The Polengan plates: Tunahan Charter (794 Śaka)

Editors: Arlo Griffiths, Mekhola Gomes.

Identifier: DHARMA_INSIDENKTunahan.

Hand description:

Language: Old Javanese.

Repository: Nusantara Epigraphy (tfc-nusantara-epigraphy).

Version: 2025-05-03 05:13 (80d19f0), last modified 2025-03-18 02:25 (ae25c9b).

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⟨Page 1v⟩ ⟨1v1⟩ || ° || svasti śaka-varṣātīta 794 māgha-māsa dvādaśĭ śukla-pakṣa, mavulu Umanis· budhavāra, tatkāla ra karayan· I sirikan· ⟨1v2⟩ pu rakap·, dinmakan· dai śrī mahārāja rakai kayu vaṅi rikanaṁ sukat· kahulunan· Iṁ tunahan·, lmaḥ I mamali,

maṅasəAkan· ra⟨1v3⟩karayān· pasamvaḥ I śrī mahārāja, mas· cumvi su 5 vḍihan· buAt· pinilai yu 2 gañjarpatra kban· 1 Ivak· jamvaṅan· 2 vuru-vuru va⟨1v4⟩raṅka 1 kamvaṁ vakul· 1⟨,⟩

Anuṁ kinon· ra karayān· UmaṁsəAkna Ikanaṁ pasamvaḥ I śrī mahārāja, saṁ pamgat· tira pu bhujaṅga AsəAnya Iṁ ⟨1v5⟩ pahayu, lima vṅinikanaṁ pasamvaḥ Ann asə:,

tinurus· Ikanaṁ lmaḥ dainiṁ rāma I mamali Inadagan dai saṁ hanuṁnaṁ pu śaṅkhara, ṅarannikanaṁ rāma ⟨1v6⟩ Anuṁ maturus· kalaṁ si kais·, gusti 2 ramani saṅkān·, ramani maṅarani, vinkas· ramani tan· livū, maṅatag· si (Uṅga)han·, parujar· 2 si ⟨1v7⟩ vāhu, si golo, hulair· ramani Amvarī· hulair· karamān· ramani dravya·, mapkan· si kahuripan·, makajar· si balī, tuhālas· si valā,

vinai⟨1v8⟩han· saṁ hanuṁnaṁ pirak· mā 10 pamlyanikanaṁ rāma vayū, muAṁ mas· mā 2 pamlyani vadvāḍmit· saṁ hanuṁnaṁ vayū, muva(ḥ) vinaihan· Ikanaṁ rāma I mama⟨1v9⟩li pirak· (dhā) 1 Avitan· 1⟨,⟩ saṁ tuha kalaṁ si pundaṅil· vinaihan· vḍihan· yu 1||

Apparatus

⟨1v2⟩ kahulunan· B • Misprint kahuluan in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v3⟩ jamvaṅan· B • Misprint jamwṅan in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v5⟩ dainiṁ B • Misprint dai ing in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v7⟩ ramani B • Misprint rama bi in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

⟨1v8⟩ mā 10 ⬦ mā 1, B MS&SA • The same error appears in Boechari’s typescript and in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.

Translation by Arlo Griffiths and Mekhola Gomes

(1v1–1v2) Hail! Elapsed Śaka year 794, month of Māgha, twelfth [tithi] of the waxing fortnight, Mavulu, Umanis, Wednesday (i.e., on 14 January 873). That was when the Lord (ra karayān) of Sirikan, (named) pu Rakap, was bestowed by the Great King, the Lord of (rakai) Kayu Vaṅi, with the serfdom wasteland (sukat kahulunan) (called) Tunahan, a tract (ləmah) at Mamali.

(1v3–1v4) The Lord offered as gifts to the Great King: 5 suvarṇas of gold in grain (cumvi), 2 pairs of vḍihan of pinilai manufacture, 1 kǝban of gañjarpatra, 2 tubs of fish, 1 cage of wild pigeons, 1 basket of flowers.

(1v4–1v5) The one who was ordered by the Lord to offer the gifts to the Great King was the officiant of Tira (called) pu Bhujaṅga. What he offered (asǝan-nya) was for the pahayu.¹ Five nights did the gifts last, as he offered them.

(1v5–1v7) The tract was provided with a fence by the headmen of Mamali, attended by the [one of] Hanuṅənaṅ (called) pu Śaṅkhara. Names of the headmen who provided [it] with a fence: the kalaṅ (called) si Kais; 2 gustis, the father of Saṅkān [and] the father of Maṅarani; the vinǝkas, father of Tan Livū; the maṅatag (called) si Uṅgahan; the 2 heralds (called) si Vāhu [and] si Golo; the hulair, father of Amvarī; the hulair of the village-community, father of Dravya; the mapǝkan (called) si Kahuripan; the makajar (called) si Bali; the tuha alas (called) si Valā.

(1v8–1v9) The [one of] Hanuṅənaṅ was given 10 māṣas of silver as payment (paməli-a, or paməlyan?) by the elders of Vayū, and 2 māṣas of gold as payment by the humble laborers of the [ones of] Hanuṅənaṅ and of Vayū. Also, the elders of Mamali were given 1 dhāraṇa of silver [and] 1 avitan; the foreman (saṅ tuha) of the kalaṅs (called) si Pundaṅil was given 1 set of vḍihan.

Commentary

Bibliography

Deciphered but not published by Boechari, a copy of whose typescript we received from Jan Wisseman Christie and use here as edition of reference (Boechari N.d.). As our apparatus entries show, a copy of the same typescript seems to have been reproduced with involuntary errors, in the first integral published edition (Machi Suhadi and Sukarto K. Atmodjo 1986), which is accompanied by an Indonesian translation. Re-edited here by Arlo Griffiths and Mekhola Gomes from photographs.

Primary

[B] Boechari. N.d. “Prasasti-prasasti Kayuwangi.” [URL].

[MS&SA] Machi Suhadi and M.M. Sukarto K. Atmodjo. 1986. Laporan penelitian epigrafi Jawa Tengah. Berita penelitian arkeologi 37. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Pages 62–65, section 2.7.1.

Secondary

van Naerssen, Frits Herman. 1939. “Een nieuwe vondst van Oud-Javaansche oorkonden.” CI 1, pp. 157–158.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1951. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, I: Méthode de réduction des dates javanaises en dates européennes.” BEFEO 45 (1), pp. 1–41. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1951.5509. [URL]. Pages 21–23.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1952. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, III: Liste des principales inscriptions datées de l’Indonesie.” BEFEO 46 (1), pp. 1–105. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1952.5158. [URL]. Pages 36–37, item A. 33.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1955. “Études d’épigraphie indonésienne, IV: Discussion de la date des inscriptions.” BEFEO 47, pp. 7–290. DOI: 10.3406/befeo.1955.5406. [URL]. Page 30.

Boechari. 1958. “Tembaga tulis Polengan dari djaman Rakai Kajuwangi.” Skripsi Sarjana Sastra, Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. [URL]. Pages 15–16.

Damais, Louis-Charles. 1970. Répertoire onomastique de l'épigraphie javanaise (jusqu'à Pu Siṇḍok Śrī Īśānawikrama Dharmmotuṅgadewa): Étude d'épigraphie indonésienne. Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 66. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient. Page 48, item 76.

Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1971–1972. Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus inscriptionum Javanicarum), up to 928 A. D. 2 vols. Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyay. Volume I, item XXX, page 184.

Titi Surti Nastiti, Churmatin Nasoichah, Andri Restiyadi, Hedwi Prihatmoko, Arlo Griffiths, Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan, Adeline Levivier and Tyassanti Kusumo Dewanti. 2024. Survei prasasti zaman Hindu-Buddha di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan Provinsi Jawa Tengah, tahun 2023. Jakarta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia); Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Organisasi Riset Arkeologi, Bahasa dan Sastra; École française d'Extrême-Orient. [URL]. Pages 22–23, section 2.1.1.

Notes

1. The meaning of pahayu is uncertain in this context.

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<p>maṅasəAkan· ra<lb break="no" n="1v3"/>karayān· pasamvaḥ I śrī mahārāja, mas· cumvi <abbr>su</abbr> <num value="5">5</num> vḍihan· buAt· pinilai <abbr>yu</abbr> <num value="2">2</num> gañjarpatra kban· <num value="1">1</num> Ivak· jamvaṅan· <num value="2">2</num> vuru-vuru va<lb break="no" n="1v4"/>raṅka <num value="1">1</num> kamvaṁ vakul· <num value="1">1</num><supplied reason="subaudible">,</supplied></p>

<p>Anuṁ kinon· ra karayān· UmaṁsəAkna Ikanaṁ pasamvaḥ I śrī mahārāja, saṁ pamgat· tira pu bhujaṅga AsəAnya Iṁ <lb n="1v5"/>pahayu, lima vṅinikanaṁ pasamvaḥ Ann asə:,</p>

<p>tinurus· Ikanaṁ lmaḥ dainiṁ rāma I mamali Inadagan dai saṁ hanuṁnaṁ pu śaṅkhara, ṅarannikanaṁ rāma

<lb n="1v6"/>Anuṁ maturus· kalaṁ si kais·, gusti <num value="2">2</num> ramani <space type="binding-hole"/> saṅkān·, ramani maṅarani, vinkas· ramani tan· livū, maṅatag· si <unclear>Uṅga</unclear>han·, parujar· <num value="2">2</num> si

<lb n="1v7"/>vāhu, si golo, hulair· ramani Amvarī· hulair· karamān· ramani dravya·, mapkan· si kahuripan·, makajar· si balī, tuhālas· si valā,</p>

<p> vinai<lb break="no" n="1v8"/>han· saṁ hanuṁnaṁ pirak· <abbr>mā</abbr> <num value="10">10</num> pamlyanikanaṁ rāma vayū, muAṁ mas· <abbr>mā</abbr> <num value="2">2</num> pamlyani vadvāḍmit· saṁ hanuṁnaṁ vayū, muva<unclear>ḥ</unclear> vinaihan· Ikanaṁ rāma I mama<lb break="no" n="1v9"/>li pirak· <abbr><unclear>dhā</unclear></abbr> <num value="1">1</num> Avitan· <num value="1">1</num><supplied reason="subaudible">,</supplied> saṁ tuha kalaṁ si pundaṅil· vinaihan· vḍihan· <abbr>yu</abbr> <num value="1">1</num><g type="ddanda"/></p>

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<lem source="bib:BoechariND_01">kahulunan·</lem>

<note>Misprint <foreign>kahuluan</foreign> in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.</note>

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<lem source="bib:BoechariND_01">jamvaṅan·</lem>

<note>Misprint <foreign>jamwṅan</foreign> in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.</note>

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<lem source="bib:BoechariND_01">dainiṁ</lem>

<note>Misprint <foreign>dai ing</foreign> in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.</note>

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<lem source="bib:BoechariND_01">ramani</lem>

<note>Misprint <foreign>rama bi</foreign> in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.</note>

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<note>The same error appears in Boechari's typescript and in the edition published by Machi Suhadi & Sukarto Atmodjo.</note>

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<p n="1v1-1v2">Hail! Elapsed Śaka year 794, month of Māgha, twelfth <supplied reason="subaudible"><foreign>tithi</foreign></supplied> of the waxing fortnight, Mavulu, Umanis, Wednesday (i.e., on 14 January 873). That was when the Lord <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ra karayān</foreign></supplied> of Sirikan, <supplied reason="explanation">named</supplied> <foreign>pu</foreign> Rakap, was bestowed by the Great King, the Lord of <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>rakai</foreign></supplied> Kayu Vaṅi, with the serfdom wasteland <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>sukat kahulunan</foreign></supplied> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> Tunahan, a tract <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>ləmah</foreign></supplied> at Mamali.</p>

<p n="1v3-1v4">The Lord offered as gifts to the Great King: 5 <foreign>suvarṇa</foreign>s of gold in grain <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>cumvi</foreign></supplied>, 2 pairs of <foreign>vḍihan</foreign> of <foreign>pinilai</foreign> manufacture, 1 <foreign>kǝban</foreign> of <foreign>gañjarpatra</foreign>, 2 tubs of fish, 1 cage of wild pigeons, 1 basket of flowers.</p>

<p n="1v4-1v5">The one who was ordered by the Lord to offer the gifts to the Great King was the officiant of Tira <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>pu</foreign> Bhujaṅga. What he offered <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>asǝan-nya</foreign></supplied> was for the <foreign>pahayu</foreign>.<note>The meaning of <foreign>pahayu</foreign> is uncertain in this context.</note> Five nights did the gifts last, as he offered them.</p>

<p n="1v5-1v7">The tract was provided with a fence by the headmen of Mamali, attended by the <supplied reason="subaudible">one of</supplied> Hanuṅənaṅ <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>pu</foreign> Śaṅkhara. Names of the headmen who provided <supplied reason="subaudible">it</supplied> with a fence: the <foreign>kalaṅ</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Kais; 2 <foreign>gusti</foreign>s, the father of Saṅkān <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> the father of Maṅarani; the <foreign>vinǝkas</foreign>, father of Tan Livū; the <foreign>maṅatag</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Uṅgahan; the 2 heralds <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Vāhu <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Golo; the <foreign>hulair</foreign>, father of Amvarī; the <foreign>hulair</foreign> of the village-community, father of Dravya; the <foreign>mapǝkan</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Kahuripan; the <foreign>makajar</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Bali; the <foreign>tuha alas</foreign> <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Valā.</p>

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The <supplied reason="subaudible">one of</supplied> Hanuṅənaṅ was given 10 <foreign>māṣa</foreign>s of silver as payment <supplied reason="explanation" cert="low"><foreign>paməli-a</foreign>, or <foreign>paməlyan</foreign></supplied> by the elders of Vayū, and 2 <foreign>māṣa</foreign>s of gold as payment by the humble laborers of the <supplied reason="subaudible">ones of</supplied> Hanuṅənaṅ <foreign>and</foreign> of Vayū. Also, the elders of Mamali were given 1 <foreign>dhāraṇa</foreign> of silver <supplied reason="subaudible">and</supplied> 1 <foreign>avitan</foreign>; the foreman <supplied reason="explanation"><foreign>saṅ tuha</foreign></supplied> of the <foreign>kalaṅ</foreign>s <supplied reason="explanation">called</supplied> <foreign>si</foreign> Pundaṅil was given 1 set of <foreign>vḍihan</foreign>.</p>

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