# SII 3.106: original edition by H. Krishna Sastri

Emmanuel Francis

Alternative title: XI.—INSCRIPTIONS OF PARAKESARIVARMAN PARANTAKA I. No.
106.—ON THE ROCK AT THE ENTRANCE INTO THE CENTRAL SHRINE OF THE
NARASINGAPPERUMAL TEMPLE AT ANAIMALAI. No. 63 of 1905

Author of digital edition: Emmanuel Francis

Identifier: DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0106

Repository: SII original (south-indian-inscriptions)

File path: SII_B_clean/SII03/DHARMA_INSSIIv03p0i0106.xml

Language: Tamil [Grantha, Vaṭṭeḻuttu]

Commit: 2026-11-14 15:07 (85a1dec), last modified 2026-09-29 11:08
(2b36d53)

## Summary

This record which is written in the Vaṭṭeḻuttu character is the only
inscription of Parāntaka’s reign hitherto found in the vicinity of
Madura. It is dated in his 33rd year and records a gift by
Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ, an officer of Śōḻa-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ
(Parāntaka I.) to the temple of Naraśiṅgapperumāṉaḍigaḷ of the sacred
Āṉaimalai (hill). The temple had to pay 18 īḻakkāśu every year to the
assembly and it had only arranged for the payment of six īḻakkāśu.
Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ apparently agreed to pay the rest himself taking
possession of the tank Kaliyaṉēri which must have belonged to the
temple. He also provided for offerings to the god and the feeding of
five Brāhmaṇas, by purchasing two vēlis of wet land under the tank
Kaliyaṉēri. It was stipulated that the feeding of the Brāhmaṇas was to
commence from Friday in the month of Karkaṭaka (of this year) when there
was an eclipse of the sun and the nakshatra was Āślēsha. This incidental
mention of the astronomical details helps us to confirm the initial date
of Parāntaka I. (viz., 907 A.D.) already arrived at by Professor
Kielhorn from other inscriptions. According to Mr. L.D. Swamikkannu
Pillai’s Ephemeris, A. D. 939, July 19, was a Friday on which the
nakshatra Āślēsha ended at 80 after mean sunrise. There was also on this
day an eclipse of the sun a 7 hours, 57 minutes after sunrise according
to Dr. Robert Schram’s “Eclipses of the Sun in India.” It was a total
eclipse of great importance. We learn again from the record that 1/4
puttakkam was the interest charged on 1 īḻakkāśu for one month and that
each īḻakkāśu was equal to 7 1/2 puttakkam.[1]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Edition

⟨1⟩ svasti śrī [∥] matiraikoṇṭa kopparakecaripaṉmaṟku yāṇṭu
muppattumuṉṟāvatu Ivvāṇṭu (te)va(tā)ṉaṅ kiḻiraṇiyamuṭ(ṭat)tuppaṭum
(pi)⟨2⟩rammateya⟨m⟩ (na)raciṅkamaṅkalattuc cavaiyo{m}ñ
coḻapperumāṉaṭikaḷatikārikaḷ coḻanāṭṭup puṟaṅkarampaiṉāṭ⟨3⟩ṭu marutūr
marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉukku Oṭṭikkuṭ¿a?⟨u⟩(t)ta paricāvatu [|]
Eṅkaḷūrt tiruvā(ṉai)malai naraciṅkapperumāṉaṭikaḷ (ta)⟨4⟩muṭaiya
nilattālc cavaiyomukku (Ā)ṇṭeṭuttu Iṭakkaṭava Īḻakkācu patiṉeṭṭu [|]
(I)kkācu pat¿a?⟨i⟩ṉeṭṭilum muṉṟatt¿e?⟨o⟩ṉ(ṟu) Ī⟨5⟩ḻakkācu Āṟu [|] Ivvāṟu
Īḻakkācukkum palicaiyākac cavaiyār kaiyvaḻi kuṭutta Īḻakkācu patiṉaiṉtu
[|] ⟨pa⟩tiṉaiñciṉālum vanta pali⟨6⟩caiyāvatu Īḻakkāciṉvā⟨y⟩t tiṅkaḷ kāṟ
putta⟨kka⟩māka Oro tiṅkaḷā⟨l⟩ vanta puttakkamuṉṟemukkāl muṉṟemukkālu
Orāṇṭu panniraṇṭu ti⟨7⟩¿ñ?⟨ṅ⟩kaḷāl vanta puttakkam nāṟpa⟨t⟩taiñcu
nāṟpattaiñciṉāloru Īḻakkācukkup puttakkam Eḻarai Āka (Ī)ḻakkācu (Ā)ṟu
Ivvāṟu (Ī)ḻa⟨8⟩kkācum Iṟai nīkkit tevar cavaiyārkku Iṭakkaṭava kācu 10 2
paṉṉiraṇṭum nīkki Atikā(ri)kaḷ marutūruṭaiyāṉ Aruṇitikaliyaṉ
Iṟaikāvalā⟨ka⟩ kātta ⟨9⟩ kāci(ṉā)l vanta nilaṉ Ūruṭaiyāṉ(ku)ḷamāṉa
kaliyaṉe(ri)yum Ikkuḷantā⟨ṉ⟩¿(me)?⟨ve⟩ṇṭumāṟu kallik karai nīḷam
Aṭṭappeṟuvatākavum (I)⟨10⟩kkuḷaṅkarai Ucara Aṭṭappeṟuvatākavum Ikkuḷatti
ṉīr (tā)ṉ veṇṭu Aḷavuṅ kokkappeṟuvatākavumikkuḷam Itiṉkiḻ
nīrnilaṉiruvē⟨11⟩liyu marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉ vilaikkukkoṇṭu
Ikkuḷattiṉ kiḻ nīrnilaṉiruvēliyi(ṉā)l vanta pokam Aññāḻikkālāl nel(lu) 3
100 kalam ⟨12⟩ Ivaiyiṟṟiṉ pāti 100 5 10 nelluṅkoṇ(ṭu I)varkku muṉṟu
cantiyuntiruvamirtu cevatākavum niṉṟa 100 (5 10) nelluṅkoṇṭu tiruvamirtu
U⟨13⟩ttama Akkiramākat tevar Amituceyyumpoḻutu vetappirāmaṇar nicatam
Ayvar Amitu ceyvatākavum vacca(pa)ṭi patteṭṭukkuttal Oruvaṉu⟨14⟩kku
Arici (Iru)nāḻiyuṅ kaṟi mu(ṉṟu)m tayir nā⟨ḻi⟩yum neyiruceviṭum kāyyilai
Iraṇṭum tālamañcum vaṭṭilaiñcum Oṭṭuṭṭi Oṉṟu⟨15⟩(m) caṭṭuvam Oṉṟu
Aṭuvā{ṉ}ṉoruva(ṉu)⟨k⟩ku nicati ne⟨l⟩lu Aññāḻi Aṟutiṅka(ḷo)ru puṭavai
vaiccu Ipparicu Ikkalamuṭṭuvatāka Iv⟨16⟩vāṭṭai kaṟkaṭakanāyiṟṟu
veḷḷikkiḻamai peṟṟa Āyile(ya)ttiṉāṉṟu
cū{ṟ}ṟiyakkiraṇavelaik(kurai)kirāṇam paṟṟiṉa Aṉṟumutalāka Ikkala⟨m⟩ ⟨17⟩
I⟨p⟩paricey Ūṭṭuvatāka ni(ṉ)ṟu ciṟikāṟiyamārāyk¿a?⟨i⟩ṉṟa tiruvāyppāṭi
nārāyaṇaṉum Ivvūrc cavaiyārum Ipparicey Akkiramuṭṭāmey
ca⟨n⟩tirā⟨18⟩tittallam Ūṭṭuvippomāṉom tiruvāṉaimalai
naraciṅkapperumāṉaṭikaḷukku cirikā¿cc?⟨r⟩iy¿a Ā?⟨amā⟩rāyvārum cavayomum
[|] Itiṟṟirampi(ṉō)maic cavaiy⟨19⟩yā¿l?⟨r⟩um
(ci)rikā{ṟ}ṟiyamārāyvāṉuntiṟamiṉāṉ nicati Iṟukācu Aṉṟāḻ
koviṉukkuttaṇṭampaṭṭu Akkācu koṇṭu tevarkkut tiruviḷakku Erivatākavum
cavaiyār ⟨20⟩ (t) tiṟampil (Ā)ṟukācu taṇṭappaṭuvatākavu(m) Oṭṭikkuṭuttom
cavaiyomum cirikā¿cc?⟨r⟩iyamārāyvāṉum marutūruṭaiyāṉaruṇitikaliyaṉukku
[|] Ittaṇṭamiṟu⟨21⟩ttumittaṉ⟨mam⟩ muṭṭāme Ayvarai(yum) cantirāticcar
Uḷḷaḷavum Ūṭṭuvippomāṉoñ cavaiyyum cirikār{cc}iyam Ārāyum vayiṣṇavarum
[|] Itaṉ⟨22⟩(ma)⟨m⟩ rakṣittāṉ

## Apparatus

⟨18⟩ tittallam • Perhaps read tittavalum.

⟨22⟩ rakṣittāṉ • The few words that have to follow have been omitted.

## Translation by Krishna Sastri 1920

Hail ! Prosperity ! In this, the 33rd year of (the reign of) king
Parakēsarivarman, who took Madirai (Madura), (the following) is the deed
agreed upon and given by us, the members of the assembly of
Naraśiṅgamaṅgalam, a brahmadēya and a dēvadāna included in
Kīḻ-Iraṇiyamuṭṭam, to Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ of Marudūr in
Puraṅgarambai-nāḍu (a subdivision) of Śōḻa-nāḍu who was an officer of
Śōḻapperumāṉaḍigaḷ (i.e., Parāntaka I.). (The temple of)
Naraśiṅga-Perumāṉaḍigaḷ of the sacred Āṉaimalai (hill) in our village
has to pay to (us) the members of the assembly, eighteen īḻakkāśu
annually on account of the lands belonging to it. One third of this
eighteen kāśu is six īḻakkāśu. For (realising) this six īḻakkāśu,
fifteen īḻakkāśu had been deposited on interest in the hands of the
members of the assembly. The interest accruing on the fifteen (īḻakkāśu)
is as follows:—At (the rate of) one-fourth puttakkam per month on each
īḻakkāśu, there accrues in each month (on the fifteen īḻakkāśu) three
and three-fourths puttakkam. For the twelve months of a year, (at) three
and threefourths (each month) would accumulate forty-five puttakkam. At
the rate of seven and a half puttakkam for one īḻakkāśu (these)
forty-five (puttakkam) would give six īḻakkāśu. Deducting these six
īḻakkāśu from the taxes (due), the god has (still) to pay 12 kāśu to the
members of the assembly. The officer Marudūruḍaiyāṉ AruṇidiKaliyaṉ,
having caused to be deducted these 12 kāśu (due to the assembly by the
god), (by virtue of) the tax money (iṟaikkāval) deposited (by him),
obtained (possession of) the (tank) land Ūruḍaiyāṉkuḷam alias
Kaliyaṉēri. This tank he shall dig (to any depth) he likes and throw up
the embankment to its (full) length; shall raise the tank bund and
collect water in this tank to the extent required by him.[2]
Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ (also) purchased below this tank two vēli
of wet land[3]. And 300 kalam of paddy (measured) by the aññāḻikkāl was
got as produce from (these) two vēli of wet land under this tank.
Receiving the moiety of this (viz.,) 150 (kalam) of paddy, (he arṛanged
that) sacred food shall be offered to this (god) at the three junctures
(of the day). With the remaining 150 (kalam) of paddy (he also arranged
that) five Brāhmaṇas (versed in the) Vēdas shall be fed with superior
food daily, when the god is fed, on the (following) scale laid down:—for
one man two nāḻi of rice pounded ten or eight times, three vegetables,
(one) nāḻi of curd, two śeviḍu of ghee, two areca-nuts and (two) betel
leaves, five plates (tālam), five cups (vaṭṭil), one oṭṭūṭṭi, one ladle
(śaṭṭuvam). Five nāḻi of paddy daily (and) one cloth for (every) six
months, were (also) provided for one cook. Thus this feeding should be
done. Commencing from the day when an eclipse of the sun at its least[4]
occurred on the (asterism) Āślēshā corresponding to a Friday in the
month of Kaṟkaṭaka of this year, the supervisor of the temple business
(śrīkāryam), viz., Tiruvāyppāḍi-Nārāyaṇaṉ and the members of this
village personally arranged thus to conduct this feeding. We, who look
after the business of the (temple) of Naraśiṅga-Perumāṉ of the sacred
Āṉaimalai (hill), and the members of the assembly shall conduct the
sumptuous feeding in this wise without failure as long as the sun and
the moon (last). Any of us that fails to do this, whether (he be) a
member of the assembly or a supervisor of temple business, when he
fails, (shall) pay a daily fine of two kāśu to the then reigning king,
and with that kāśu (collected as fine) a sacred lamp shall be burnt in
(the temple) of the god. If the members of the assembly (as a whole
body) fail to do (this), (they) shall pay a fine of six kāśu. (Thus) we,
the members of the assembly and the supervisor of temple business, gave
an agreement to Marudūruḍaiyāṉ Aruṇidi Kaliyaṉ. Even after paying this
fine (we), the assembly and the Vaishṇavas who supervise the temple
business, shall feed the five persons as long as the moon and the sun
last without stopping this charity. He who protects this charity. . . .

## Bibliography

Digital edition of SII 3.106 by Krishna Sastri 1920 converted to DHARMA
conventions by Emmanuel Francis.

### Primary

[SII] Krishna Sastri, H. 1920. South-Indian inscriptions. Volume III:
Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil country. Part III:
Inscriptions of Aditya I, Parantaka I, Madiraikonda, Rajakesarivarman,
Parantaka II, Uttama-Chola, Parthivendravarman and Aditya-Karikala and
the Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra-Chola I. South Indian Inscriptions
3.3. Madras: Government Press. Pages 239–242, item 106, plate VIII.

[1] Puttakkam may be a compound of pudu and akkam. The latter term
occurs in Tanjore inscriptions as the equivalent of 1/12 kāśu. If the
value of puttakkam and akkam did not change in the interval between the
reigns of Parāntaka I. and Rājarāja I., the comparative value of
īḻakkāśu with reference to the kāśu current in the Chōḷa country, could
easily be obtained. The former would in this case be 5/8ths of the
latter.

[2] See below, page 392, note 2.

[3] The phrase ikkuḷam itiṉkiḻ admits of the interpretation ikkuḷattiṉ
kiḻ.

[4] The phrase kurai kirāṇam must indicate “total eclipse” as appears
from the remarks made in the ntroduction.