāja alias Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ, the lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>uṭaiyāṉ</foreign></supplied> of Kuvaḷḷālam, of the <foreign>peruntaram</foreign> of Śrī-Mumuṭicōḻatēvar, the lord who caused to raise <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>eḻuntaruḷuvittāṉ</foreign></supplied> with stone <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kallālē</foreign></supplied> the holy shrine <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śrī-vimāṉam</foreign></supplied> for this Paramasvāmi, this is the land given:

one quarter of land that comes after enclosing <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṭakki</foreign></supplied> the earth <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṉtarattu</foreign></supplied> with many measuring rods <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṭiyāl</foreign></supplied>,

For this one quarter of land, as protection tax, as long as the sun and the moon endure, we the Mahāsabhai <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>mahāsabhaiyōṅ</foreign></supplied>, from this Vikramacōḻa Mārāyār, <supplied reason="subaudible">we</supplied> took two hundred <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold of standard weight, <foreign>kācu</foreign>s of refined gold which changed to <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kanti</foreign>, that is, <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>?</supplied> of gold.

Having taken these two hundred <foreign>kaḻañcu</foreign>s of gold, with this one quarter of land that has come, having enclosed the earth with many measuring rods determined <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cuṭṭapaṭṭa</foreign></supplied> by this <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>itaṉ</foreign></supplied>, the <foreign>kuṭimai</foreign> tax that goes to king’s court <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vācallil</foreign></supplied>, the tax for the running of the <foreign>ūr</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ūriṭu varippāṭum</foreign></supplied>, the taxes <foreign>eccōṟu</foreign> and <foreign>ceṉṉir veṭṭi</foreign>, and the taxes of whatever names, having paid the taxes for as long as the sun and the moon endure, we will have to give.

If one deviates from this, having assembled in the great assembly <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>peruṅkuṟi</foreign></supplied>, having sat, if one does not show the taxes, you <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>tāṅkaḷ</foreign></supplied> the temple officers <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>devakaṉmikaḷēy</foreign></supplied> who want <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vēṇṭi</foreign></supplied>, saying the gold needed <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>vēṇṭu</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">by</supplied> you <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>taṅkaḷ</foreign></supplied> of the locality/assembly <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kaḷattu</foreign></supplied>, the gold of the tax collection <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṉṟupāṭṭu</foreign></supplied> which was fined <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṉṟiṉa</foreign></supplied>, <supplied reason="subaudible">as a result of</supplied> that which is not <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṉṟiyē</foreign></supplied> paid as fraud <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṟai</foreign></supplied>, we have to give to pay the taxes for this land.

The Brahmin who ordered <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>paṇitta</foreign></supplied>, the accountant <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>karaṇattāṉaiyum</foreign></supplied> who heard <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kēṭṭa</foreign></supplied> the order and the accountant bound <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kāṭṭiṉa</foreign></supplied> to the taxes, having fined <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>maṉṟi</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">them for</supplied> gold, gold in the name of the Tēvakarmikaḷ with the tax-payment <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>iṟuppittālum</foreign></supplied>,<note>Unclear passage.</note> we will have to give, having paid the taxes for as long as the sun and the moon endure, for one quarter of land of this land.

As per the order on palm leaf in connection with this <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ivvoṭṭōlai-p paṭiyēy</foreign></supplied>, having made the order <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>śāsana</foreign></supplied>, which is engraved <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>veṭṭavum</foreign></supplied> on stone <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>kallil</foreign></supplied>, having undertaken to take as those who get, having granted the palm leaf in connection with the protection tax, we gavee for Paramasvāmi of Śrī-Vijayamaṅgalam, we the great people of the assembly of big Śrī-Vāṉava-mahādevi-caturvetimaṅgalam, a <foreign>brahmadeya</foreign> of the northern bank.

By order <supplied reason="subaudible">of them</supplied>, I have written the palm leaf in connection with this protection tax, I, Iṭaiyāṉ Pūtaṉ Kāṭaṉ of Kūṭallūr, the <foreign>madhyasthaṉ</foreign> of this village.

Those are my letters.

</div>

Reported in <bibl><ptr target="bib:ARIE1928-1929"/></bibl> (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/138).

Edited in <bibl><ptr target="bib:SrinivasaRao1952_01"/></bibl> (<ref target="DHARMA_INSSIIv13p0i0076">SII 13.76</ref>). Edited and translated in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Gillet2023_01"/></bibl>, based on autopsy and photographs (<ref target="https://didomena.ehess.fr/concern/data_sets/****">by Valérie Gillet, 2018</ref>).

This revised edition and translation by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis. Letters legible in SII 13.76 are marked here unclear but not recorded in the apparatus.

</bibl>

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