# Kōvintapputtūr / Govindapputtūr, Gaṅgājaṭādhara temple, time of
Parakesarivarman, year 13

Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis

Authors of digital edition: Valérie Gillet, Emmanuel Francis

Identifier: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00519

Repository: Tamil Nadu (varia) (tfa-tamilnadu-epigraphy)

File path: DHARMA_INSTamilNadu00519.xml

Language: Tamil [Grantha, Tamil]

Commit: 2026-11-15 15:59 (9615181), last modified 2026-09-29 11:10
(5251b7d)

## Summary

Upper inscription on the lowest stone of the southernmost wall section
of the western façade of the sanctuary. Regnal year 13 of
Kōpparakesarivarman = Uttamacōḻa (circa 984 CE).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Edition

⟨1⟩ kō-p-para-kēcari-vanmaṟku yāṇṭu 10 3-Āvatu

It-tiru-k-kaṟṟaḷ[[i]] Eṭuppit⟨2⟩ta kuvaḷālam-uṭaiyāṉ Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr
nakkaṉ-āṉa vikkirama-cōḻa-mā-rā⟨3⟩yar Akamuṭaiyāḷ Aparāyitaṉ
ceyyavāymaṇi cantrātittaval vaitta non⟨4⟩t¿a?⟨ā⟩-viḷakku Oṉṟukku
nicata⟨m⟩ Uḻakku neyy āka vaitta Āṭu toṇṇūṟṟu Āṟu

Ivai cāvā ⟨mū⟩⟨5⟩vā pēr-āṭu

panmāheśvara-rakṣai ↝

## Apparatus

⟨3⟩ non⟨4⟩t¿a?⟨ā⟩ SII32 G ⬦ non⟨4⟩tā SII19.

⟨4⟩ nicata⟨m⟩ ⬦ nit=ta⟨m⟩ SII19 SII32; nicata G. — ⟨4⟩ cāvā ⟨mū⟩⟨5⟩vā ⬦
cāvāmu⟨5⟩vā SII19; cāvā(mū) ⟨5⟩ (v)ā SII32; cāvā⟨5⟩vā G.

## Translation by Gillet 2023

⟨1⟩ ⟨This is the⟩ 13th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

⟨1–4⟩ The wife (akamuṭaiyāḷ) of Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias
Vikkiramacōḻa Mārāyar, lord (uṭaiyāṉ) of Kuvaḷālam who built (eṭupitta)
this stone shrine (ittirukkaṟṟaḷi), Aparāyitaṉ[1] Ceyyavāymaṇi gave; as
long as the sun and the moon endure, for one perpetual lamp, for one
uḻakku of ghee everyday, she gave ninety-six goats.

⟨4–5⟩ These undying and non ageing great goats are under the protection
of the Panmāheśvaras.

## Commentary

There is no svasti śrī at the beginning of this inscription.

## Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928–29 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/166).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao et al. 1967 (SII 19.333), in Swaminathan 2012
(SII 32, part 2, no. 123). Edited and translated in Gillet 2023, based
on autopsy and photographs (by Valérie Gillet, 2018).

This digital edition by Valérie Gillet and Emmanuel Francis.

### Primary

[SII19] Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar & G.S. Gai. 1967.
South-Indian inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman.
South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India
(Manager of Publications). Page 168, item 333.

[SII32] Swaminathan, S. 2012. South Indian inscriptions. Volume XXXII:
inscriptions of the early Chola kings upto Uttama Chola. South Indian
Inscriptions 32. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director
General). Page 239, item 123.

[G] Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing temple, constructing power:
Temple reconstruction process in 10th-century Tamil-speaking South with
special emphasis on Govindapputtur.” In: The Routledge Handbook of Hindu
Temples. By Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha & Uthara Suvrathan.
London: Routledge India, pp. 57–95. DOI: 10.4324/9781003097709-6. [URL].
Page 81, item 9.

### Secondary

ARIE 1928–29. Annual report on epigraphy for the year 1928-1929. Edited
by S. V. Viswanatha. Madras: Government Press, 1930. Page TBC,
appendixes B/1928-1929, item 166.

[1] Sanskrit Aparājita.