# Tiruvārūr, Tyāgarājasvāmin temple Dorotea Operato and Emmanuel Francis Authors of digital edition: Dorotea Operato, Emmanuel Francis Identifier: DHARMA_INStfaSIIv17p0i0603 Repository: SII adapted (tfa-sii-epigraphy) File path: SII17_adapted/DHARMA_INStfaSIIv17p0i0603.xml Languages: Sanskrit [Grantha, Tamil], Tamil [Grantha, Tamil] Commit: 2026-11-13 15:30 (078960b), last modified 2026-11-11 17:46 (9feb835) ## Summary Assessment of the conduct (vr̥tti) of Rathakāras or Kammāḷars, based on the Śāstras, Āgamas, and Purāṇas examined by Brāhmaṇas residing in Pāṇṭikulāntaka-caturvedimaṅkalam. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## Edition ⟨1⟩ (hara ⁓) svasti śrī [10+] rathakāran-āy-ulḷa kaṇmāḷa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ukku vr̥¡t!⟨tt⟩i-vidhānañ collukiṟa smr̥tikaḷil gautama-vācakattālum nārada-vacanat=tālum maskara-vacanat=tālum yājñavalkya-vacanattālum [2+] lla-vr̥tti-vacanattālum brāhma{m·}-purāṇa-vacanattālum kṣatriya-vaiśyāṉulomā{n}n=tarajōtpanno rath¿ā?⟨a⟩kāraḥ Anul¡o!⟨ō⟩ma¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ e¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟa Ita¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ukku vacanam 1. Anuṣṭubh vaiśyata{ḥ}(ś śū)dra-ka¡nn!⟨n⟩yāyāṁ sajñātaḥ karaṇa⟨ḥ⟩ striyām· Asmād aṁbaṣṭhato jāto rathakāra Iti smr̥taḥ Atra yājñavalkya-vacanam· 2. Anuṣṭubh māhiṣyeṇa karaṇyān tu rathakāraḥ prajāyate nāsyopanayanan nejyā nādhānañ ca niṣiddhyate 3. Anuṣṭubh [⏓⏓⏓⏓⏑–] (yat tu) (ka)lpayessya(ndanasya ca) vidyayādhītayā svasya śarīram· varttayed ayam· ∥ Attra śaṁkha-vacanam· ∥ kṣatriya-vaiṣyānulomā{na}ntarajotpanno rathakāraḥ tasyejyādhānopanayana-saṁskāra-kriyāś ca pratiṣiddhās tasyāśva-ratha⟨2⟩-sūtra-śilpa-vāstu-vidyādy-addhyayana-kramaḥ vr̥ttitā ceti 4. Anuṣṭubh Anulomyopaneyānām· sa(ndhy)āyā(m a)pyupāsanam·| nādhānaṁ sannidhān⟨ā⟩gni hotran-naup⟨ā⟩sanan tathā 5. Anuṣṭubh na ca pañca-mahā-yajño na vedādhyayanan tathā mantreṇa rahit(ā) tveṣām upanītir api smr̥tā∥ Attra gautamīya-vivaraṇaṁ kurvvatā maskara-paṭhitaṁ smr̥tty-antara-vacanam· Anulomānām upanaya[m eva] na vedāddhyaya⟨na⟩n na pañca-mahāyajñ¿ā?⟨aṁ⟩ naupāsanan nāg⟨ni⟩hotran na samit·kāryan na sandhyopāsanam upanayanam api tūṣṇīm eveti vi¡s!⟨ś⟩vakarmmīye 6. Anuṣṭubh Am·baṣṭhena karaṇyān tu rathakāraḥ prajāyate jāya [⏓⏓⏑–⏑⏓] [⏓⏓⏓⏓] samarcita(ḥ) 7. Uncertain meter na jāyate viśva [17+] sarvataḥ priyaḥ 8. Anuṣṭubh Anulomeṣu sarvveṣu tūṣṇīm upanayaḥ kriyā | 9. Anuṣṭubh savarṇām·baṣṭhayor eva sāpi tat· savidhīyate rathakārādi-jā⟨3⟩tīnām upanītir amantrakam· | 10. Anuṣṭubh na yajño nāpi sandhyādi kiñcānya⟨d ya⟩t tu vaidikam Ādhāna mātraṁ kurvvīta rathākāras tu viśvakr̥⟨t·⟩ 11. Anuṣṭubh vāstu-śilpaka vidyābhyāṁ varttayed eṣa nityaśaḥ devatā-pratimāñ cāpi kuryyāc citran tathaiva ca 12. Uncertain meter ya¿jñ?⟨ntr⟩ānām api pātrāṇi prati-pūrvvam· prakalpayet· suvarṇ¿n?⟨ṇ⟩ābharaṇānāñ ca kāñcāvyaya s¿k?⟨t⟩riyā ∥ 13. Anuṣṭubh devatādi-tanūnā⟨ṁ⟩ c¿e?⟨a⟩ karaṇaṁ śilpa-jīvi¿k?⟨t⟩ā | sauvarṇa-vastu-nirmmāṇa⟨ṁ⟩ svarṇnakāra Itīṣyate ∥ 14. Anuṣṭubh Ayas-karmmaṇy ayaskāras takṣā takṣaka-karmmaṇi tanūnāṁ kara(ṇa)n tvaṣṭā sa eva rathakr̥t· bhave(t·) 15. Anuṣṭubh prāsāda⟨m·⟩ devatādīnāṁ sthāpanāt· sthapati⟨ḥ⟩ smr̥taḥ sthapatir vviśvakr̥t· takṣā tvaṣṭā ca rathakārakaḥ 16. Anuṣṭubh kāṣṭhiko varddhakiś ceti śilpi-paryāya-vācakāḥ - Ip-paṭi cai(y)vāgamaṅkaḷilum pañcarātra-saṁhitaikaḷilum vaikhānasa-granthaṁkaḷilum viśvakarmmīyam Āgastyādi-śāstraṁkaḷilum utpatti-vr̥tti-vidhānañ collutalālum - Iva¡ne!⟨ṉē⟩ grāmā(di)⟨4⟩-vāstukkaḷaiyu⟨m⟩ prāsādādi-vāstukkaḷaiyum pratimā-bhedaṅkaḷaiyum pañcāyudhādy-āyutaṁkaḷaiyum brahma-sr̥ṣṭy-ādi [5+] di-karmmaṁkaḷaiyum ceyya vidhānam uṇṭātalāl Iv-variṣṭhomāpattiyai-y-uṭaiya rathakārānuloman-ākiya karmmāranē Ivai y-ellāñ ceyvā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ e¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟu kallilum cempilum veṭṭi-k-koḷka v-e¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟu co¡nno!⟨ṉṉō⟩m - śrī-pāṇṭi-kulāntaka-c-catur-v-vedi-maṅkalattu gomathattu yajñāta-bhaṭṭa-so(ma)yājiy¡en!⟨ēṉ⟩ yajñātma-bhaṭṭa-somayājinaḥ∥ - I-p-pati co¡nnen!⟨ṉṉēṉ⟩ ko(mmakkai) pu⟨ru⟩ṣottama-bhaṭṭan¡en!⟨ēṉ⟩ ∥ śiriya-ciṅkabhaṭṭa-somayājinaḥ ∥ - [6+] pratibhāsa{ḥ} śaṁkara-nārāyaṇa-bhaṭṭa-somayājinaḥ ↝ cakra(pā)ṇi-bhaṭṭasya ∥ - I-p-pati co¡nnen!⟨ṉṉēṉ⟩ centiṟattu [7+] devabhaṭṭa Ag⟨n⟩i-cidatirātrayājiyē¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Agni-cidatirātra-yājinaḥ ∥ - kānnikkuṟi keśava(n) so(ma)yājinopy evam· - ⟨5⟩ catur-agrahāra(bhuktyā) madhurājāta-bhaṭṭasyāpy evam· pratibhāsa-narasiṁhasya - hr̥ṣīkeśa{va}-bhaṭṭasoma{soma}yājinopy evam· pratibhāsaḥ ௳ - kuḷavit tiruvayāṟṟaṭikaḷ deśapriya-bhaṭṭan maka¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ tiruviyalūraṭikaḷ bhaṭṭasyāpy evam· ↝ - [3+] ḷuka(-mū)rtti dakṣaṇāmūrti-bhaṭṭa-vasanta-yājinaḥ ↝ - śrī-rājādhirāja-c-catur-vedi-maṁkalattu muppurā bhavaskaṁda [2+] somayājiy¡e!⟨ē⟩ṉ bhava-skanta [6+] kṣatriya-vaiśya-jāta¡n!⟨ṉ⟩-āy-uḷḷa [7+] śūdra-jāti-y-āy-uḷḷa ⟨6⟩ [2+] Āgamam· [2+] ditta-vacanam·| 17. Anuṣṭubh sthapatiś śāstra-karmma-jñaś śubhāśubhaviyogavi(t·) bhūparīkṣā ca yā vidyā vāstu-vidyā ca yā parā 18. Anuṣṭubh ta [⏓⏓⏓⏑–⏑⏓] sahitau kāryyam ācare(t·) tāveva sahitau [⏑⏓] (sarvasaṁ)pat· kara⟨ṁ⟩ nr̥ṇām·∥ bhīma-saṁhitāyām· ⁓ 19. Anuṣṭubh sulekhas suguṇaś śilpa- śāstra-jñaḥ karmma-yogyakaḥ∥ mānādi-rasa-māna-jñaś śalyoddhāra-viśāradaḥ∥ 20. Anuṣṭubh vāstu-vidyā-kr̥tābhyāsaś śilā-doṣa-parīkṣakaḥ sa(rvva)-lakṣaṇa-saṁyuktaḥ sthapatis sa udāhr̥taḥ kāraṇe ∥ 21. Anuṣṭubh sulekhas suguṇo dhīmān· śāstra-jñaḥ karmma-yogyakaḥ vāstu-vidyā-kr̥tābhyāsaś śalyoddhāra-viśāradaḥ yogaje ∥ 22. Anuṣṭubh sthapatir vvāstu-tantra-jñas sarva-śāstra-viśāradaḥ mahā-deśa-stha-saṁkīrnno- tpanna-janmā (ku)lā(dhamaḥ) 23. Anuṣṭubh sthāpako deva-deva⟨s⟩ syād yajamāno janārddanaḥ vidhātā sthapatis sākṣād etair ddharmma-sthis tribhiḥ ∥ suprabhede ∥ 24. Anuṣṭubh Ācāryyam uktavāṁś caiva pūrvvoktān· sam·pragr̥hya ca ⟨7⟩ [⏓⏓]syānveṣayet· tat·vat· śilpinaṁ sukulot·bhavam·∥ 25. Anuṣṭubh sthapatis sūtra-grāhī ca varddhakis takṣakas tathā | tanū-karaṇa [–⏑⏓] [⏓⏓⏓⏓⏑–⏑⏓] 26. Anuṣṭubh sthapatis sūtra-grāhibhyām· prāsāda-pratimāṁs tathā | Akṣi-mokṣādikaṁ sarvam· kārayet· takṣakottamaḥ | 27. Anuṣṭubh sthapatiś śāstra-karmma-jñaḥ kr̥ta-karmmābhijātavān· Īdr̥śaṁ śilpanaṁ grihya prārabhet· sarva-karmmakam· | prapañcottare vidyāsūtre 28. Anuṣṭubh sulekhas suguṇo dhīmān· śāstra-jñaḥ karmma-yogyakaḥ vāstu-vidyā-kr̥tābhyāsa-ś śalyoddhāra-viśāradaḥ ∥ lakṣaṇa-pramāṇe | 29. Anuṣṭubh sarvva-lakṣaṇa-sam·panno nīrograḥ kopa-varjjitaḥ ∥ Upāya-jñas suśīla-jñaḥ kr̥ta-hasto vicakṣaṇaḥ 30. Anuṣṭubh takṣakaś śāstra-sam·panno vinīto vāstuvit· sadā postakaṁ hastadhārī ca kr̥takr̥tyas sujātakaḥ prapañca-taṁtre lakṣaṇa-pramāṇe ∥ 31. Uncertain meter prasiddha-deśe saṁkīrnna-jātijobhīṣṭa la [8+] ⟨8⟩ [2+] ṇaḥ 32. Anuṣṭubh vāstu-vidyā-vidhāna-jñas tūhāpoha-samanvitaḥ nimitta{ś}-śakuna-jyoti- jñāne samyak· prabho(dhakaḥ) 33. Anuṣṭubh veda-vid dharmma-vid dhīmān ācāryyaḥ prokṣita-(s suddhīḥ) prāsāda-liṁga-kāryyeṣu ¿mānosura?⟨mānasa⟩-kāya-karmmabhiḥ ↝ 34. Anuṣṭubh brah⟨m⟩aiva sthapatis sākṣāt· yajamānas tu keśavaḥ gurus sarvasya kāryyasya mahādevas sakāraṇam· ↝ śrī-pañcarātraṁ kāpiṁ(jalaṁ) 35. Anuṣṭubh bhuvaṁ khātvā śilām· paśyed ācāryaś śilpibhis saha śilpinaṁ pūjayet· kāle dhana-dhānya-gajādibhiḥ parama-puruṣa-saṁhitāyām· ∥ 36. Uncertain meter [6+] sāreṇa kārayet· [4+] ṇam· ௳ śrī-vaikhānasa-mahāstave| 37. Anuṣṭubh śilpa-śāstrokta-vidhinā śilpinas samyag ācaret· tasmāt· sarvva-prayatnena Ācāryyaś śilpibhis saha Atri-prokte∥ 38. Anuṣṭubh vidhivat· sthāpayitvaivaṁ śilpibhiś śāstra-kovidai⟨ḥ⟩ Āgastya-vāstu-śāstre∥ 39. Anuṣṭubh svatantra{ḥ}-paratantra-jña⟨ḥ⟩ kr̥ta-kr̥tyas sumānasaḥ ⟨9⟩ (dha)rmma-jñas satya-sam·panna⟨s⟩ sarvendriya{ḥ}-jitendriyaḥ 40. Anuṣṭubh Itihāsa-purāṇa-jñaḥ smr̥ti-vit· vāstu-vit· su¿t?⟨d⟩hīḥ Ata[ndrī śu]dha-bhaktaś ca Alubdha(ś cā)malātmakaḥ 41. Anuṣṭubh nimittātām· krama-jñaś ca ⟨ci⟩tra-karmma-viśāradaḥ sarvāvayava-niṣpanne vimāne cottarāyaṇe 42. Anuṣṭubh pra(śa)sta-(pa)kṣa-nakṣatre yajamāno janārddanaḥ [⏓⏓⏓⏓⏑–⏑⏓] [stha]patiś ca mahātmanaḥ 43. Anuṣṭubh [⏓⏓⏓⏓] śarīrāṁgam· pāce bhautika-saṁjñi{ta}ta(m·) vimānaṁ vidhinā samyak· jala-saṁprokṣaṇañ care(t) vāstu-vidyāyāṁ↝ 44. Anuṣṭubh viśva-karmmā (ca Ā)cāryo gurutvāt· viśva-karmmaṇām· sthapatiḥ sthāpanaṁ kurvan· Iti śilpi[r vvidhīyate] 45. Anuṣṭubh [⏓⏓⏓] sthapatis sa(tya)- śāstra-karmma-vicakṣaṇaḥ kr̥ta-kr̥tyaḥ kulīnaś ca Ahīnādhika-lakṣaṇaḥ 46. Anuṣṭubh dhārmmikaḥ satyavādī ca gaṇita-jñaḥ purāṇa-vit· citra-vit· sarvva-deśa-jñas sunāmā yamanāmayaḥ 47. Anuṣṭubh dr̥ḍhayonasū ⟨10⟩ (yo)nalasobhayaḥ ⟨a⟩lubdhośanadodīno pramādī ca jitendriya[ḥ] 48. Anuṣṭubh sapta-vyasana-jid dhīmān· Ūhāpoha-vicakṣaṇaḥ ∥ sārasvatīye ∥ 49. Anuṣṭubh viśvakarmmā r̥ṣer nnāmnā gurutvā(t·) viśva-karmmaṇaḥ sthapatiḥ sthāpanaṁ kurvvan· Iti śilpir vvidhīyate | 50. Anuṣṭubh tatva-jñaḥ sthapatis sarva- śāstrāṇāñ ca viśeṣataḥ dhārmmikas satya-vādī ca kr̥ta-kr̥tya⟨ḥ⟩ kulotbhavaḥ - ⟨11⟩ (nārāyaṇa-bha)ṭṭa-so⟨ma⟩yājinaḥ ↝ - śrī-rājādhirāja-caturvvedi-maṅkalattu nampūr kaṭṭukkē śrī-raṁganātha-bhaṭṭa-vājape⟨ya⟩yājiy¡en!⟨ēṉ⟩ - śrī-raṁga-nātha-bhaṭṭa¡(n)!⟨ṉ⟩(ē)¡(n)!⟨ṉ⟩ [3+] ⟨12⟩ svasti śrī ↝ 51. Anuṣṭubh vaiśyataḥ śūdra-kannyāyāṁ sannjātaḥ karaṇa-striyām· Asmād aṁbaṣṭhato jāt(o) rathakāra Iti smr̥ta⟨ḥ⟩ veḷḷāḻa-peṇ pi⟨ḷ⟩ḷai [7+] Eṟi¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a vaiśyanukku [10+] piṟan=ta rathakā⟨ra⟩nātava¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ tacca¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Atra gautamī(ya)m· vivaraṇa⟨m·⟩ 52. Anuṣṭubh māhiṣyeṇa karaṇyān tu rathakāraḥ prajāyate nāsyopanaya⟨na⟩n nejyā nādhānañ ca niṣiddhyate 53. Anuṣṭubh sūtrasya vājino vāstu- śilpayos syandranasya ca vidyayā⟨bhya⟩dhika⟨ḥ⟩ svasya śarīraṁ varttayed ayam· māhiṣya(nu)kku karṇikku piṟa(ntā)¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ rathakāra¡n!⟨ṉ⟩-ā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a tacca¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ I{v}va⟨¡n!⟨ṉ⟩u⟩kku to¡l!⟨ḻ⟩i [10+] ku(ru)taikku Ilakkaṇamum vāstu-śāstramum cilpa-toḻi{la}lum to{r}paṇṇum i⟨la⟩kka(ṇamu)m Ākiṟa In=ta vijaika{ḷ}ḷālē ta¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ car¿i?⟨ī⟩ra⟨m⟩ Irakṣikkum Itu rathakāra¡n!⟨ṉ⟩-ā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a tacca¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ukku vr̥t=ti E¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟu co¡nn!⟨ṉṉ⟩ār ⁓ yājñavalkīye ta [2+] Atra śaṁkha-va(cana)ṁ ↝ ⟨13⟩ kṣatriya-vaiśyānulomān=tarajot·panno rathakāra⟨r⟩-Āna kammāḷar¡o!⟨ō⟩m Anul¡o!⟨ō⟩⟨ma⟩rom pratil¡o!⟨ō⟩mar-āna jātikaḷil Iḻi-toḻil ceyy¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum Eṉṟu coṉṉār [6+] kku Iḻi-toḻil ceyy¡o!⟨ō⟩m ākavum smr̥ti-vacanaṁkaḷi⟨l⟩ collutalālum paṇṇin¡o!⟨ō⟩m rathakārarom kṣatriya-vaiśyānulom⟨ā⟩ntarajotpannar rathakāra⟨r⟩ tasyej·⟨yā⟩dhānopanayana-kriyāś cā pratiṣi(ddhatvāt·) tasyāśva-ratha-sūtra-śilpa-vāstu-vidyā-dhanur-vvi⟨dyā⟩nvitāś ceti Ampaṭṭa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ukku karaṇikku piṟan=tā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ rathakāra¡n!⟨ṉ⟩-ā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a kammāḷa¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Iva¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ukku toḻil Aśvajātīyamum tēr teruvi ## Apparatus ⟨8⟩ ¿mānosura?⟨mānasa⟩ • Emendation following D. ## Translation ⟨1⟩ Hara! Prosperity! Fortune! ⟨1⟩ Among the smr̥tis which state the rules of conduct for the Kaṇmāḷa[1] who is a Rathakāra […], in view of/as per a statement by Gautama, a statement by Nārada, a statement by Maskara[2], a statement by Yājñavalkya, a statement in the commentary […], and a statement in the Brahmapurāṇa, a Rathakāra is ... ⟨1⟩ There is a statement to this which states that he is an anuloma: 1. ... ⟨1⟩ Here a statement by Yājñavalkya: 2. A rathakāra indeed is born through a māhiṣya in a karaṇī. Neither initiation, nor sacrifice, nor kindling of sacrificial fires is prohibited to him.[3] 3. ... ⟨1⟩ Here a statement by Śaṅkha: ...[4] 4. ... 5. ... ⟨2⟩ Here a statement from a smr̥ti mentioned by Maskara[5], while making a comment on Gautama: ⟨2⟩ ... ⟨2⟩ In Viśvakarmīya ⟨is the following statement:⟩ 6. ... 7. ... ... 15. ... ⟨3–4⟩ - Since his origin and rules of conduct are stated so (collutalālum) in the Śaivāgamas, the Pañcarātrasaṁhitās, ... - and since the rule is (uṇṭalālum) to do[6] ... we have declared that they engrave on stone and copper ⟨a statement⟩ specifying (eṉṟu) that the Karmmāra[7] does so all of these ..., (we, that is:) - I, Yajñāta-bhaṭṭa-somayājin ... - ... ... ⟨12⟩ Here a comment on Gautama: 51. A rathakāra indeed is born through a māhiṣya in a karaṇī. Neither initiation, nor sacrifice, nor kindling of sacrificial fires is prohibited to him.[8] 52. ... ⟨12⟩ He says that a taccaṉ who is a rathakāra is one born to a māhiṣya and a karṇi, that to him […], that the conduct (vr̥tti) of a taccaṉ who is a rathakāra is to protect his body through these knowledges that are grammar, architecture, sculpture, …, and grammar. ⟨12⟩ […] in Jāyñavalkya […] ⟨12⟩ Here a statement by Śaṅkha: ⟨13⟩ He says that we, Kammāḷars who are Rathakāras ..., as anulomas, we should, among the anuloma castes, do the menial tasks. ⟨13⟩ And we, Rathakāras, we have done ⟨so⟩, since it is stated in statement of smśrtis that whe should do the menial tasks […]. ⟨13⟩ ...[9] ⟨13⟩ A Kammāḷa who is a Rathākara is one born …. ## Commentary Date = ca. 12th century. ## Bibliography Reported in ARIE 1904–05 (ARIE/1904-1905/A/1904/558). Summary in Mahalingam 1992 (Tj 1668). Edited in Krishnan 1964 (SII 17.603). Discussed in Derrett 1971. This digital edition by Dorotea Operato and Emmanuel Francis, based on Krishnan 1964 and Derrett 1971. Dharmaśāstric sources assessed with Resource Library for Dharmaśāstra Studies of the University of Texas at Austin. ### Primary [SII] Krishnan, K. G. 1964. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XVII: Inscriptions collected during the year 1903-04. South Indian Inscriptions 17. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications). Pages 269–271, item 603. ### Secondary [ARIE] ARIE 1904–05. G.O. No. 518, 18th July 1905. Epigraphy. Recording the annual report of the Government Epigraphist for the year 1904-1905, and directing that the report be forwarded to the government of India. Edited by V. Venkayya. No place, 1905. Page 21, appendix A/1904, item 558. Mahalingam, T. V. 1992. A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states. Volume Seven: Thanjavur district. New Delhi: ICHR. Page 390, item 1668. [D] Derrett, J. Duncan M. 1971. “Two inscriptions concerning the status of Kammalas and the application of Dharmasastra.” In: Professor K. A. Nilakanta Sastri felicitation volume. Madras: Professor K. A. Nilakanta Sastri felicitation committee, pp. 108–123. [1] That is, the Kammāḷa. [2] That is, Maskarin. [3] The padas a and b are Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra 1.91.4ab, but the padas c and d are untraced. They are suspect to D (p. 39). [4] See Mitākṣarā ad Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra 1.95. [5] That is, Maskarin. [6] That is, since his duty is to. [7] That is, the Kammāḷa. [8] The padas a and b are Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra 1.91.4ab, but the padas c and d are untraced. They are suspect to D (p. 39). [9] See Mitākṣarā ad Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra 1.95.