Kanheri Cave 3 Right Pillar Inscription, Time of Sāmisiriyaña Sātakaṇi

Editors: Kelsey Martini, Vincent Tournier.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSKI00005.

Hand description:

Language: Middle Indo-Aryan.

Repository: Satavahana (tfb-satavahana-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-08-30 17:58 (a6891e5), last modified 2025-08-20 10:27 (9f4158b).

⟨1⟩ r(a)ño gota(m)[iputasa sāmisiriyaña]⟨2⟩s¡o!takaṁṇissa (sa)[ṁvachare][ca. 4+][gi]⟨3⟩mh¡ā!pakhe paṁca(m)e [5 divase][ca. 3+] ⟨4⟩ vāṇĳakehi (Unh)[.][ca. 6+]⟨5⟩(ṇṭha)yaṁ Upaṁnehi (gā)[ca. 4+] ⟨6⟩ khātiyehi bhātū(h)[i][ca. 5+] ⟨7⟩ gajasenena gajami[tena ca][ca. 4+] ⟨8⟩ kapaṭhāyiṁ ceti(y)[agharaṁ][ca. 4+] ⟨9⟩ Ācariyānaṁ nikā[yasa bhādāya]⟨10⟩ṇīyānaṁ parigahe pa[tiṭhāpitaṁ mā]⟨11⟩tāpitūnaṁ Abhatītā(n)[aṁ]̌(k)[āla](ka)[tānaṁ]⟨12⟩pūjāya kuṭuṁbinī(naṃ)[bā](lakā)ṇaṁ bāli[kāṇaṃ] ⟨13⟩ savatasa bhāgineyānaṁ (nī)kasa[badhi]⟨14⟩vagasa ca AgapaṭiAṁs(ī)ya savvasa(t)[tānaṁ] ⟨15⟩ ca hitasukhāya hetu Etha ca nava[kaṁmi]⟨16⟩kā pavajito therā bhada(ṁ)taAcal(o) bhadaṁ[taya]⟨17⟩(khapā)l(o) bhadaṁtavĳayamit(o) bhadaṁtabo(dhi)[ko] ⟨18⟩ bhadaṁtadhamapāl(o) Upāsako ca negamo (Ā)[ṇada]⟨19⟩puto Apareṇuko samāpitā Ācari(y)ā(naṁ) therā(ṇaṁ) ⟨20⟩ bhadaṁtase(ḍa)lānaṁ sisena Uparakhitena bha⟨21⟩daṁtabodhikena kata selavaḍhakī(hi nāyaka)mi⟨22⟩sehi kaḍhicak(e)hi mah(ā)kaṭak(e)hi (kha/ma)(dura/su)⟨23⟩kinā ca mīṭhikena

Apparatus

⟨1⟩ r(a)ño • The top of the akṣara is missing. There may have been an anusvāra on top, check KI 25 for parallel, although KnI has systematically raño. — ⟨1⟩ [sāmisiriyaña] ⟨2⟩ sotakaṁṇissa ⬦ [sāmisiriyañasa] sotakaṁṇissa B+B; [sāmisiriyañasa] sotakaṁṇissa M; [sāmisiriyañasa] sotakaṁṇissa G • This reconstruction is supported by comparison to KI 25, l. 1. ASWI V and Gokhale divide this compound into two genitives, but this runs against the practice of Sātavāhana titles, as attested also, in the title of this very king, in KnI 12 and EIAD 534. Understand -sātakaṁṇissa.

⟨2⟩ (sa)[ṁvachare][ca. 4+][gi]⟨3⟩mhāpakhe ⬦ (sa)[ṁvachare] [12+][gi]mhapakhe B+B; (sa)[ṁvachare] [8+][gi]mhapakhe M; (sa)[ṁvachare][ca. 5+][gi]mhapakhe G.

⟨4⟩ (Unh)[.] ⬦ Utū B+B; Utū M; Utū G.

⟨5⟩ (ṇṭha)yaṁ ⬦ ṇuya B+B; ṇuya M; ṇuya G.

⟨8⟩ kapaṭhāyiṁ ceti(y)[agharaṁ] ⬦ kapaṭhāyi ceti(ya) B+B; kapaṭhāyi ceti(ya) M; kapaṭhāyi ceti(ya) G.

⟨11⟩ °abhatītā(n)[aṁ]̌(k)[āla](ka)[tānaṁ] ⬦ Abhatīt(ā)[naṁ][14+] B+B; Abhatīt(ā)[naṁ][7+] G.

⟨12⟩ [bā](lakā)ṇaṁ bāli[kāṇaṃ] ⬦ [bāla]kānaṁ bāli[kānaṁ] B+B; [bāla]kānaṁ bāli[kānaṁ] G.

⟨13⟩ (nī)kasa[badhi]⟨14⟩vagasa ⬦ nik(ā)ya[sa nāti]vagasa B+B; nik(ā)ya[sa nāti]vagasa G.

⟨14⟩ AgapaṭiAṁs(ī)ya ⬦ Agapaṭi°Asīya B+B; AgapaṭiAsīya G.

⟨15⟩ ca hitasukhāya ⬦ hitasukhāya B+B; hitasukhāya G.

⟨16⟩ pavajito • Understand pavajitā. — ⟨16⟩ bhadaṁ[taya]⟨17⟩(khapā)l(o) ⬦ bhādaṁ[ta]gahalā B+B; bhadaṁ[ta]gahala G • The reading and reconstruction is tentative. A Yakṣapāla is attested in IBH, Gaya no. 1, l. 2. Alternative reconstruction [ra]khapālo?

⟨18⟩ (A)[ṇada]⟨19⟩puto ⬦ A[nada]puto B+B; ā[ṇada]puto G • Reconstruction based on KI025.

⟨20⟩ bhadaṁtase(ḍa)lānaṁ ⬦ bhadataseUṁlānaṁ B+B; bhadataseUṁlānaṁ M; bhadataseUṁlānaṁ G. — ⟨20⟩ Upara□khitena ⬦ Uparakhitana B+B; Uparakhitana M; Uparakhitana G.

⟨23⟩ mīṭhikena ⬦ mīṭhikenā B+B; mīṭhikenā M; mīṭhikenā G.

Translation by Kelsey Martini

(1–15) (l. 1-3) [On the day…] on the fifth — 5 — fortnight of the hot season [in the year…]of the king Gotamīputasa Sāmi-Siriyaññasātakaṇṇi…(l. 4-7) by the merchants…by the upaṁnas (?)…by the kṣatriya brothers… Gajasena (and) Gajamita…(l. 9-10) a cetiya lasting for a kalpa…was established in the possession of the teachers of the Bhādāyanīyas. (l. 10-15) [This is] for the worship of [their] departed parents whose time has passed, [also] assigning a primary share [of the ensuing merit] for their wives, sons, daughters, sister’s sons, and the whole group of their own relatives; [this is further] the cause for the welfare and happiness of all beings.

(15–19) (l. 15-19) And with respect to this [construction], the officers for construction-cum-renovation (navakammika)—renunciant venerable monks [consisting of] reverend Acala, reverend Yakkhapāla, reverend Vĳayamitta and reverend Bodhika—as well as the lay-follower—the member of a corporation, son of Ānanda—Apareṇuka have been appointed.

(19–23) (l.19-23) Made by reverend Bodhika, Uparakkhita (?)—pupil of the venerable master, reverend Sevāla—with the stone workers (selavaḍhaki) from Mahakaṭa, the nāyakamisas, the kaḍhicakas, [namely] Khadaraki and Mīṭhika.

Commentary

B+B (and subsequently M and G) insert far too many akṣaras at the end of l. 2-11, the inscription is not that fragmentary.

(8) kapaṭhāyiṁ ceti[ya](gharaṃ). Compare Th 1190ab: majjhe sāgarasmiṁ tiṭṭhanti vimānā kappaṭhāyino. For a similar idea expressed in the later inscription from Ajanta cave 26, see Tournier 2020: 206.

Bhoir (1999: 73) suggests that mahakaṭakehi in l. 22 “can easily be identified with Mahad taluka headquarter in Raigarh district of Konkan”. This is an interesting interpretation as place names ending in -kaṭa are quite common in early inscriptions. He further states “This place name is further mentioned as ‘Mahakataka Ahara’ in the inscription of Traikutakas”. This is presumably in reference to SIDDHAM IN00620.9-10 mahākaṭāhāra-pharataṭikā-ntarggata-pañcāmalaka-grāma-nivāsinas (https://siddham.network/inscription/traikutaka-grant-year-284/).

Bibliography

Primary

[B+B] Burgess, James and Georg Bühler. 1883. Report on the Elura cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina caves in Western India: Completing the results of the fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons' operations of the Archaeological survey, 1877–78, 1878–79, 1879–80. Vol. 5. Archaeological Survey of Western India. London: Trübner & Co. Page 75, item 4.

[M] Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu. 1981. The history and inscriptions of the Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. [URL]. Pages 74–76, item 28.

[G] Gokhale, Shobhana. 1991. Kanheri inscriptions. Pune: Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute. Pages 47–51, item 5.

Secondary

Rapson, Edward James. 1908. Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Kṣatrapas, the Traikūṭaka dynasty and the "Bodhi" Dynasty. London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum. [URL]. Page lii.

Sircar, Dines Chandra. 1934. “A Note on the Name of the Last Great Sātavāhana King.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3), pp. 560–561. [URL]. Page 561.

Naik, A. V. 1948. “Inscriptions of the Deccan: an epigraphical survey (Circa 300 B.C.-1300 A.D.)” BDCRI 9 (1/2), pp. 1–160. [URL]. Pages 19, 21–22, 25–26.

Lamotte, Etienne. 1958. Histoire du bouddhisme indien: des origines à l'ère Śaka. Bibliothèque du Muséon 43. Louvain: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste. Pages 568–569.

Dehejia, Vidya. 1972. Early Buddhist rock temples. London: Thames & Hudson. Pages 91, 136, 147.

Hettiarachchy, Jayadevanandasara. 1973. “Buddhism in the Northern Deccan under the Śātavāhana Rulers (c. 30 B.C. - 225 A.D.)” Doctoral Thesis, University of London. London. Page 396.

Damsteegt, Theo. 1978. Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its rise, spread, characteristics and relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Orientalia Rheno-Traiectina 23. Leiden: Brill. Page 186.

Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1978. Buddhist Sects in India. Second Edition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Page 55.

Nagaraju, S. 1985. “The Kanheri Caitya hall and its Foundation Inscription: A Reexamination.” In: Indian Epigraphy: Its Bearing on the History of Art (eds. Frederick M. Asher and G.S. Gai). New Delhi: Oxford & IBH; American Institute of Indian Studies, pp. 47–59. Pages 47, 50–53.

Hanumantha Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha. 1987. “Were the Bhadrayaniyas Immigrants from Dhanyakataka?” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 48, pp. 47–51. [URL]. Pages 47, 51 fn. 20.

Bhoir1999_01

Silk, Jonathan A. 2008. Managing monks: Administrators and administrative roles in Indian buddhist monasticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pages 90–91.

Neelis, Jason. 2010–11–19. “Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia.” In: Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks. Leiden: Brill. [URL]. Pages 25, 74–75.

Dehejia, Vidya and Peter Rockwell. 2016. The unfinished: Stone carvers at work on the Indian subcontinent. New Delhi: Roli books. Page 65.

Efurd, David. 2018. “Buddhist Sites of Western India in the Aftermath of the Sātavāhana-Kṣaharāta War: Dynastic Geographies and Patterns of Patronage, Renewal, and Abandonment.” JIABS 41, pp. 359–420. [URL]. Page 396.

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<rdg source="bib:Gokhale1991_01">bhadaṁ<supplied reason="lost">ta</supplied>gahala</rdg>

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<note>Reconstruction based on KI025.</note>

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<lem>bhadaṁtase<unclear>ḍa</unclear>lānaṁ</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Burgess+Buhler1883_01">bhadataseUṁlānaṁ</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Mirashi1981_01">bhadataseUṁlānaṁ</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gokhale1991_01">bhadataseUṁlānaṁ</rdg>

</app>

<lem>Upara<space type="defect" quantity="1" unit="character"/>khitena</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Burgess+Buhler1883_01">Uparakhitana</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Mirashi1981_01">Uparakhitana</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gokhale1991_01">Uparakhitana</rdg>

</app>

<lem>mīṭhikena</lem>

<rdg source="bib:Burgess+Buhler1883_01">mīṭhikenā</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Mirashi1981_01">mīṭhikenā</rdg>

<rdg source="bib:Gokhale1991_01">mīṭhikenā</rdg>

</app>

</listApp>

</div>

(l. 1-3) <supplied reason="lost">On the day…</supplied> on the fifth — 5 — fortnight of the hot season <supplied reason="lost">in the year…</supplied>of the king <persName>Gotamīputasa Sāmi-Siriyaññasātakaṇṇi</persName>…(l. 4-7) by the merchants…by the <foreign>upaṁnas (?)</foreign>…by the <foreign>kṣatriya</foreign> brothers… <persName>Gajasena</persName> (and) <persName>Gajamita</persName>…(l. 9-10) a cetiya lasting for a <foreign>kalpa</foreign>…was established in the possession of the teachers of the <foreign>Bhādāyanīyas</foreign>. (l. 10-15) [This is] for the worship of [their] departed parents whose time has passed, [also] assigning a primary share [of the ensuing merit] for their wives, sons, daughters, sister’s sons, and the whole group of their own relatives; [this is further] the cause for the welfare and happiness of all beings.

</p>

(l. 15-19) And with respect to this [construction], the officers for construction-cum-renovation (<foreign>navakammika</foreign>)—renunciant venerable monks [consisting of] reverend Acala, reverend Yakkhapāla, reverend Vĳayamitta and reverend Bodhika—as well as the lay-follower—the member of a corporation, son of Ānanda—Apareṇuka have been appointed.

</p>

(l.19-23) Made by reverend Bodhika, Uparakkhita (?)—pupil of the venerable master, reverend Sevāla—with the stone workers (<foreign>selavaḍhaki</foreign>) from Mahakaṭa, the <foreign>nāyakamisas</foreign>, the <foreign>kaḍhicakas</foreign>, [namely] Khadaraki and Mīṭhika.

</p>

</div>

<p>B+B (and subsequently M and G) insert far too many akṣaras at the end of l. 2-11, the inscription is not that fragmentary.</p>

<foreign>kapaṭhāyiṁ ceti[ya](gharaṃ)</foreign>. Compare Th 1190ab: <foreign>majjhe sāgarasmiṁ tiṭṭhanti vimānā kappaṭhāyino</foreign>. For a similar idea expressed in the later inscription from Ajanta cave 26, see Tournier 2020: 206.

</p>

<p> Bhoir (1999: 73) suggests that <foreign>mahakaṭakehi</foreign> in l. 22 “can easily be identified with Mahad taluka headquarter in Raigarh district of Konkan”. This is an interesting interpretation as place names ending in <foreign>-kaṭa</foreign> are quite common in early inscriptions. He further states “This place name is further mentioned as ‘<foreign>Mahakataka Ahara</foreign>’ in the inscription of Traikutakas”. This is presumably in reference to SIDDHAM IN00620.9-10 mahākaṭāhāra-pharataṭikā-ntarggata-pañcāmalaka-grāma-nivāsinas (https://siddham.network/inscription/traikutaka-grant-year-284/).</p>

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