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            <titleStmt>
            	<title>Third text on rock wall by A Vương river in Tây Giang (C. 199), 6th/7th century CE</title>
            	<respStmt>
            		<resp key="creator">author of digital edition</resp>
            		<persName ref="part:argr">
            			<forename>Arlo</forename>
            			<surname>Griffths</surname>
            		</persName>
            	</respStmt>
            <funder>European Research Council (ERC), grant agreement no 809994</funder></titleStmt>
        	<publicationStmt>
        		<authority><ref target="https://dharmalekha.info">DHARMA</ref></authority>
        		<pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>
        		<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSCIC00199_3.xml</idno>
        		<availability><licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</licence></availability>
        		<date from="2019" to="2026">2019-2026</date>
        	</publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc><!-- only the handDesc can be filled in at this stage -->
                <msDesc><!-- //// NB: the msIdentifier had to be added for validation purposes ///. It will be edited later with the metadata spreadsheet -->
                    <msIdentifier>
                        <repository>as per external metadata</repository><!-- don't modify this -->
                    </msIdentifier>
                    <msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
                        <summary><!-- //// NOT MANDATORY  ////--></summary> <!-- offers the possibility to give a summary of the inscription's content -->
                    </msContents>
                    <physDesc>
                        <handDesc>
                            <p>Archaic script with long descenders on <foreign>ka</foreign>, <foreign>ra</foreign>, <foreign>A</foreign>, etc.</p>
                        </handDesc>
                    </physDesc>
                </msDesc>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc>
         <p>Encoded in TEI/EpiDoc according to the <ref target="https://hal.science/halshs-02888186">DHARMA Encoding Guide for Documentary Editions, version 2</ref></p>
      </encodingDesc>
        <revisionDesc>
            <change who="part:argr" when="2026-04-01">encoded the inscription</change>
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      <body>
         <div type="edition" xml:lang="ocm-Latn" rendition="class:83233 maturity:83211">
           <p><lb n="1"/>svasti ya<surplus>ṁ</surplus> doṁ kluñ· Usīr· Ājñ<unclear>ā</unclear> nī<unclear>y·</unclear>
		<lb n="2"/>m<unclear>ā</unclear>s· Ākara samrāṅ· Ilon· lalāṅ· pāt taṅ·
		<lb n="3"/>samrāṅ· Ilon· jnas· tlūv· taṅ· samrāṅ· Ilon·
		<lb n="4"/>dampāṅ· dvā taṅ· ya dom· vr<unclear>ī</unclear>y· mās·
		<lb n="5"/>taṅ· pāt· voḥ</p>
         </div>
         <div type="apparatus"/>
         <div type="translation" resp="part:argr">
 	         <p>Hail! All chiefs <foreign>usīr</foreign> this command: gold of the mines,
<foreign>samrāṅ ilon</foreign>, four weights of thatch;
<foreign>samrāṅ ilon</foreign>, three weights of <foreign>jnas</foreign>;
<foreign>samrāṅ ilon</foreign>, two weights of <foreign>dampāṅ</foreign>.
All of them give weighed gold, four pieces.</p>
         </div>
         <div type="commentary">
            <p>The interpretation of <foreign>kluñ</foreign> is uncertain. There are inscriptions where it might have a meaning like <q>destroy</q>, and others where it seems to designate some kind of dignitary (<q>minister, chief</q>). The word <foreign>usīr</foreign>, not found so far elsewhere in Old Cham, does not have an evident match in Modern Cham, but does in Malay and Acehnese, where <foreign>usir</foreign> and <foreign>usé</foreign>, respectively, mean <q>chase away, expel</q>, while the meaning in Old Javanese is rather different (<q>to go to, go in the direction of, take refuge with, try to reach or obtain, strive after</q>). The word <foreign>ākara</foreign> is a loanword from Sanskrit meaning <q>mine, multitude</q>. We tentatively match <foreign>lalāṅ</foreign> with the word that appears as <foreign>ralāṅ</foreign> in later inscriptions (and exists as <foreign>lalang</foreign> in Malay). The expression <foreign>samrāṅ ilon</foreign>, that occurs four times, is alas totally opaque. The word <foreign>taṅ</foreign>, so far not found in any Old Cham inscription, must be the precursor of modern <foreign>taṅ</foreign>, <q>to weigh</q>. The words <foreign>jnas</foreign> and <foreign>dampāṅ</foreign> (the latter being somewhat uncertain of reading) are unknown, but clearly designate countable items. The numeral words <foreign>pāt</foreign>, <foreign>tlūv</foreign> and <foreign>dvā</foreign> are all well attested in Old Cham, and easily matched with numerals <q>four</q>, <q>three</q>, and <q>two</q> in other Chamic languages (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Thurgood1999_01"/><citedRange unit="page">36-39</citedRange></bibl>).<!--
lalāṅ: maybe same as ralāṅ in later inscriptions?
ralāṅ	thatch, mountain grass 	9, 106		ralām̃	f413	Thurgood 1999: 301, ECIC VIII, 272	Mal. lalang, Old Jav. halalaṅ
 -->
</p>
         </div>
        <div type="bibliography">
           <p>The inscription was tentatively deciphered, though not translated, in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Wittayarat2004_01"/></bibl>. It is re-edited here from photographs and after autopsy of the stone in March 2026.</p>
        	<listBibl type="primary">
		<bibl><ptr target="bib:Wittayarat2004_01"/><citedRange unit="page">15</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">C</citedRange></bibl>
			</listBibl>
          <listBibl type="secondary">
			<bibl/>
           </listBibl>
        </div>
      </body>
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