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            <titleStmt>
            	<title>Rock on hilltop inside Linh Sơn pagoda near Po Klaong Garai (C. 119), 972 Śaka</title>
            	<respStmt>
            		<resp key="creator">author of digital edition</resp>
            		<persName ref="part:argr">
            			<forename>Arlo</forename><surname>Griffiths</surname>
            		</persName>
            	</respStmt>
            <funder>European Research Council (ERC), grant agreement no 809994</funder></titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt>
                <authority><ref target="https://dharmalekha.info">DHARMA</ref></authority>
                <pubPlace>Jakarta</pubPlace>
            	<idno type="filename">DHARMA_INSCIC00119.xml</idno>
                <availability><licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</licence></availability>
                <date from="2019" to="2026">2019-2026</date>
            </publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc><!-- only the handDesc can be filled in at this stage -->
                <msDesc><!-- //// NB: the msIdentifier had to be added for validation purposes ///. It will be edited later with the metadata spreadsheet -->
                    <msIdentifier>
                        <repository>as per external metadata</repository><!-- don't modify this -->
                    </msIdentifier>
                    <msContents><!-- describe the intellectual content of an inscription -->
                        <summary><!-- //// NOT MANDATORY  ////--></summary> <!-- offers the possibility to give a summary of the inscription's content -->
                    </msContents>
                    <physDesc>
                        <handDesc>
                            <p><!-- The script name(s) will be inserted here at a later stage from the metadata spreasheet. At this stage, you can mention here in a free-text paragraph any characteristics of the writing observed more than once in this inscription that seem unusual/uncommon or otherwise noteworthy given the general characteristics of the script in question. See EGD 11.2. --></p>
                            <!-- If you need to identify individual hands (EGD §7.5/) in addition to one or more paragraphs of general palaeographic description, wrap <summary> around the <p> or <p>s above, and, outside <summary>, create <handNote> elements for each hand as follows:
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        <encodingDesc>
         <p>Encoded in TEI/EpiDoc according to the <ref target="https://hal.science/halshs-02888186">DHARMA Encoding Guide for Documentary Editions, version 2</ref></p>
      </encodingDesc>
        <revisionDesc>
        	<change who="part:argr" when="2026-04-04">resumed encoding the inscription, autopsy of the stone</change>
        	<change who="part:argr" when="2024-04-23">started encoding the inscription</change>
        </revisionDesc>
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    <text xml:space="preserve">
      <body>
         <div type="edition" xml:lang="ocm-Latn" rendition="class:83233 maturity:83213">
            <ab><milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="A"/><label>Left</label><lb n="A1"/><g ref="sym:spiral-right" type="symbol">*</g> svasti <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g></ab>
<lg n="1" met="śārdūlavikrīḍita" xml:lang="san-Latn">
<l n="a">śrīmāñ chrī-parameśvaro narapatir nnānā-kalaikālayo</l>
<l n="b">dharme<lb n="A2" break="no"/>ddho vala-vīryya-kīrtti-paramaḥ san sārvva-bhaumaḥ kr̥tī</l>
<l n="c">jitvā pāpaka-pāṇḍuraṅga-nr̥-gaṇān hastādri-randhre śake</l>
<l n="d">senā<lb n="A3" break="no"/>-sāṅkhya-kr̥tau śilācayam imaṁ sam̃sthāpayām āsa vai <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g> <g ref="sym:spiral-right" type="symbol">*</g> <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g></l>
</lg>

<p>sidaḥ Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga niy· kintu sadā-kāla mūrkha dāya jhāk·
<lb n="A4"/>buddhi pāpa-karmma mam̃n· sā Artha nan· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ kā lo vvāra clam̃ṅ· Adhama kam̃n· pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa dadam̃n· dadam̃n· rāja marai tra <g ref="sym:bar" type="punctuation">.</g> navai
<lb n="A5"/>yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ya tuvuḥ yām̃ pu-po ku parameśvara sakala kā putau jem̃ pu-pom̃ drim̃ tathāpi la<!-- it would be possible to read laṁ here, but less likely in B2 --> Urām pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ nau pāpa-ka<lb n="A6" break="no"/>rmma pavaṅun· drim̃ dā<unclear reason="eccentric_ductus">k</unclear>·<!-- error for jāk·, jhāk? --> sā dāya<!-- cf. the sequence at the end of A3 --> paputau ra kam̃n· di nagara nim̃ rim̃ nan· pi<!-- si? --> jem̃ yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ra vā vala Udyāna marai paliṅyak· nagara nim̃ ka rim̃<!-- narim̃ -->
<lb n="A7"/>nan· ra vrim̃ vala nau tūy· mak· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ di dadam̃n· vivara sthāna <hi rend="check">hu</hi>tān· ya vyūha ṅan· di dadam̃n· śikhara parvvata huluv· glai ya jlauṅ·<!-- glauṅ --> Aviḥ

<milestone type="pagelike" unit="face" n="B"/><label>Right</label><lb n="B1"/>tra vala dinan· ñu tamā mak· di dalaṁ guhā di huk· hāṅ· di dalaṁ luvāṅ· vatuv· ñu mak· tmuv· A<lb n="B2" break="no"/>vista Upak· ka klāḥ sa drim̃ la Oḥ nan· di śakarāja <num value="972">972</num> hurim̃ salapan· vaṅun· vulān· pāk· vr̥haspati-<hi rend="check">bvāra</hi>
<lb n="B3"/>nan<hi rend="check">·</hi> ra ndok· vatuv· sa drim̃ sa vauḥ di dadam̃n tuvuḥ vala ya marai nan· Aviḥ bharuv· ra mvūk· pajem̃ jayastambha pyauḥ <hi rend="check">ka vā</hi> ci<lb n="B4" break="no"/>hna Ājñā yām̃ po ku śrī parameśvaravarmmadeva ganim̃ nan· vela yaḥ madā jayastambha Ājñā nim̃ vlo<supplied reason="omitted" evidence="parallel"/> mam̃n· Urām̃ pāṇḍuraṅga nim̃ Oḥ
<lb n="B5"/>knā si clam̃ṅ· Adhama trā knā silādhāra tupak· di pu-pom̃ tana rayā nagara campa sadākāla mam̃n· niścaya <g ref="sym:doubleBar" type="punctuation">.</g><g ref="sym:circle-concentric" type="symbol">*</g></p>
         </div>
         <div type="apparatus">
               <listApp>
                  <app loc="A2">
                     <lem>sārvva</lem>
                     <rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">sarvva-</rdg>
                  </app>
<app loc="A4">
<lem>sam̃sthāpayām</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">saṅthāpayām</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="A4">
<lem>sā</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">ha</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="A5">
	<lem>yām̃ pu-po ku</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">yāṅ po ku</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="A5">
	<lem>laṁ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">la</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="A6">
<lem>sā</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">ha</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="B2">
<lem>la Oḥ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01"><unclear cert="low">Eḥ</unclear></rdg>
<note>It seems that Finot entirely overlooked <foreign>la</foreign>. The sequence <foreign>la Oḥ</foreign> also occurs in <ref target="DHARMA_INSCIC00210.xml">C. 210</ref>.</note>
</app>
<!-- B2 on reading 972, see [EEPC, pp. 41/49] -->
<app loc="B2">
<lem>-bvāra</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01"><sic>vom̃|ra</sic></rdg>
</app>
<app loc="B3">
<lem>pyauḥ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01">pyeḥ</rdg>
</app>
<app loc="B3">
<lem>Oḥ</lem>
<rdg source="bib:Finot1909_01"><unclear cert="low">Eḥ</unclear></rdg>
</app>
               </listApp>
         </div>
         <div type="translation" resp="part:argr">
	<p n="1">Hail!</p>
	<p rend="stanza" n="1">The illustrious king Śrī Parameśvara, the unique receptacle of various arts, possessing spiritual illumination, eminent in strength, valour and glory; successful as a universal ruler, having in the <supplied reason="subaudible">year of the</supplied> Śaka <supplied reason="subaudible">king</supplied> denoted by <supplied reason="explanation">2</supplied> hands, <supplied reason="explanation">7</supplied> mountains, <supplied reason="explanation">9</supplied> orifices (i.e., in 972 Śaka), defeated the vicious people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, deposited this collection of stones, in order to make it correspond to the number of soldiers.<note>Majumdar noted: <q>Senā-Sāṁkhya-K r̥tau is an obscure expression but the sense is clear from the Cham portion translated below.</q> What is certain, is that the author is alluding to a Sanskrit lexical source such as <title>Amarakośa</title> 2.8.80–82.</note></p>
<!-- 
Nānārthodayasāgara
gaṇo gaṇeśe pramathe senāsaṁkhyāntare caye |
gandhadravye coranāmni saṁkhyā-dhāt r̥samūhayoḥ || 446 ||
The word gaṇa is used for Gaṇeśa, for a footsoldier of Śiva, for a specific number of (formation of) army, for a multitude, for a fragrant susbtance, as a synonym of thief, for a calculation and for a group of (lexical) bases.
 -->
<p>These people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were always stupid, deceitful, evil spirited, and evil-doers. For the single reason <!-- sā artha: cf. C. 89, A16 --> that on several occasions these people of Pāṇḍuraṅga have <hi rend="check"><foreign>cləṅ</foreign> revolted</hi> against various sovereigns of the Campā state down to the time of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva who gave all the Barons of the country to the god Parameśvara (probably the country of Pāṇḍuraṅga had been placed under the suzerainty of a great monastery protected by the king). Nevertheless the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga were guilty of culpable acts. They set up different individuals one after another and proclaimed them kings of the country. Then His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva led troops for the conquest of the country and pursued and captured the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga who took shelter in the caves, forests, summits of mountains, and the border of forests.

And the army captured them in the caves, in the narrow mountain passages and in the ravines — so that not one of them could escape. In the Śaka year 972, on the 8th day of the bright fortnight of the 4th month, on Thursday, he made each person lay down a stone in various places, and by giving them to the army, he had a column of victory erected in this very place as a token of authority of His Majesty Śrī Parameśvaravarmadeva. And when this column of victory was completed, the people of Pāṇḍuraṅga, who had revolted, became, for ever, perfectly virtuous and loyal towards the king of Champa.</p>
         </div>
         <div type="commentary">
            <!--commentary encoded as per section §9.3 -->
         </div>
        <div type="bibliography">
	<p>First edited by Louis Finot (<bibl rend="omitname"><ptr target="bib:Finot1909_01"/></bibl>). Re-edited here using photos that were made in 2003 by Trương Văn Ẩn and EFEO estampage 563.<note>This estampage covers only face B; estampage number 562 covering face A has not yet been digitized.</note> While these documents do no allow verifying all details of the text, direct inspection of face A was possible in April 2026 for lines 1–5 of that face (whose lower two lines were inaccessible at that time), and a photogammetry was made for face B.</p><!-- 
Estampages EFEO: 562; 563 photographié par AL. -->
        	<listBibl type="primary">
	<bibl n="F"><ptr target="bib:Finot1909_01"/><citedRange unit="page">206-208</citedRange></bibl>
			</listBibl>
           <listBibl type="secondary">
	<bibl><ptr target="bib:JA1908_01"/><citedRange unit="page">331</citedRange></bibl>
	<bibl><ptr target="bib:Parmentier1909_01"/><citedRange unit="page">95-96</citedRange></bibl>
              <bibl><ptr target="bib:Finot1915_02"/><citedRange unit="page">40-41, 49</citedRange></bibl>
	<bibl><ptr target="bib:Majumdar1927_01"/><citedRange unit="book">III</citedRange><citedRange unit="page">150-151</citedRange><citedRange unit="item">54</citedRange></bibl>
	<bibl><ptr target="bib:Golzio2004_01"/><citedRange unit="page">123-124</citedRange></bibl>
           </listBibl>
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