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            <titleStmt>
            	<title>First text on rock wall by A Vương river in Tây Giang (C. 199), 6th/7th century CE</title>
            	<respStmt>
            		<resp key="creator">author of digital edition</resp>
            		<persName ref="part:argr">
            			<forename>Arlo</forename>
            			<surname>Griffths</surname>
            		</persName>
            	</respStmt>
            <funder>European Research Council (ERC), grant agreement no 809994</funder></titleStmt>
        	<publicationStmt>
        		<authority><ref target="https://dharmalekha.info">DHARMA</ref></authority>
        		<pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>
        		<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSCIC00199_1.xml</idno>
        		<availability><licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</licence></availability>
        		<date from="2019" to="2026">2019-2026</date>
        	</publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc><!-- only the handDesc can be filled in at this stage -->
                <msDesc><!-- //// NB: the msIdentifier had to be added for validation purposes ///. It will be edited later with the metadata spreadsheet -->
                    <msIdentifier>
                        <repository>as per external metadata</repository><!-- don't modify this -->
                    </msIdentifier>
                    <msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
                        <summary><!-- //// NOT MANDATORY  ////--></summary> <!-- offers the possibility to give a summary of the inscription's content -->
                    </msContents>
                    <physDesc>
                        <handDesc>
                            <p>Archaic script with long descenders on <foreign>ka</foreign>, <foreign>ra</foreign>, <foreign>A</foreign>, etc.</p>
                        </handDesc>
                    </physDesc>
                </msDesc>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc>
         <p>Encoded in TEI/EpiDoc according to the <ref target="https://hal.science/halshs-02888186">DHARMA Encoding Guide for Documentary Editions, version 2</ref></p>
      </encodingDesc>
        <revisionDesc>
            <change who="part:argr" when="2026-03-31">encoded the inscription</change>
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      <body>
         <div type="edition" xml:lang="ocm-Latn" rendition="class:83233 maturity:83211">
           <p><lb n="1"/>karvvāv· jmāy· la<lb n="2" break="no"/>lo nīy·</p>
         </div>
         <div type="apparatus"/>
         <div type="translation" resp="part:argr">
 	         <p>Buffaloes must not pass <supplied reason="explanation">or: be too numerous</supplied> here!</p>
         </div>
         <div type="commentary">
            <p>The word <foreign>karvvāv</foreign> must be a variant of the word that appears as <foreign>kravāv</foreign> or <foreign>kruvāv</foreign> elsewhere in Old Cham, meaning <q>buffalo</q> (Modern Cham <foreign>kabau</foreign>, <foreign>kubau</foreign>; Malay <foreign>kerbau</foreign>). On the word <foreign>jmāy</foreign> that expresses a negative imperative (prohibitive) meaning in Old Cham, see <bibl><ptr target="bib:Griffiths2025_01"/><citedRange unit="page">62, 65</citedRange></bibl>. The word <foreign>lalo</foreign>, with its apheretic equivalent <foreign>lo</foreign>, is recorded in Modern Cham (<bibl><ptr target="bib:Aymonier+Cabaton1906_01"/><citedRange unit="page">439, 448</citedRange></bibl>) to have meanings like <q>in great numbers, excessively</q>. It is obviously cognate with the Malay base <foreign>lalu</foreign> <q>pass</q>, from which is derived <foreign>terlalu</foreign> <q>excessively</q>. We can thus interpret <foreign>lalo</foreign> here in two ways, either as <q>to pass</q> or as <q>to be excessive in number</q>.</p>
<!-- 
<b>lalō</b>. Voir <i>lō</i>. Beaucoup, en quantité, en grand nombre, multitude, innombrable. — <i>drap lalō</i>, une infinité de choses.</div>
<b>lō</b>, <b>lơ̄</b> (bahn. <i>lơ</i>; čuru <i>lơ</i>, <i>rơ</i>; jar. <i>lō</i>; kančo, rad. <i>lu</i>). Beaucoup; bien; plusieurs; nombre; un très grand nombre; excessivement. — <i>drap lō</i>, de nombreuses affaires, de grands biens. <i>ralō ḅơṅ lō</i>, maintes fois. <i>lō čriḥ</i>, en masse. <i>raṅ lō lō</i>, tous ensemble, en grand nombre, en foule. <i>lō kač</i>, excessif, exagéré, démesuré. <i>ḍauk lō</i> (ann. <i>đṓc lăm</i>), désirer ardemment, convoiter.</div>
 -->
         </div>
        <div type="bibliography">
	<!--bibliography encoded as per section §9.4 -->
           <p>The inscription was tentatively deciphered, though not translated, in <bibl><ptr target="bib:Wittayarat2004_01"/></bibl>. It is re-edited here from photographs and after autopsy of the stone in March 2026.</p>
        	<listBibl type="primary">
		<bibl><ptr target="bib:Wittayarat2004_01"/><citedRange unit="page">14</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">A</citedRange></bibl>
			</listBibl>
          <listBibl type="secondary">
			<bibl/>
           </listBibl>
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